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Computer Organization 4.1 To 4.6 Summary

The document provides an overview of computer organization, covering control units, CPU structure, instruction formats, and addressing modes. It discusses computer arithmetic, memory hierarchy, I/O organization, embedded systems, real-time operating systems, and hardware description languages. Key concepts include RISC vs CISC, pipelining, memory composition, and synchronization in multiprocessor systems.

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6 views2 pages

Computer Organization 4.1 To 4.6 Summary

The document provides an overview of computer organization, covering control units, CPU structure, instruction formats, and addressing modes. It discusses computer arithmetic, memory hierarchy, I/O organization, embedded systems, real-time operating systems, and hardware description languages. Key concepts include RISC vs CISC, pipelining, memory composition, and synchronization in multiprocessor systems.

Uploaded by

birajthapa983
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Summary: Computer Organization (4.1 to 4.

6)

4.1 Control and Central Processing Units

- Control Unit (CU): Manages execution of instructions using control memory and sequencing.

- CPU Structure: Includes ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU; handles computation and instruction control.

- Instruction Formats: Define the structure of instructions (e.g., opcode and operands).

- Addressing Modes: Includes immediate, direct, indirect, indexed, etc.

- Data Transfer & Manipulation: Involves moving and processing data between registers/memory.

- RISC vs CISC: RISC uses simpler instructions; CISC uses complex instructions.

- Pipelining: Technique to execute multiple instructions simultaneously to improve throughput.

4.2 Computer Arithmetic and Memory System

- Arithmetic & Logical Operations: Includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, and logic operations.

- Memory Hierarchy: Registers > Cache > Main Memory > Secondary Storage.

- Internal vs External Memory: RAM and registers vs hard drives and SSDs.

- Cache Memory Principles: Includes cache size, mapping functions, and replacement/write policies.

- Write Policies: Write-through (immediate) vs Write-back (on eviction).

- Composing Memory: Assembling memory modules to form larger memory structures.

4.3 Input-Output Organization and Multiprocessor Systems

- Peripheral Devices: Includes keyboards, monitors, printers, etc.

- I/O Modules and Interface: Control communication between CPU and peripherals.

- Modes of Transfer: Programmed I/O, Interrupt-driven I/O, DMA.

- Multiprocessor Systems: Multiple CPUs working together; includes interconnection structures.

- Communication & Synchronization: Message passing, shared memory, semaphores.

4.4 Hardware-Software Design Issues in Embedded Systems

- Embedded Systems: Computers within larger systems for dedicated tasks.

- Classification: Real-time, standalone, networked, mobile.

- Custom Single-Purpose Processor Design: Optimized for specific functions.

- Development Environment: Includes compilers, debuggers, and simulation tools.

- ASIPs: Processors tailored for specific applications offering flexibility and efficiency.

4.5 Real-Time Operating and Control Systems

- OS Basics: Manages hardware and software resources.


- Tasks, Processes, Threads: Execution units.

- Scheduling: Includes Round Robin, Priority, EDF.

- Synchronization: Prevents conflicts using semaphores, mutexes.

- Device Drivers: Control hardware interaction.

- Control Systems: Open-loop (no feedback), Closed-loop (feedback-based).

4.6 Hardware Description Language and IC Technology

- VHDL Overview: Describes hardware behavior and structure.

- Data Representation: Overflow, binary representation.

- Combinational Logic: Output depends only on current inputs.

- Sequential Logic: Output depends on current and past inputs (memory involved).

- Pipelining: Improves performance by processing data in stages.

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