HISTORY

Gandhian Nationalism

Agitation against the Rowlatt

Act (1919) :

=>
The Lucknow Part
of 1916 which brought the
Congress and Muslim League loser
convinced that the
the
government
Act
of 1909 (Morley Minto Reform)
-
was
incompetent
.

=> Gandhi back to India in

came
the national
January
of
1915, and
joined movement .

his
=> In 1915 he
founded
Ahmedabad
Satyagraha
to teach
ashram near
Indians the idea
of Satyagraha
the
In 1917
government appointed a
=
,

committee under the

Chairmanship of
Justice
Sydney Rowlatt to investigate
crime and to recommend
revolutionary
legislature for it's
-

suppression -

=>
Rowlatt Act (March 1919) .
have the government
and arrest
power to pearch any
any person without a warrantS
place
--

Detection without trial tor a manimum period

of 2
years was also recommended
 Annie Besant
personally opposed the
=
idea
of
radical
Satyagraha
members
but
younge
the home rule
and more
of
,

bague
it
supported
.

=
On 24
th

February 1919 Gandhi formed a

Satyagraha Sabho
Rowlatt
il
Bill .
Bombay to
protest
against the

JALLIANWALA BAGH
-

MASSACRE
= )
Along with Gandhi 2 local leaders
, J
Dr Kichlew and Dr
Satyapal were
.
.

10th
arrested on
April 1919
=>
Sivaswamy Aiyer
from the
,
a
Knighthood recipient
government
.

Rabindranath
-
=> I
agore up his title
gave
of knighthood in
protest
.

=> He also wrote a letter to Lord

Chelmsford,
in the
the
viceroy This
.

letter was
published
Stateman ,
June 3rd , 1919 .
 CAUSES of the FAILURES of the

Rowlatt Agitation .
11) The movement was not
properly
organised . There was no outral
organisation to co-ordinate the
movement .
The Satyagraha Sabhe
was
while
busy
the
with
longress
propaganda
was not
work
involved in
the movement as an organisation.
12) The movement was mostly limited to cities and
failed to reachrural India
. Even in cities it
was more local issues like
focused on
lack basic
price rises and
of
about the Rowlett bills.
commodities
than

(3) In Judith M Brown's opinionandthe

,
core
of
the movement was in Bombay Gujarat .
Other of half-hearted
response
parts India
produced a

.
14) Bipin Chandra
pointed out that the
protests
and disorder .
were
accompanied by violence

Punjab which was

suffering from the
after-effects of the time forced
war
repression,
and
recruitment
spread of diseases reacted
strongly in the movement

(5) Gandhi himself admitted that he had made

 S

a
Himalayan
Civil disobedience
Miscalculation'
to
by preaching
people
for the
who were
insufficiently prepared practice of
Satyagraha
Gandhi called the movement due to
of
spread of Violence &

The most significant outcome the

of
agitation was the
emergance of Gandhi
as a national leader.

THE Khilatat Movement

Main demands :

(1) Khalifa's control over muslim sacred

should be retained
spaces
(2) In the territorial settlement after the war
,
the
Khalifa should be given sufficient territories .

=>
In early 1919 ,
the Khalitat committee was formed
in Bombay .
The leadersfollowed the traditional method of
prayer and
petition to the government .

=>
At the All Khalitat Conference in
India
Delhi on November 23rd 1919 , the leaders
advocated non-cooperation with the government .
REASONS for UNREST in 1919 . (concise)

(1)
Khilafat issue and the
policy of prayer and petition
of the leaders the
of Kivilagat movement not working
.

(2) During the War

post world
period the
,
prices of
daily commodities
facd
increased and
many sections the Indian
of
society sevne economic distress .

In the
political field ,
felt disillusioned
the nationalists
as the promises of constitutional mode
reform
Montague remained unfulfilled.
by in 1917

(3) Rowlett Act

of March 1919
14) Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in 1919 .

(5) Introduction of the government of India Act of

1919 .

After the Rowlatt Agitation

A Hindu Muslim deputation met the Viceroy
joint to
1920 peek redress , but this
in
early
proved to be abortivee.

Gandhi became the President

of
the All India Khilafat
committee which adopted moderate
policies in it's early stages.

Meanwhile the terms of the treaty of Sevres became

known which infuriated the Muslims .
The Central
June & adopted
Khilafat Committee met in Allahabad
1920 a
policy of non-cooperation .
The movement was to begin on
Aust 1st 1920.

Congresmovement
this
support .
was
necessary
for the success
of

Stiff resistance came from badus like Annie

Besant, CR Das Maden Mohan Malavia
,

& others .

Jawaharlal Nehru believed that Gandhi promoted

communal harmony by
promoting the Khilafat issue.

Special Session in Calcutta Congress

adopted resolution
of Non-Cooperation moved
by
Gandhi

Nagpur Session (Dec 1920) .

endorsed the non-

lo operation resolution passed in Calcutta.

Refer to TB for revolutionary changes introduced

in Nagpur Session (pg76)
 Reasons behind the non-cooperation
movement (concise) :

(1) Indians had offered a lot

of help to the British in their
war efforts.
(2) The encersive
price rise due to the world was led to
immense hardship for the
peasants
.

(3) The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had created a

great impact on the

Indian
people .

(4) The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was extremely repressive & anti-
democratic.
(5) The
Khilagat issue had emaged the Muslims

Gallagher School of
Cambridge Historians View
on Non-lop . Movement .
The Gallagher School Cambridge Historians
of Movement
believe that the non-cooperation starte
by was

Aspirant Congress politicians seeking elections legislative

to the council I wanted

to mobilize votes by organizing national movement

a .

Refutation1- (Textbook pg78)

11) 3% (2) peasants spontaneous
(3) Muslim discontent
Khilafat (4) Nationalist leaders
(b) aspiration ,
sentiment I sacrifice .
 Great Depression
The republican presidents after Woodrow Wilson :

(i) Handinge
(ii)
Coolidge
(iii) Herbert Hoover (elected in 1929)

Reasons for the Great Depression :

(1) American businessmen took this prosperity to be

permanent
They did not realise that European War-time demand had come down .
Britain France & other countries tried to be
self-sufficient .

They no
longer
USA's USA's market
depended on
supplies . shrinked .

(2) The Stock Market was

full of speculation . People had invested all their
saving
The
in the stock market in hopes of profit.
prices of stocks was much

higher than their actual value . When the stock market crashed ,
the
collapsed .
economy
(3) USA invested
heavily in the weapons industry. The weapons were
supplied to . As the war ended weapon market become dull
Europe ,
.

(3) The uneven distribution

of wealth in USA
reduced the
purchasing power of poor
Americans . The summ I unemployment affected rural & poor
post war
.

Americans whose purchasing power was reduced

Runia &
Germany
Part 23
signed
1939)
a non

Ribbento
aggression August Molotov

World Diarcement Confunce 1932

Geneva Out 1933

-
-

Equality G .
arms

Non Aggression Part u/ Poland A

26 Jan 1934
-

plebiscite in Saar 1935

13 Jan 20 %
1935
propogene
hermen Intervasion Civil Wa
&
in
Spansh
Franco v/s Communts
Rhindered
Capture
1936
of
7 March

Rome Berlin Tokyo Aris 1937

Anti Cominth Gary & Spen 1936

Italy going 1937

Anneration Austria 1938
of
Dolltus 2) 1935
25
July
14 March 1938

Intervation in Czechoslovakia 1938 &

find occupation
in 1939 .
Lunar
Munich Part Britan France Holy
29 1938
sep
Heinlin March 1939

Polend Altern 1935

Sup
Molotor & Ritatrop Part & 1939
23 August
 Ghazipur Balia Azamgarh up
Bhagalpur Saran Hazaribagh Bihan
Tamluk
Midnapur South Bengal
Balasove
Talchen Roraput Orrisa
Satara Nasik
Gujarat
:
Haripura Session Feb 1938
Cp Tripuni Manch 1939
:

Munich Pact 1938

Removed fro Congress August 1939
Forward Bloc formed 22 June 1939 Calcutta
Escape from Calcutta Jon 1941
Tokyo Conference Manch 1942
Bonghor Conference June 1942
Provincial Gov Free India 21 Out 1943
.g 18 March 1944
INA crossed Indian borders