Name - Aar ehi Bamore

Class - 2nd year clujay

(4 tn alem )
Subjet- Analog Cncatt

24
3:51
 it eath bloch in debile 9
Bhat is PPL and explain
V Phade
de lecho

iife
-Tf cansists of phase detecor os pas!
enen amplifix, yslkuge controled Oscdlatex V)
-The phase detectax companes input equenty
ustth feeelback faqulancy fo and genaratei an
oukpt aig nal shieh ia uncton o the
ditferene between the phare of turo input
Bignals

-Jhe output gnal ot the phase detectx

a d.c voltage The output phase detectox a
applied to lous pas iltex to
rmañe high
trequency naist fom the de voltage
.The sutput ot dous pat ler
requencyo noise i otten utoedwithout
to cs
hiak
voltae control voltoge for vDC
enne
when contel voltag e
unning mode and zr0, Voc a in e
called ascente equency fo
. The
Lin VCanon-zero condra voltage slt in a
fo to a sht
given byffo 2023.05.3110:58
 ky
ithe voltqe to
transfer coeicient of the Voc fuaquenay
pax ar cantot Volfageappli ed as an
t to the Vcoatcel the Veco to
shange h output in dbecion that
duces ditfenence ea input and
utpat taguency of vEo
Ts action cemmonly knorn cs
kis s ill ce output fequenty of
Laeas input aignal equency.
Once two eq uencies are aame, cocuit it
sad to be locked.In locked condiionphase
detec ar generates a constant de level which is
gired to shift output fraqueny f vco
bem centre fecguency to the nput freguency

definitHon relafed to
sphin foteusing importantphase
RlL in conneckior with lock Joop
Lock range i
hen PlL in ock , it can track equency
hanges in the incoming sig nal. The ange ot
Paquencies ovese ich he PLL can maintain
Jack with the signal i called lock
incoming
tracking runge oft PLL
ually epressed a a percentage ot
the Vco quency
2023.O5.31 10:59
 li Captue sange
Ihe Lnge of equencies over ushich he PLL
Can acquire lock asith an input signal ia
called capture ange
pencentage ff
The captune of an input signal does hot tk
place s &oon as slgnal s applied .but it ta
Afnite ime
The totl ttme teken by PLL to establiah
dock is called pull-in -time
Thi depencls on the initial phase and
trequeney
as
diltenence between tuso phase signad
welU as on ovetall soop qain and banduwidth
of the los iltee

q3 Explain sthe operation of AM Detector wsing PlL

Maltpllen Demeduated
AM, louput
Inp dete cto

Phaae
chlt 90
Fg Black diagam ot PLL La ed as AM
Demodulabs
The PLL js docked to the
cariex
of the in cemin AM &ignal. equency
2023.05.31 10:59
.Once Jocked the
cs he caULet output equencybutofit vcois ana
pANOdulated orm egueney
.The medulated
sigral cuith 90
unmoculated
cauier nom phade Ahil t
the multiplfex output of PLL
Since VCO output is
AM always 30 out ot phase
th anco signal ndex the docked
phase sianaks
andition,
applicd to mutiplien
Thereore output of the mulliplier contains
both he sum and di7ference signal
The Jouo pass ilter connectcd at the output ot
he nulip lier uejech high frequency componends
ghvea derrmoculated oufput
k PLL follews the input reque ncics with high
Rcracy a PLL AM detecta exhibits a high
dgee of selectviy ard nolse imnunity
hh is hot possible ith cenventiona peak
dabecto ype AM modulatars
APLL usi ng TC 565 heLs R, =-20k2 C4=10yE
C0-00ey ot PLLsF. Vee = tlov Calculate Central
a) Lock ranqe 3) Captwre
Tange
Giy R= 20 k9 2023.O5,31 10:59
Vee tlo V
ue knew thal
Fo.2 . 2 IoxO.ooLX to-6
4X20x
4RC
15x 102

f = t8fo
8X 15 x 103
10-(-lo)
+
8x15KJO
20

P
2TT (3.6 (ro) Ca
6 x|0
2x3.14 x (3 -6)x (o X1Ox lo-6

t26.54 XI0°a
|62.91 Hz

2023.05,31 10:59
 olain phuse lock loap a a FM deno cludatr
the block aiagxum
hade
alecter Crnplile

ycok
V
EM deteafax
The PPL can be very easily used as a FM
okccter or demo dlulelor thi block diugram of
EM detectax

bhen the PPL i locked in on the FM tignalthe

NCo lquency follouss the instartaneaus
hauency ot the FM signal, and the erer
vHkage or VCo ca ntbuol valtage is prspartione
hthe deiahior of the inpt requency trom
utre
fuqusney
Thefere, the ac cornpenent ot
ento votage ot Vco oill epresert a Due
aplica of the medulating votage that is applied
the FM caDiex at thetransmiHex.
hepxoductiorn of madulainy voltage
dasendi
uqueneyon the Lineoú ty betwcen intartanau
devictton and the conrel vstage
 imparJant to note that the F1 Fagus
is also reguency hauld
deuialHon and he modulati ng get
main in thh locking rarge st
ting sianal
Hhe faiHful replica ot the madda
T the product of the moculatHon
deiakion exeedi d
andthe fequen cy
fm (af) he vco uoil not be able to
the
folloo instartanous ruquency vaiations of
FM &ignal.

q6. Deline the Jorm nelaed usith ltex Roll off

rate ) Bardoid th t q Factor
Rotl ottrate
The gain falls ott apidly in the stop band The
ate at shich it lls o in called as n l ott
te"
The gotl off rat is decided by the orrder ot
the ilter (1,2,3,
TPwe incease ltex order
by 1, hen retl ot nate
ineased by 20 dB/dec ads
The filter complexity 60db/decad
inoecs e l th incne asin in
the ilte arder but fequency
Jesponse becom es mere and
ha
mene Shap
FilHer oxder Roll ottrate
2
2.0.dBdecabs
40 dB/ decad
60 dB/ducade
80 dB de2o23.05.3110:59
 The nange of fequen cies passed by an
eectonic clrcuit auch as an_ ampliflex, míxer
or illex
he trequency ranqe it usually measued at
the point whene he level drops by 3d6
helatve to the maimum

Qi shat for 'quality-fachor oo ilhex.

ehtch defines ik bandwidth in nelahion to
tk cenbe reque ncy and indicaleia filher's
resonant propertiea
- The high ex the Qmone neaanant ila, and
namawc ange of requencica that
Lallowed topasA
-Example qof Jisequivalent to banduidth
of l. 38 octavet
q of6 ú equivalent ta a bandwidh ot
just o. 25_ octayes
ins3 ocfaves
qof uih equivalant to a bandeidth of
The quality tacse ofa sesonant cizcuit
idescribe Jhe quality or pentormanceof the
Rresonant circuit
A high yaue ot
handwidh ashich iA meand a naAus
pplcaton. desiable n
many
 1:0
2o2
classte
Dete

Gtain
Bandoidth
stead of specifying the
pel ott nates, q and
bandufd th ce specified. +
The sielati on between
enter equency g and Feanduoia h8
bandl ufcd h a Hg. Pracical resp0 nae of a
bandpass tHo
B

Hghex the value ot g.shanpex the tequenty zusponse.

Banduot dth js dehincd as the ditenence betwecn
he oo cut-ot equencies_ fH and fL
B= f f
gn he irst ordex lous paye butterwer Hh filke
passbahd
et 12 kHz oi th
 ke 26 13. R=
10°0 26x 13.
2
I0 x|X x\O00l
o 2X3.14X
R
yJo-C 0OI xRXO. 2x3./4
Io= 12X
RC TT2 Jkp 3
C=0.00l4F Choose dtcp2
ncy feque -oft cut The Step
pasband thoi
kHz trequency12of pat-ott gain2
4il er butterworh paye
Jous order dirst Hhe Design
andf tH B
 of 2okp
use a plot
fuqusncy scaling
fox AF 2
Step4
But
2

Rp 2-1

Re = R,

ChooseR,- 10k2 Re loke

The complete cincuit diagram s

RelokQ

Vin

3.0s.31
11:00 Thus, swe designed the ist buen
4ilker auder Jow pads
 Dasyn the Aeaond
oreler tou
Allex Lulng TeL pass
galn 1fCaleulate
and pass band buterworth
cut-ott
Fi 2ska
Gfvenecerd CCa5 0:0045 4E equeney
Rp=3k
ander Low pa&s
using Tc 141
lten
B butewor th

G,+C,
A5k2R
O:0045.4
8k2RR, =32 ko
slep4 Cal culate cut-ot heque ncy (fe)
2T JB, R, CiCa
Bat aince BRa R and C,=Ca C,De get
2 TT RC

2x3.14x32 x to x o,0o45 X|o

L.106 x I0 z
J.J06 kHz

tep 2i Calculate pass band gain (AyF)

Ayr l+ Ri Rp
1+ 8
25
J.92
 RyASkL

Vin
Gredo4sk

tg.zbecand ardar Jous pass iller

Thus, De designed he second onder Jous pay
iltex

99 Daus circutt diagr am of fist ordex los pau

buHexworh Jrlke give expresion cf the
cut-oft tequentyl and qain

Paxtbond
Stopbed
RC

3.05.311 NenThyeoing
ample chanachenit fas
RgFst ardx Joo-pa
 Thia drcuit Lses a RC
he op amp in wscd in netooxkverling
non-fn far
:lterüng and

The R and C values

decides cutott cartiguaion
he ilhex Luhereas JesisBo R and requs ncydecide
Rp usilld ot
b gain in passband

Aa oprarmp wses in the non-inveing

coniguwalion
h clos ed Joop gain o the tlter i given by
Ay = + Re
Rr

Epesaior far Gain ot tilHox

The capacifo r C and ssisfon R obm a yoltage
divider across th input voltage(in)
V Xe
R-j Xe Vin

8ut the reactance of the capaitax in given by

2T PC
tolubelthuting into Jhe equation Q we get
Vin

V, = ) Vin.
21fR C-J
Divide numexatax end denamirnator by -1 in egO
 Vin

Vin

Tha ake have obtaincd expresston fer \,

The 4iltex output voHage Vo i

cehene Aye - clesed loap gain

Vin
1j2TPRC
AvE
Vin 1j2nÉRC
Tn equation m) subttitute
2rtRC -

fe-cut-ot thequencyTRC
Vo AvE
Vin

Tha in the exprsion for gain of Joup

)
4iltex ias a function of operating hequeny
 Vin

AvE

out te in equaion represet magniude

gain.
lae neq tue nc ies ie P<fc
cansta nt
-AyF
Vin

At heq LLêncy in che ases (f/fc) Tato increalef

and 4lkex gain derease at f= f
AvF

AvE
Ve O707 Ayr
Vin
The iltexqain educes by 3 dB, au dB value of
707 Lt -3d8

t high equtencics le f>fe

Vin

9 wi th increase in.
lHex gain will keep decreasing
place at a constant
This dectease take
zauneg
Tale -20 dB/decade
Gue Drau the ctcad t of st ardex high pss
dve xpressed ef cat ott eqency
slngle ple an fiut cde kigh
can be emed simely by fnterchang+ngpassh
s t a R and caa etten C in the fist ordo
Jea -pass ltex
The tirst exde high pass ilHex and it
tequeney sspanse chexactexishcs
-The Rc canparents decide the cut os requ
of hiah pasE ilter and RE and R, deetde
clsed Jesp faln ahick u given by
R

Gotr fncreates at 20 48 /decale

Dkiephan
 Esprcsetorn Jor the filter Grain
of voliage deteunine
divider V,
V aing he
it nohi ng bt concept
acrosr R voltage
Vin

.Bu eTIC
R
Nin
Vin
R +
j2TPC
Vin

-aSubstihute 21RC o wherefcatoft uquency

2 TT RC

Vin

*lhus we have obtained the expressed for Y, The

bezt slep is to oblaln the expressio n for the output
Valtage V
V, =AyF V,
 corxespanda to - 3 dB
At high
Vo
frequencies )e f consta
>fe nt
Avp ie
Vin

in
Thus iltex gaîn remaing coniantchaxaceristtes
at
fhe passband equtncu resoente
of a irst axdex high pass filtex