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The document discusses global population trends, highlighting a significant increase post-Industrial Revolution, with current estimates around 8.1 billion. It explores factors influencing population growth and distribution, including economic development, climate, and migration patterns, while also detailing densely and thinly populated regions. Additionally, it addresses human migration, its causes, and effects, emphasizing push and pull factors that drive people to move.

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3 views3 pages

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The document discusses global population trends, highlighting a significant increase post-Industrial Revolution, with current estimates around 8.1 billion. It explores factors influencing population growth and distribution, including economic development, climate, and migration patterns, while also detailing densely and thinly populated regions. Additionally, it addresses human migration, its causes, and effects, emphasizing push and pull factors that drive people to move.

Uploaded by

gsoul0950
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Geography: Population and Migration – Questions & Answers

1. Trend of Population Growth in the World

The world’s population grew very slowly for thousands of years due to high birth and death rates. After the Industrial Revolution (late 18th century),
improved medicine, sanitation, and food production caused death rates to fall, while birth rates stayed high. This led to a rapid population increase,
especially between 1950 and 1987, when the global population doubled from 2.5 to 5 billion. The highest growth rate was in the 1960s, with over 2%
annual growth. Since then, growth rates have declined as fertility rates dropped, but the population continues to rise.

2. Estimate of World Population and Reasons for Spatial Variation


The world population is estimated at about 8.1 billion (2025). Spatial variation in population growth is due to differences in economic development,
healthcare, education, cultural factors, government policies, and migration. Developed regions have slower growth due to lower birth rates, while
developing regions, especially in Africa and South Asia, have higher growth rates.

3. Regional Variation in Population Growth

Population growth rates vary globally. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have rapid growth due to high fertility and declining mortality. Europe and
East Asia have slow or negative growth due to low fertility and aging populations. North America and Latin America have moderate growth rates.

4. Population Distribution and Factors of Unevenness

Population is unevenly distributed across the world. Densely populated areas include river valleys, fertile plains, and urban regions. Sparse areas
include deserts, mountains, and polar regions. Factors affecting distribution are:

Physical: climate, terrain, soil, water


Economic: jobs, industry, infrastructure
Social/political: stability, policies, history

5. Role of Topography and Climate in Population Distribution (with Examples)

Flat, fertile plains (e.g., Ganges Plain, North China Plain) and river valleys (e.g., Nile Valley) support high populations due to easy farming and
transport. Harsh climates (deserts, tundra) and rugged mountains (Himalayas, Andes) have sparse populations. Moderate climates attract more
people, while extreme climates deter settlement.

6. Major Densely Populated Regions and Their Geographical Characteristics


South Asia: Fertile river valleys, monsoon climate, intensive agriculture.
East Asia: North China Plain, river valleys, advanced irrigation.
Western Europe: Temperate climate, industrialization, urbanization.
Nile Valley: Narrow fertile strip along the river in an otherwise desert region.

7. Major Thinly Populated Regions and Reasons

Deserts: Sahara, Kalahari, Australian Outback – lack of water, extreme heat.


Polar Regions: Greenland, Antarctica – extreme cold, ice cover.
Mountains: Himalayas, Andes – steep slopes, poor soils.
Dense Forests: Amazon, Congo – disease, poor soils, inaccessibility.

Main reasons: harsh climate, poor soils, lack of water, inaccessibility, limited economic opportunities.

8. Human Migration: Meaning and Major Types


Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, often for settling temporarily or permanently. Major types:

Internal migration (within a country)


International migration (across countries)
Voluntary migration (by choice)
Involuntary migration (forced, e.g., refugees)

9. Why Human Migration Takes Place

Migration occurs due to push factors (unemployment, poverty, conflict, disasters) and pull factors (jobs, safety, better living conditions, education).
People move to improve their quality of life or escape adverse conditions.

10. Push and Pull Factors of Human Migration

Push Factors: Unemployment, poverty, war, political instability, natural disasters.


Pull Factors: Employment opportunities, higher wages, safety, better services, family reunification.

11. International Migration: Meaning, Causes, Consequences, Examples

International migration is the movement of people across national borders.


Causes: Economic opportunities, political/religious persecution, education, family.
Consequences: For origin: brain drain, remittances. For destination: labor supply, cultural diversity, social tension.
Examples: Migration from Bangladesh to India for work; from Syria to Europe due to conflict.
12. Short Notes

(a) Population Explosion: A rapid, dramatic increase in population, especially after 1950, due to falling death rates and sustained high birth
rates. It strains resources, environment, and infrastructure, especially in developing countries.
(b) Density of Population: The number of people per unit area, usually per sq. km. High in fertile plains and cities (e.g., Bangladesh,
Japan), low in deserts, mountains, and forests. Affects resource use, planning, and quality of life.
(c) Internal Migration: Movement of people within a country, often from rural to urban areas for better jobs and living standards. It leads to
urbanization, city growth, and rural depopulation.
(d) International Migration: Movement across countries for work, study, or refuge. Impacts economies and societies of both origin and
destination countries.
(e) Pull Factors of Human Migration: Positive attractions of a destination, like jobs, safety, better education, and healthcare.
(f) Push Factors of Human Migration: Negative conditions at home, such as poverty, war, unemployment, or disasters, forcing people to
leave.
(g) Bangladesh-India Population Migration: Movement from Bangladesh to India due to economic opportunities and environmental
challenges in Bangladesh. It has led to demographic changes and policy debates in India.

13. Reasons Behind Variation in Population Density in Your Locality


Variation in population density is due to physical factors (land fertility, water, climate), economic factors (jobs, industries), social factors (education,
healthcare), and historical settlement patterns. Areas with more resources and opportunities are more densely populated.

14. Choose the Correct Answer

a. In which year world had a population of about 1 billion?


Answer: (ii) In 1808
b. What is the main reason of world population growth?
Answer: (iii) Decrease of death rate compared to birth rate
c. Which is the least populous continent in the world?
Answer: (ii) Oceania
d. Among the following countries which one has the highest population density?
Answer: (i) Japan

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