1.

Types of Systems:
1. Mainframe Systems
a) Batch System
 b) Multi-programmed System
c) Time-Sharing System
2. Desktop Systems
3. Multiprocessor Systems
4. Distributed Systems
a) Client-Server System
b) Peer-to-peer System
5. Clustered Systems
6. Real-Time systems

1. Mainframe Systems: These systems were the first computers used to deal with many commercial and
scientific applications. Here we are going to discuss about different types of mainframe systems.

a) Batch Systems:
The user did not interact directly with the computer systems. They prepared a job which consisted of the
program, the data, and some control information about the nature of the job and submitted it to the
computer operator. After some days the output appeared. The output consisted of the result of the program.
The major task was to transfer control automatically from one job to next. To increase the speed, operator
batched the jobs together with similar needs and ran them in the computer as a group.

Operating
System

User
Program
Area

In this execution environment, the CPU was often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O
devices is slower than electronic devices.
b) Multi-programmed Systems:
Multi programming systems increases CPU utilization. The operating system
keeps several jobs simultaneously in memory. The operating system picks and
begins to execute one of the jobs from the memory. The job may have to wait for
some task, such as an I/O operation to complete. In non multi-programmed
system, the CPU would sit idle. In multi-programmed system, the operating
system simply switches to, and executes another job.

Job scheduling: If several jobs are ready to be brought into memory, and if there is not enough room for
all of them, then the operating system must choose among them. Making this decision is called job
scheduling.

CPU scheduling: If several jobs are ready to run at the same time in memory, the system must choose
among them for execution. This selection process is called CPU scheduling.

c) Time-Sharing Systems:
Time sharing or multi taking is a logical extension of multi programming system. A time shared
operating systems allows many users to share the computer simultaneously. The system switches rapidly
from one user to the next and each user can get the impression that the entire computer system is dedicated
for their use.

Process: A program is loaded into memory and executed is commonly referred as a process.

Virtual Memory: It is a technique that allows the execution of a job that may not be completely in
memory. The main advantage of the virtual-memory scheme is that program can be larger than physical
memory.

Desktop System:
Personal computers PCs appeared in the 1970s. PC operating systems were neither multi-user nor
multi-tasking. The goal of these operating systems is to maximizing the user convenience but not
maximizing the CPU and peripheral utilization. Micro computers were immediately able to adopt some of
the technology developed for larger operating systems. On the other hand, the cost of the hardware for
microcomputers is sufficiently low.

Multi-Processor System:
Multi- processor system is also known as parallel systems or tightly coupled systems. This type
of system has more advantages than single processor system.

Advantages of multi-processor systems:

1. Increase throughput: By increasing the number of processors, we hope to get more work done in
less time.
2. Economy of scale: Multiprocessor systems can save more money than multiple single processor
systems, because they can share peripherals, mass storage, and power supply.
3. Increased reliability: If functions are distributed properly among several processors, then the
failure of one processor will not halt the system, only slow it down.

We have different types of multi-processor systems. They are

a) Symmetric multi-processing
b) Asymmetric multi-processing

Symmetric multi-processing (SMP): Each processor runs an identical copy of the OS; these copies can
communicate with each other.

Asymmetric multi-processing (ASMP): In which each processor is assigned a specific task. A master
processor controls the system; the other processor look to the master for instruction.

Distributed System:
Distributed systems depend on networking for their functionality. These systems can share the
computational task. Networks are categorized based on the distance between their nodes.

• LAN: Local-Area Network – within a room, a floor or a building.

• MAN: Metropolitan Area Network – link buildings within a city.

• WAN: Wide Area Network – exist between buildings, cities, or countries.

We can classify distributed system into two types. They are
 i. Client – Server
ii. Peer-to-Peer

i. Client-Server System:
A client server system may have a server with one or more clients. Server is a system in the
network that provides the services to the clients. Client is nothing but any system in that network that
request services from the server. Generally we have types of servers. They are Compute server and file
server.

Compute Server: In this type the client can send request to perform an action, and server executes the
action and send the result to the client.

File Server: In this systems client can create, update, read and delete files.

ii. Peer-to-Peer Systems:

In this networking system there is no centralized server. Processors communicate with one another
through various communication lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines. These systems are
usually referred to as loosely coupled systems.

Network operating system (NOS): It provides file sharing and communication scheme for exchanging
messages across network.

Clustered Systems:
Like parallel systems, clustered systems use multiple CPUs to accomplish a computation work.
Clustered systems differ from parallel systems, however, in that they are composed to two or more
individual systems coupled together.
Clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via LAN. It provides high availability of
resources on the network. Cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. If the monitored machine fails, the
monitoring machine can take ownership of its storage, and restart the applications
that were running on the failed machine.

Asymmetric Clustering: A hot standby host does nothing but monitor the active
server. If that server fails, the hot standby host becomes the active server.

Symmetric Clustering: two or more hosts are running and monitoring each other.

Real-Time System:
If a system that controls scientific experiment, medical imaging system,
industrial control system, auto-mobile fuel-injection system, home – appliance
controllers and weapon systems is called real-time system.

There are two types of real-time systems. They are

Hard real-time system: It guarantees that critical task be completed on time.

Soft real-time system: A critical task gets priority over the task, and remains the
priority until it completes.