8.

1 Introduction to Viruses
Computer viruses are man-made computer programs, and they share some of
logical viruses. A computer virus passes from computer to the behaviors of bio
computer like a biological virus passes from
person to person. A biological virus causes damage to the human
infecting cells; similarly, a computer virus when once executed, getsbody and it has to reproduce itself by
to cause
damage to a computer and can replicate itself in a activated and spreads in the system
Internet. Computer viruses have come a long way fromn the earlycomputer and over the network or the
frst PC virus was created in 1981 by Richard days of personal computers (PC). The
Skrenta, the virus called Elk Cloner. In these days of
high-speed Internet connections and e-mail everywhere, computer
code are often spreading as attachmentsto e-mail viruses and other types of malicious
rate. They get into a computer system by means of messages and they are increasing at an unprecedented
that is, without the knowledge of the hardware or software and operate transparently,
to many different types of malware and
computer user. The term virus is also commonly used to refer
adware programs. There are many different types of computer
viruses circulating in thecyber world such as computer
has a different way of working. They can viruses, worms, Trojans, and Spyware, but each
destroy your data and prevent your computer from working.
Viruses
Avirus is a small piece of software that
attaches itself to a computer or a file. It can replicate itself and
circulate to other files throughout in a computer system over the
Small network or the Internet. They are the
programming codes attached within the code of some other programs that once executed, get acti
Vated and spread in the system. A virus can only spread from one
Program of the device is taken to an uninfected computer. It can computer to another when the host
itself. Viruses are often spread as attachments to the infect other programs by modifying
programs or to
disks and compact disks (CDs). For example, if the vìrus is sent as e-mail messages or by sharing fles
infects the omputer in which the attachment is opened. If a virus isanattached
e-mail attachment, then it also
to a program suchsuch asas a
 8/INTRODUCTION TO CYBER

380 e
CHAPTER
SECURITY
the virus runs too. A virus
can corrupt or
word document program runs, your e-mail
word document, cach
timc the unusable, use program to spread itself to
computer or makc a computer Viruses can be disguised as
everything on your hard before opening any attachment,attachments
delete files on your disk.
delete be sure
other computers, or even vidco files. So
and you
funny images, greeting cards, or audio viruses are harmlcss but others can be very destructive. These
of
source of the attachment. Many
your computer. In addition to beine Se
know the intentionally to damagedestructive functions. Some viruses
programs are designed and crcated
designed to perform different software, or files. The
may cause
reproduce, viruses may be hardware,
mildly annoving effects, while others can damage your
Love Bug (2000), Nimda (2001), etc. examples
The vari-
only
Jerusalem (1987), Michelangclo (1992),
of viruses are below:
are discussed
ous tvpcs of viruses to the boot sector program that is
read b.
virus that attaches itself
1, Boot sector virus: A resides in the fe
booting up). This boot sector program
computer upon starting (known as or CD and it is loaded when you start your computer. Ir is the
Dart of the hard disk, Aoppy disk, initiates all basic programs. Aboe:
computer that helps to startup and
most important part of a command and installs itself before the operating system is loaded
sector virus replaces the jump program that overwrites the boot sector program and
makes
The boot sector virus is an infected upon
unstable; therefore, the boot sector virus starts to spread rapidly
the computer system very sofrware
computer. These are normally spread by infected floppy disks, free Band
each startup of the Boot" and
malicious programs. Examples of a boot sector virus are "Parity
CDs, and other
they utilize
AntiEXE.
viruses cannot attach themselves to just any program, rather
2. Macro virus: Macro macro is an
programming language to distribute themnselves. A
another application's macro
program commands automatically, and many Microsoft applications
instruction that carries out most common types of macro
MS Excel make use of these macros. The two
like MS Word and
Excel viruses. A macro virus is often written in scripting languages
viruses are MS Word and MS Word, MS Access, or MS Excel and
associated hles
documents such as MS
to infect and damnage MS Excel spreadsheet. The macro viruses are typl
or template and
like MS Word document user accesses an infected MS Word document
or an
similar documents. If a
cally spread to other allow the virus macros to be executed. Some example
infected MS Excel spreadsheet, then it can
Showoff, Adam, Wazzu, and Laroux. .com
of macro viruses are Concept, Nuclear, that attach themselves to or replace
3. File viruses: These viruses are the most common kind extensions
.dry, etc.
as .sys, before
files with other
and .exe files; although, in some cases, they can affect file always
executes
The vast majority of PC-based viruses are .com programs. Since .com exploitedby
this characteristic is exist-
any other program of the same name with different extension, naame as of the
the virus programmers for creating the infected hidden fle with the same Anothervery
original Ale.largeitisand
ing .exe fle but with the extension .com so that it executes before theprogram how. viruses.
common fle is .exe file. All.exe files begin with a header that tells the is usedfor
the
how much memory it needs to allocate followed by the blank space, whichsize.
So the virus is accommodated with the .exe file itself without changing its transportth
vehicle to victims
4. E-mail virus: An e-mail virus is a virus that uses e-mail messages as a People in theidenit-
virus. These viruses spread by mailing their copy automatically to all the or
no clear
address book. This often results in spamming and bulk e-mail lists that have
able sender.
 5.
sIteCross-site scripting virus: A
and scripting cross-site
applvulicatniocrns.abilitics
" 381
web
These (such as cookic
can
scripfiles)
ting tovirus (XSSV) is atype of
Worms
A
worm is a
cnter a user's replicate. They work onvirus that urilizes
computer through asecurity hole. site cross
mul tiple browsers
through
ers via a
a nctwork.
sclf-containcd
attachmcnt
A
or uses program that
comput er attaches itself to another ile
program
space in worm does not netw orks and
on the your system like a modify the 6lessecurity holes to and circulates to
in 1988 at computer. The frst computer virus because
Cornell does. worm repl
does i c at
note itself to otherother files
E-mail Worms, down the InternetThissiforgniworm
ficantwasworm was written
It
effectively shut University. simply multiplies until
by a
have to attach comput
it flls all itself to
Instant
File-sharing Networks Messaging several daysnamed as
in 1988.Morris worm student
or Robert Tappanavai lMorris
able
(2001), Sla mmer Worms. The Worms,
Worm (2007), Worm (2003), SoBigexamplesInternet of worms Worms,
There
IRC
are
dif Internet worm that had
ferent
are (Internet types of worms like
(2003)
2003 andinfected
many 75000 CONFICKER
comput
websites e WORM
rs
(2003),
(G MarchMyDoom (2004),
running 2009), and Netsky (2004),
relay
Morris (1988), Melissa chat) Worms, and
(1999),
Sasser Code Red
in a Stuxnet
and single
October
day in
January 2004.down. The Microsoft SQL 2000 Servers
went
2007 in South Storm Worm MyDoom worm infected a within
(July (2004), Storm
2010).10Theminutes in Worm
Slammer
industrial
The main software known as SCADA (2007) infected 50 quarter of a million January
Korea. Stuxnet (July
2010) was desigmillion
for difference between (supervisory ned to comput ers betweencomput ers
January
of itself ng; it is a stand-alone virus and a wormcontrolis thatandadata
replictoatiother a
acqui sit
attack
io n).
a
particular piece of
computer
a machine.network by
computers on theselnetwork.
f-executTherefore,
ing program. It usesa a computernot need a host document
worm does
consuming more bandwidth, the damage
whereas networkits to send copies
worm can localize
caused by a virus is mostlydamage the to
Trojan
ATrojan
Horses localized to
horse is simply a
omputer
and hiddenTrojan horse is a computer program that appears
in the host stand-alone not program thatlegitimate
hiaving a useful and computer; it doesmalicious
but
is hidden in acarries a terrible payload.
desired replicate or copy itself. host program or
rer as cute little dancing function such as in the form of a Trojan insertedof
frogs joke program, horse has the
appearance
prograrms,
by they are
installed
on the screen, or
software of some sort. movie or music hle, screen
alhgurlaoiwionnsg,
intruders on your
system and then function from inside.
easy access to your
erase your disk, send your computer without your
When you run or click on such
These programs damage
Horomput
se er with avirus. There
credit card numbers and knowledge, change your system con-
passwords to astranger, or infect your
Ylling ViKeTrroyujalosn,ggiTheng Serving
are various types of Trojan
Vinus, File horses like
Trojan Horse Virus, Distributed Denial The Remote
of ServiceAdministration Trojan
Irojan Horse Virus, The Password Atack Trojan Horse
back Horse Virus, Some of the ex Stealing Trojan Horse Virus, and The System
OrifcTre ojan
stop a (1998, 2000), and Clagger (2006). Agood horses are AOL variants, Netbus (1998),
examples of Trojan
horse. firewall progranm is the most effective means
 CHAPTER 8/INTRODUCTION TO CYBER
382 " SECURITY
Spyware
Thesetwoand
wordsAdware
are often uscd together and it is difficult to draw a clear distinction between the two.
generally considered to be softwarethat is secretly installed on a computer without the
spyware is
A knowledge when the user installs other sofrware or the website executes a script on the computer.
users
It runs in the background of your computer. Spyware is used to monitor users' webs browsing, keystroke
activity, take screen snapshots, sending e-mail and chatlogging, take personal information, business
information, processing capacity, slow your Internet connection, etc. and report their findings to the
third party. These programs do not spread like viruses but are diffhcult to remove w
requesting
out assistance. Most spyware come bundled with free programs that you download from the Internet.
decreases the overall perfotmance of your computer. Adware, on the other hand
Spware program display unsolicited advertisements for third-party prod
crally refers to any program that features to
serviccs. Adwarc generally comes with an uninstaller and can be easily removed from asvse
and products that runin the background of the Computer
Adware software are not spyware. They are also
monitoring mechanism on the system.
and display advertiscments but do not installany

Concept Check
What are the different types of viruses?
What is the difference between virus and
Worms?

82 Different Types of Attacks

security threats that can impact citizens, busi
There are several types of cyber attacks or cybercrime or of cybercrimes are discussed below:
nesses, and the Government in different ways. Some types
financial services makes it easy to transfer illegally
1. Money laundering: The growth of global where the bank regulations are less stringent. The
acquired funds to some other country's banks
fund transfer is done using electronic means such as telephone and Internet banking and hiding
This transferred fund may be moved back by the
the origin and destination of the fund transfer.
way of loans or some other means.
Information theft: It is now becoming the fastest growing crime with the rapid growth of lnternet.
2. personal information. This intormaton
their users and electronic availability of almnost all of your
related to your bank account, credit card, Internet banking, ATM, etc. The cybercrim
may be that can cause financial damage to the owie
nals can steal these valuable personal information
e-mail, phone numbers, a
Cybercriminals can extract personal identification information like damage your personnel and
ing license numbe, etc. that they can use in a number of ways to of your credit card, may open
professional lives. The cybercriminal may change the billing addressmay send fake mailstoall your
a new account in your name, may apply for a loan in your
name,
friends, eC. after getting your personnel information. in cyber pornog
increase in the use of Internet has led to aspate websitesae
3. Cyber pornography: The rapid The phonographic
raphy. The cyber pornography on the net may take various forms. magazines are produced using
uploaded with the prohibited obscene materials and pornographic
.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTACKS " 383

computer and the Internet. These obscene materials (pornographic pictures, videos, and photos)
are available for downloading and online distribution that may harm the mind of the adolescent.
4. E-mail spoofing: Aspoofed e-mail is the one when you receive an e-mail mesage that appears to
originate from onc source but actually has been sent from another source. In e-mail spoofing, the
e-mailer hides his/her identity from the recipient, so that the recipient has no idea as to who sent
the message. E-mail spoofing may affect in many ways such as destroying the relationship and may
cause monetary damage.
5. Denial of service: Denial of service (DoS) attack means preventing legitimate users of a service
from using that service. It generally occurs when aweb server is Aooded with excessive requests for
information more than it can handle. This causes the web server to crash, thereby denying aucho
rized users the service offered by the resource. It is important to note that in addition to being
the target of a DoS attack, it is possible for your computer to be used as a participant in a DoS
attack on another system. For example, websites like Amazon, CNN, Yahoo, and eBay! have been
brought down in the past.
6. Gyber stallking: Cyber stalking is stalking some person by following and watching a person's
movement over a long period across the Internet in a way that is annoying or frightening by
sending e-mail, false accusations, posting threatening messages on the bulletin boards, making
harassing phone calls, or leaving written messages on the chatrooms. So cyber stalking describes
the use of ICT ["Information and Communication Technologies"; it refers to technologies that
provide accessto information through telecommunications medium including Internet, instant
messaging, voice over IP (VolP), wireless networks, cell phones, video-conferencing, social net
working websites like Facebook and other communication mediums] in order to harass one or
more victims. It is a growing social problem that can affect computer users anywhere in the world.
Normally, majority of the victims are women.
7. Logic bombs: Logic bombs are event-dependent programs that get activated on the occurence
of a particular predefined event. These predefined events are called trigger events. The trigger may
be the particular date on which the logic bombs may get activated. For example, the logic bomb is
created in such away that on particular date, it transfers small amount of money from everyone's
account in the bank to a particular account. Since the amount is very small, none of the customer
may bother, but the benefiter account may earn a huge amount. This kind of event has occurred
in the past. Some examples are a viruses such as Chernobyl virus that lies dormant throughout
the year and becomes active only on a particular date, or a virus that deletes a database table if a
certain employee gets fired.
8. Hacking: A hacker is an unauthorized user who attempts to or gains access illegally to a computer
system or network to destroy data, stealing, and altering information. Hacking is also the act by
whích other forms of cybercrime, for example, forgery, cyber terrorism, e-terrorism, etc., are com
mited, Hacking is a crime even if there is no visible damage to the system, since it is an invasion
into the privacy of data.
9. Spamming: Spamming is sending of unsolicited bulk commercial e-mail, junk newsgroup post
ings, or instant message to a large number of people usually for advertising or markeing over
the Internet. The people who do this activity are called spammers and they send out hundreds,
 CHAPTER 8/INTRODUCTION TO CYBER
384 "
SECURITY
thousands, or even tens of thousands of e-mails to the receiver without their Consent. The spam-
mers can collect e-mail addresses from varioussources such as purchasing from legitimate
Sources
or companies that share c-mail addresses, by hacking, or simply using computer programs that
gencrate addresses randomly based on the domain names of known Internet service providers.
Spamming is irritating but it is not illegal unless it causes damage to the system. You can sowa
vour energy and time to review or remove those unwanted messages by hltering appropriately and
making them as spam or junk mail, so your e-mail will automatically move them to spam folder
or junk folder next time upon receiving such mails.
10, Cyber defamation: It is not different from conventional defamation except that it takes place
with the help of computers or the Internet. This may involve publishing of defamatory matter on
the website or sending an e-mail containing defamatory information to expose anyone to hatred,
contempt, or ridicule. For example, someone (say, Ajay) has hacked the e-mail account of some
one else (say, Vinay) and then he (Ajay) sends defamatory mater about his (Vinay) friend using
his (Vinay) e-mail ID. Defacement of a company'swebsite can cause not just embarrasment but
even loss of sales.
1. Pharming: It is ahacker's attack aiming to defraud Internet surfers by hijacking awebsite's domain
name, or URL, and redirecting users to another (bogus) website where raudulent requests for
information are made. Pharming has become of major concern to businesses hosting e-commerce
nd online banking websites.
12. Phishing: Phishing is afraudulent way of geting confidential information, such as user ID, pass
words, credit card, bank details, etc. through e-mails or an instant message, which look authentic
and appear to come from a legitimate company or person and atempt to get victims to reveal
their personal information. Phishers use a variety of sophisticated devices to steal information -
including pop-up windows. In addition to stealing personal and fnancial data, phishers can infect
computers with viruses and convince people to participate unwillingly in money laundering
13. Crimes related to Intellectual Property Rights: Any unique product of the human intellect thar
dhas commercial value, like sofeware, books, songs, movies, paintings, drawings, etc., are considered
under copyright, so copyrights protect the intellectual properties. The intellectual property crime
refers to the distribution of facts or data for a fee without the owner's consent. The common form
of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) violation includes software piracy, theftof computer source
code, copyright infringement, trademarks violations, unauthorized circulation of content of any
author, piracy of software or movie DVDs, etc. Almost every information is now available on the
Internet in digital form and it can be made available to anyone using the Internet that may resut
in the violation of copyright. IPR provide different kindsof rights (such as right of reproduction,
distribution, public display, public performance, production of derivative works) to the owner or
an original work. Although some information may be reused in he original form depending upon
the purpose and character of use, amount of work being copied, use for educational purpose, et
without the consent of the owner.
3 GOOD COMPUTER SECURITY
HABITS
" 385

8.3 Good Computer Security Habits

here are some basic components that you
ictim to hackers and crooks on need in order to build avirtual shicld
cyberspace. against becoming a
Firewall: Firewall is an cxtra level of security
network from intruders or hackers. A firewallmechanism that is used to protect your
to flter unwanted messages or is a hardware and/or softwarc programcomputerthat is
or
used
getting through some packets bascd packets to reach your computer or network. It
blocks others. If a rcqucst or packet on their type such as e-mail, webbing, iling, selectively allows
or message does not pass the sharing, etc. but
is stopped at the gateway from firewall'
traveling any further. The firewall can basicallys security inspection, it
barduare frewall and sofiware firewall. The hardware firewall be categorized into
of attackS coming to theinternal local arca provides protection from most forms
network. Software
installed at the server or computer to protect them from the firewall is a set of related programs
are casy to configure, whercas software outside attacks. Hardware firewalls
not protect you from malicious programs like firewalls need expertise to configure. The frewall does
viruses, so youshould have the antivirus software
installed even if you have firewall installed. Nowadays,
have built-in firewall, and operating systems such as hardware devices such as modem or routers
with Windows firewall. Microsoft X, Vista, or Windows 7 alsocome
2. Antivirus
software: To protect your computer from the attacks of viruses, you should
latest and updated antivirus software in your install the
computers.
ing speed of the computer system, making it dificult to open the
The viruses can slow down the process
even crash your computer system. application or program or it can
B. Anti-Spyware and Anti-Adware programs:
Spyware is
that is secretly installed on a computer without the user's generally considered to be the softrware
users' web browsing, keystroke activity, take screen snapshots, knowledge and it is used to monitor the
take personal information, business information, processing sending e-mail and chatlogging.
tion, and report their findings to therequesting third party. capacity, slow your Internet connec
Adware, on the ocher hand, generally
refers to any program that features to display unsolicited advertisements for
and services. Both can result in data corruption, personal third-party products
prohling, hacker attacks, pop-up ads,
spying, and identity theft. The Anti-Spyware and Anti-Adware programs can be
rately or bundled with antivirus sofrware and a frewall. purchased sepa
4. Install updates: Installation of antiviruses and/or anti-spyware program is not
should regularly download the latest updates to protect the computer system fromsufhcient; you
latest viruses,
SPyware, or adware.
5. Make regular backups of critical data: It is a good idea to regularly keep backup copy of all your
important files on removable external hard disk, pen drive, Hash drive, or recordable CD or DVD
ROM disks so that one may not suffer data loss in the case of virus contamination.
6. Finding security holes in the network: System managers of the organization should work hard
to track down the security holes and bugs in che networks and close them before inruders Can
track them and attack.
7. Keep personal infornation private: You should not provide personal informaion like name.
e-mail id, account information, driving license number, etC. on demand to anyone unless vou
know who you are giving it to. Since many lnternet users are strangers, so be very careful abour
 CHAPTER 8/INTRODUCTION TO CYBER
386 " SECURITY
how you share personal information about yourself online and save all communications for evi-
dence in future. It is better to share personal iinformation only with people you know. Never send
credit card number or account details to any site that is not secured to guard against fraud,.
Do not
your send your photographs onlinc or share it with strangers and unknown chat friends to
avoid misusc of your photograph.
id. You should not open rhael:
8. Check the URL: Sometimes you gct URL address in your mail
URL begins with hrtee.ti
provided to you unless you know that the page is secure. If the page'sSecure Sockets Laver (Scr
then the page is secure. The letter "s" indicates that the website uses
technology.
9. Scan your machine: If you find something suspicious and the processing speed of the computer
scems down, then you should scan your computer either through the CD ROM of antivirus or
using the online virus removal facility, which some antivirus software vendors offer.
10. Disconncct your computer from the Internet: It is sometime safe to disconnect your system
from the lInternet unless you need it,so intruders may not have access to your personal informa
tion or system
11. Use of content filtering software: Parents should always keep a watch on the sites that their chil.
dren are accessing. Parents may use content filtering software on the PCs to protect their children
from various cybercrimes like pornography, gambling, etc. There are software that allow parents to
see which site item their children have visited.
12. Password: It is always safer to use password for your computer, servers, routers, hrewalls, and
important files so that only authentic user can access the computer network or content of the iles.
The password should be a combination of alphabet, numbers, and special characters. The pass
word should be changed at regular intervals.

Concept Check
" Differentiate between hardware and soft
ware firewall. How do you check whether the page is
secure or not?

84 Introduction of Cyber Laws about Internet Fraud

With the explosive growth of Internet, new
the past few years, drastic changes have been communication systems, and computer technologY ove
proposed a "web of nodes" storing "hypertext made to our lifestyle. English physicist
pages" viewed by "browsers on a network Tim Berners-Lee
is referred to as the World Wide in 1989, hs
Web. Internet was initially developed as a
sharing tool but now it has transformed itself into research and intormation
e-business, e-commerce, e-governance, etc. The an all-peryading revolution and is being used 0
variety of important works whether it is for computers and mobile phones are being used for a
an information exchange
techno-savvy
led environmnent,
to the growth the world is becoming more and or business transactions. In this
of new form of crime, more digitally sophisticated that nas a
cybercrinme, throughour the world.
.A INTRODUCTION OF CYBER LAWS ABOUT INTERNET FRAUD " 387

The Need for Cyber Law

Crime is no longer limited to space, time, or a group of people. With the advent of Internet as a basic
tool of communication and information sharing along with its increasing usage has led to an increase
in criminal activities in the cyberspace. Cyberspace includes computers, networks, Internet, social net
ring websites, software, storage devices, e-mails, mobile phones, etc. There are various situations,
As described below, where it isextremely difficult for conventional law to cope with cybercrimes,there
fore, there is a need for separate law to deal with cybercrimes.
1. Cyberspace has no physical boundaries: Aperson sitting in one country can do crimeanywhere
in the world using the Internet or any other communication device.
2. Flooding of information exchange: Millions of people use the Internet every second, and huge
amounts of data around the globe can be transferred in a matter of seconds.
3. Identity hiding: A person can chat with anyone/anywhere without disclosing his/her idenity.
Due to this anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal
activities.
4. Economically efficient: Millions of people are using Internet because it is one of the cheap
est medium of communication, and transaction of billions of dollars' worth of material (books,
software, videos, etc.) can be done within no time without worrying for any government licenses,
shipping, or any customs duty.
5. Everything available: The e-books, songs, videos, software sourcecode, etc. everything is avail
able on the Internet, which can be pirated casily.
6. Open to all: There is no restriction on using the Internet; anyone from a child of age 8 years to a
senior citizen of 80 years around the world can easily participate.
7. Mobility: Internet surfers can access the Internet from anywhere and they can change their places
very frequently.
8. Highly digitalized world: Everyone including companies keep their valuable data in electronic
form. Most people use e-mail, cell phones, and SMS messages for communication.
9. Use of plastic money:Consumers are increasingly using credit cards and ATM cards for shopping.
Cyber Law in India
nala, cyber laws are contained in the Information Technology Act, 2000 ("IT Act, 2000" or
O), which was passed on 9 June 2000 and came into force on 17 October 2000. It consisted of
4 schedules and 94 sections in 13 different chapters. The IT Act, 2000 addresses the legal recognition
tor transactions related to electronic commerce. The act deals with digital rights, digital signatures,
and IPR. The violation of these laws constitutes acrime and leads to punishment. The Government of
la nas brought major amendments to ITA2000 by Information Technology Amendment Bill, 2008,
Cn was passed in the Lok Sabha on 22 December 2008 and in the Rajya Sabha on 23 December
2008. It came into existence from 27 Ocrober 2009. The Information Technology (Amendment) Ac,
2008 (ITAA 2008) not onlv addresses more offenses with regard to information security, cyber terror
Ism, and data protection and piracy but has further enhanced the punishments up to life imprisonment
and fine up to Rs, 10lakh for certain classes of cybercrimes. Sections 65-74 of the IT Act speciñcally
deal with certain offences rhar can be called cybercrimes. Cybercrime refers to any unlawful acts tchat
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