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Laguna State Polytechnic University

College of Engineering
ES – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

ES 5 – COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS
AND
PROGRAMMING
SELF-LEARNING MODULE 6

RONALD T. LAVA, MSIT

College of Engineering
ES 5 -Computer Fundamentals and Programming
College of Engineering
The Internet
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Laguna State Polytechnic University
College of Engineering
ES – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Module 6.0 RONALD T. LAVA, MSIT

Introduction to Internet

Program Educational Objectives: Course Learning Outcomes:

K: Use techniques, skills, and modern 1. Explain basic information technology
engineering tools necessary for Civil concepts; and concepts of programming
Engineering practice languages
2. Apply knowledge with a range of current,
standard, Office Productivity software
applications related in engineering problems
3. Demonstrate on how to write, test, and debug
web pages using HTML and JavaScript
4. Apply knowledge learned using appropriate
programming languages in designing
webpages

Topic Learning Outcomes

• Students will have an understanding of what the

Internet is, its purpose and function for users.
• Define terminologies related to Internet
• Demonstrate how internet works 1.
• Identify the uses of Internet 2. Honesty
• Identify ways to connect to the3.internet Clause:
4.
• Differentiate Internet from World Wide
5.
Web(WWW) For Examination, quiz,
6.
• Know the things how to be safe online self-
7. check, assignments
• Identify common Internet Connection
8. Protocols I make the
• Internet Usage(Pros) and (Cons) 9. following statements:
• Intranet Concept Be ware of Plagiarism
I Understand that acts
of
academic dishonesty
shall
be penalized to the full
extent.

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What is the Internet?

Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with
each other and to the World Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
to connect billions of computer users worldwide. It is set up by using cables such as optical
fibers and other wireless and networking technologies. At present, internet is the fastest
mean of sending or exchanging information and data between computers across the
world.

It is believed that the internet was developed by "Defense Advanced Projects Agency"
(DARPA) department of the United States. And, it was first connected in 1969.

Why is the Internet Called a Network?

Internet is called a network as it creates a network by connecting computers and servers
across the world using routers, switches and telephone lines, and other communication
devices and channels. So, it can be considered a global network of physical cables such
as copper telephone wires, fiber optic cables, tv cables, etc. Furthermore, even wireless
connections like 3G, 4G, or Wi-Fi make use of these cables to access the Internet.

Internet is different from the World Wide Web as the World Wide Web is a network of
computers and servers created by connecting them through the internet. So, the internet
is the backbone of the web as it provides the technical infrastructure to establish

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the WWW and acts as a medium to transmit information from one computer to another
computer. It uses web browsers to display the information on the client, which it fetches
from web servers.

The internet is not owned by a single person or organization entirely. It is a concept based
on physical infrastructure that connects networks with other networks to create a global
network of billions of computers. As of 12 August 2016, there were more than 300 crores
of internet users across the world.

Set Up

Physical copper or optical fiber data transmission cables, as well as other networking
technologies like LAN, WAN, and MAN, are used to set up the internet. Even the 2g, 3g,
and 4g services, as well as Wi-Fi, need this physical cable arrangement in order to access
the Internet connection. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN), a US-based organization, is in charge of overseeing the management of the
Internet and its related protocols, including IP addresses.

How does internet work?

Before understanding this let us understand some basics related to internet:

The internet works with the help of clients and servers. A device such as a laptop, which
is connected to the internet is called a client, not a server as it is not directly connected
to the internet. However, it is indirectly connected to the internet through an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) and is identified by an IP address, which is a string of numbers. Just
like you have an address for your home that uniquely identifies your home, an IP address
acts as the shipping address of your device. The IP address is provided by your ISP, and
you can see what IP address your ISP has given to your system.

A server is a large computer that stores websites. It also has an IP address. A place where
a large number of servers are stored is called a data center. The server accepts requests
send by the client through a browser over a network (internet) and responds accordingly.

To access the internet we need a domain name, which represents an IP address number,
i.e., each IP address has been assigned a domain name. For example, youtube.com,
facebook.com, paypal.com are used to represent the IP addresses. Domain names are
created as it is difficult for a person to remember a long string of numbers. However,

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internet does not understand the domain name, it understands the IP address, so when
you enter the domain name in the browser search bar, the internet has to get the IP
addresses of this domain name from a huge phone book, which is known as DNS (Domain
Name Server).

For example, if you have a person's name, you can find his phone number in a phone
book by searching his name. The internet uses the DNS server in the same way to find the
IP address of the domain name. DNS servers are managed by ISPs or similar organizations.

Now after understanding the basics, let us see how internet works?

When you turn on your computer and type a domain name in the browser search bar,
your browser sends a request to the DNS server to get the corresponding IP address. After
getting the IP address, the browser forwards the request to the respective server.

Once the server gets the request to provide information about a particular website, the
data starts flowing. The data is transferred through the optical fiber cables in digital format

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or in the form of light pulses. As the servers are placed at distant places, the data may
have to travel thousands of miles through optical fiber cable to reach your computer.

The optical fiber is connected to a router, which converts the light signals into electrical
signals. These electrical signals are transmitted to your laptop using an Ethernet cable.
Thus, you receive the desired information through the internet, which is actually a cable
that connects you with the server.

Furthermore, if you are using wireless internet using wifi or mobile data, the signals from
the optical cable are first sent to a cell tower and from where it reaches to your cell phone
in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The internet is managed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers) located in the USA. It manages IP addresses assignment, domain name
registration, etc.

The data transfer is very fast on the internet. The moment you press enter you get the
information from a server located thousands of miles away from you. The reason for this
speed is that the data is sent in the binary form (0, 1), and these zeros and ones are divided
into small pieces called packets, which can be sent at high speed.

Uses of the internet

Generally speaking, the Internet may be used to exchange information with people all
over the world, communicate across great distances, and locate information or answers
fast on almost any subject.

Here are some examples of specific uses for the Internet:

o Using social media and content sharing.

o Instant messaging, video conferencing, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Internet
telephony, and email are all examples of electronic communication. These all are
used through the Internet.
o Access to online degree programs, courses, and workshops for education and self-
improvement.

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o Searching for jobs: To advertise available positions, submit job applications, and
hire candidates identified on social networking sites like LinkedIn, both employers
and applicants use the Internet.
o Online dating
o Online gaming
o Research
o Reading electronic newspapers and magazines
o Online shopping, or e-commerce.
o Online discussion groups and forums

Difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet

The World Wide Web (also known as the Web) and the Internet are fundamentally
dissimilar from one another because the Web is a collection of information that can be
accessed using the Internet, whereas the Internet is a global network of networks that
offers access to almost all types of information. In other words, the Web is a service that
was added to the Internet's foundation.

The Web is the part of the Internet that gets the greatest traffic. One unique aspect of this
is hypertext, a rapid cross-referencing method. The majority of websites feature text that
highlights keywords or phrases by being a different color than the rest of the text. When
a user selects one of these words or phrases, they will be sent to the chosen website or
page. Buttons, graphics, and even particular areas of images are also utilized as hyperlinks.

On the Internet, there are billions of pages of information. The most popular web
browsers are Google Chrome, Firefox, and Internet Explorer. A web browser is used to
surf the internet or do online browsing. A certain Web site's look may vary slightly
depending on the browser being used. A certain browser's later or more updated
versions have the potential to render more complicated features like music files, sound,
animation, and virtual reality.
Security and the Internet
Due to the volume of private and public information collected online, customers are at
risk for security attacks and data breaches. Crackers and hackers have access to networks

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and systems, and they are able to steal personal data, such as login passwords or
information on bank and credit card accounts. Among the steps that may be taken to
protect online privacy are:

o You can install antivirus and antimalware on your system.

o Generating complex, unique passwords that are impossible to decipher by anyone.
o A virtual private network (VPN) can be used, or at least a private browsing mode
like the Incognito window in Google Chrome.
o Only using HTTPS
o Keep private your all-social media accounts.
o Deactivate the autofill feature.
o Turn off the GPS of the device.
o Instead of just closing the tab or window, log out of accounts.
o Update cookies so that if a cookie is set, an alert is sent anytime.
o Spam emails should be avoided, and never open or download files from sources
you are not aware of.
o Need to use caution when using hotspots or public Wi-Fi.

Furthermore, the "dark web" is an additional component of the Internet. Standard

browsers do not allow users to access the dark web, which is hidden. It instead makes use
of the Tor and I2P browsers, which let users maintain complete anonymity. While this
anonymity can be a fantastic way to safeguard a user's security and freedom of speech
online or for the government to conceal confidential information, the dark web also
fosters an environment that makes cybercrime, the transfer of illicit commodities, and
terrorism easier.

Social impact of the Internet

Both positive and negative effects of the Internet on society can be observed. On the one
hand, some people claim that the Internet has raised the risk of withdrawal, social
exclusion, alienation, and citing a rise in FOMO, or the fear of missing out, as evidence.
On the other hand, some people also believe that the Internet has had the opposite
impact on society, increasing sociability, civic participation, and the depth of connections.

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The Internet has changed how society communicates and interacts, whether the effects
are positive or negative on society. The increased focus on personal growth is one
example of change and the fall in a community that is determined by space, job, and
family. People increasingly now build social connections on the basis of their unique
projects, values, as well as interests. In addition to offline and in person, communities are
being created by like-minded people through the Internet and the abundance of online
settings it provides and produces. Social networking sites like Facebook and LinkedIn are
the preferred platforms for both businesses and individuals wishing to carry out various
tasks and connect with others.

Internet Connection Protocols

Protocols are a set of guidelines that aid in regulating the operation of any specific
organization or technology.

Three main categories of Internet Connection Protocols are discussed below:

o TCP/IP Network Model: The most popular protocols for linking networks are
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Any communication
is split up into a number of packets that are sent from source to destination.
o File Transfer Protocol: With the help of FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a user can
transfer documents, text files, multimedia files, program files, etc., from one device
to another.
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol: It is used to move a hypertext between two or more
computers or other devices. Links can be made using HTML tags and can take the
form of text or graphics.

Advantages of the Internet:

o Instant Messaging: You can send messages or communicate to anyone using
internet, such as email, voice chat, video conferencing, etc.
o Get directions: Using GPS technology, you can get directions to almost every
place in a city, country, etc. You can find restaurants, malls, or any other service
near your location.

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o Online Shopping: It allows you to shop online such as you can be clothes, shoes,
book movie tickets, railway tickets, flight tickets, and more.
o Pay Bills: You can pay your bills online, such as electricity bills, gas bills, college
fees, etc.
o Online Banking: It allows you to use internet banking in which you can check your
balance, receive or transfer money, get a statement, request cheque-book, etc.
o Online Selling: You can sell your products or services online. It helps you reach
more customers and thus increases your sales and profit.
o Work from Home: In case you need to work from home, you can do it using a
system with internet access. Today, many companies allow their employees to work
from home.
o Entertainment: You can listen to online music, watch videos or movies, play online
games.
o Cloud computing: It enables you to connect your computers and internet-
enabled devices to cloud services such as cloud storage, cloud computing, etc.
o Career building: You can search for jobs online on different job portals and send
you CV through email if required.

Disadvantages of the Internet

o Time wastage: Although, Internet has a lot of advantages, it also contains some
limitations. Time wasting is one of among them. It can decrease your productivity
if you are spending too much time on the Internet using social media apps while
doing nothing. Rather than squandering time, one should use that time to do
something useful and even more productive.
o Bad impacts on health: You can get health related issues if you spend too much
time online; your body needs outside activities, exercise, and many other things. If
you look at the screen for a long time, it causes negative effects on the eyes.
o Cyber Crimes: These days, crimes including cyberbullying, spam, viruses, hacking,
and data theft are increasing day by day. Cybercriminals can quickly break into
your system, which store all of your private information.

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o Effects on children: The constant watching of videos and playing games on the
Internet by young children is bad for their social and overall personality
development.
o Bullying and spreading negativity: Social media applications have provided a
free tool to all those people who regularly attempt to spread negativity with really
repulsive and humiliating comments and try to bully each other, which is wrong
and does bad impact on society.

Different ways to Connect to the Internet

The various methods for connecting to the Internet are briefly discussed below:

o Dial-Up: Users must connect their phone line to a computer system in such
connections in order to access the Internet connection. The user is unable to make
or receive calls using the tier home phone service while connected.
o Broadband: Today's most popular high-speed internet connection, broadband is
offered either by cable or phone companies.
o Wireless Connection: This category includes Mobile and Wi-Fi services providers.
No matter where you are, you can connect to the Internet anywhere because
connectivity is made possible by radio waves. Several instances of wireless
connections are provided below:
o Wi-fi: Without the use of cables, wi-fi or wireless fidelity, enables high-speed
internet connectivity.
o Mobile Phones: In modern times, all smartphones include an Internet connectivity
option that can be availed using Internet packs and coupons. These don't require
a wire or external connection as well.
o Satellite: Satellites are utilized for wireless Internet connectivity in areas Where
broadband connections is not available.
o Integrated Services Digital Network: With the help of using telephone lines,
ISDN enables users to send audio or video data.

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Other things you can do on the Internet

The ability to communicate with anyone in the world virtually immediately is one of the
best features of the Internet. With billions of users worldwide, email is one of the most
established and widely used methods of online communication as well as information
sharing with others. People can communicate with each other in a number of ways and
create online communities with the help of using social media platforms.

Also, you can use the Internet for a variety

of additional purposes. There are multiple
ways to stay up to date on news and do
online shopping. You can take care of your
financial affairs, meet new people, watch TV,
or enhance new skills. With the help of
Internet, you can do or learn anything
online.

Intranet

The intranet is a private network that belongs to a particular organization. It is designed

for the exclusive use of an organization and its associates, such as employees, customers,

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and other authorized people. It offers a secure platform to convey information and share
data with authorized users. Confidential information, database, links, forms, and
applications can be made available to the staff through the intranet. So, it is like a private
internet or an internal website that is operating within an organization to provide its
employees access to its information and records. Each computer in intranet is identified
by a unique IP Address.

It is based on internet protocols (TCP/IP) and is protected from unauthorized access with
firewalls and other security systems. The firewall monitors the incoming and outgoing
data packets to ensure they don't contain unauthorized requests. So, users on the intranet
can access the internet, but the internet users can't access the intranet if they are not
authorized for it. Furthermore, to access the intranet, the authorized user is required to
be connected to its LAN (Local Area Network).

Benefits of the intranet:

Some of the benefits of the intranet are:

o It is cheap and easy to implement and run, and is more safe than the internet
and extranet.
o It streamlines communication that enables the company to share its data,
information, and other resources among employees without any delay. The entire
staff can receive company's announcements, ask questions, and access internal
documents.
o It provides a secure space to store and develop applications to support business
operations.
o It improves the efficiency of the company by speeding up workflow and reducing
errors. Thus, it helps achieve targets by completing the tasks on time.
o It offers a testing platform for new ideas before they are uploaded on the
company's internet webpage. Thus, it helps maintain the credibility of the company
o Information is shared in real-time, or updates are reflected immediately to all the
authorized users.
o Modern intranets also offer a mobile app that allows employees to stay connected
on the go.

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o It aids in project management and tracking workflow and teams' progress.
o It can work with mobile devices, which means it can provide information that exists
on intranet directly to mobile devices of employees such as phones, tablets, etc.
o It can also be used to motivate employees, facilitate employee recognition, and to
reward them for performing beyond expectations.

Features of intranet

Intranets are powerful tools that offer various features to enhance internal
communication, collaboration, and organizational productivity. Let's delve into some key
features of an intranet and their benefits in simple language.

o Document Management and Sharing: An intranet provides a centralized

repository for storing and sharing documents. It enables employees to upload,
arrange, and access files from a single place.
o Internal Communication Tools: Intranets offer a range of communication tools
like messaging systems, discussion forums, and chat platforms. These tools
facilitate quick and efficient communication between team members, departments,
and even across different office locations.
o Employee Directories and Profiles: Intranets often include employee directories
and profiles, which serve as digital databases of staff information. Employees may
search for their coworkers' contact information, areas of specialization, and job
titles to simplify identifying the correct person for the job.
o Task and Project Management: Intranets provide tools for managing tasks and
projects. They enable teams to create and assign tasks, set deadlines, track
progress, and share project-related documents and updates.
o News and Announcements: Intranets often have a dedicated section for news
and announcements. This feature lets Organizations share company-wide updates,
important news, policy changes, or event details.
o Collaboration Spaces and Wikis: Intranets may include spaces or wikis where
teams can collaborate on specific projects, share knowledge, and create a collective
knowledge base.

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How the Intranet Works:

Intranet basically comprises three components: a web server, an intranet platform, and
applications. The web server is hardware that contains all the intranet software and data.
It manages all requests for files hosted over the server and finds the requested files and
then delivers it to the user's computer.

The intranet platform, which is software, allows communication tools, collaboration apps,
and databases to work seamlessly with each other. It is tailored to the specific needs of a
business.

The applications are required to enable users to work smoothly. They are the computing
tools that allow users to do their work, communicate, and coordinate with each other and
retrieve and store information.

Furthermore, the user who wants to access the intranet is required to have a special
network password and should be connected to the LAN. A user who is working remotely
can gain access to the intranet through a virtual private network (VPN) that allows them
to sign in to the intranet to access the information.

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Types of Intranets

Several intranet types are available to meet organizations' unique requirements and
preferences. Let's investigate the various intranet types.

1. Corporate Intranet: A corporate intranet is the main platform for internal

communication and cooperation inside a firm. It gives employees access to internal
materials, including corporate news, guidelines, and records. Corporate intranets
often feature tools for internal messaging, file sharing, project management, and
employee directories. They foster a centralized hub for employees to stay
informed, collaborate on projects, and access essential information about their
roles.
2. Departmental Intranet: Departmental intranets are made to meet the needs of
certain teams or departments inside an organization. They provide specialized
features and resources to meet the demands of a certain department, such as sales,
marketing, or human resources. These intranets allow departments to have
dedicated communication channels, document repositories, and collaboration
tools, enabling streamlined workflows and focused collaboration within the
department.
3. Enterprise Intranet: An enterprise intranet connects multiple organizations or
subsidiaries within a larger corporate structure. It provides a platform for sharing
information, resources, and knowledge across different entities. Enterprise
intranets facilitate collaboration, coordination, and alignment of processes and
strategies among different organizations or subsidiaries within the same corporate
umbrella.
4. Virtual Private Intranet (VPN): Remote workers can safely access an intranet's
internal resources via a Virtual Private Network (VPN). The data transmission
between the remote user and the intranet server is encrypted when a VPN
establishes a secure connection over the internet. This guarantees that private
information is kept secure and private when workers are working remotely for the
company.

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5. Extranet-Enabled Intranet: An extranet-enabled intranet extends access to
external parties, such as clients, partners, or vendors, to specific intranet sections
with proper authorization. This type of intranet allows external stakeholders to
collaborate, access shared documents or project information, and participate in
discussions while maintaining control over the information they can access.
Extranet-enabled intranets enhance collaboration with external parties, fostering
stronger business relationships and streamlined workflows.
6. Cloud-Based Intranet: A cloud-based intranet is accessed via web browsers or
specific apps and is hosted on a cloud computing platform. It provides scalability,
flexibility, and remote access options. Intranets built on the cloud do not require
on-site infrastructure or maintenance. They let employees access the intranet from
any device with an internet connection, making them the perfect solution for
organizations with geographically distributed teams and remote work
circumstances.

Uses of Intranet

An intranet is a versatile tool that offers several uses to organizations, improving internal
communication, collaboration, and productivity. Let's elaborate on the key uses of an
intranet in simple language:

o Sharing Organizational Updates: An intranet

provides a centralized platform to share important
news, announcements, and updates within the
organization. It updates staff members on
corporate news, policy modifications, new
projects, and other pertinent information. This
promotes openness and alignment while ensuring
staff are aware of the most recent changes.
o Storing Files: One of the primary uses of an intranet is to serve as a central
repository for storing and organizing files and documents. It allows employees to
access important resources, manuals, procedures, and policies whenever needed.

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This feature eliminates the hassle of searching through physical documents or
multiple file-sharing platforms, enabling efficient information retrieval and
consistency in document management.
o Connecting Employees: An intranet acts as a digital hub that connects employees
across different departments, teams, and locations within the organization. It
provides employee directories and profiles, making it easier for employees to find
and connect with colleagues possessing specific skills or expertise. This fosters
collaboration, knowledge sharing, and community among employees, even in large
organizations with dispersed teams.
o Collaborating with Teams Across Borders: Intranets facilitate seamless
collaboration and project management among teams, irrespective of geographical
boundaries. Team members can collaborate on documents, share updates, assign
tasks, and track progress using dedicated collaboration tools within the intranet.
This enables efficient teamwork, enhances coordination, and reduces
communication barriers, particularly in organizations with remote or globally
distributed teams.
o Increasing Productivity: By providing easy access to information, resources, and
tools, an intranet boosts employee productivity. It also eliminates the need to
search for information across different platforms or rely on time-consuming
manual processes. Employees can find and share information quickly, access
necessary documents, and collaborate effectively, improving efficiency and time
savings.
o Giving Employees a Voice in the Organization: An intranet can include
discussion forums, surveys, and feedback mechanisms that empower employees
to share their opinions, ideas, and suggestions. This gives workers a voice within
the company, promotes diversity, and encourages innovation and continual
development. Employee participation and happiness increase when staff members
participate in conversations, provide feedback and participate in decision-making.

Disadvantages of Intranet:
o It may be costly to set up an Intranet due to hidden costs and complexity.

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o If the firewall does not work properly or not installed, it can be hacked by someone
o High-security passwords are required, which cannot be guessed by outside users
o There is always a fear of losing control over the intranet
o Sometimes document duplication may happen which can cause confusion among
employees
o You have to give access to multiple users, so you may find it hard to control this
network.
o An intranet's setup and maintenance may be challenging and require IT help.
o Employees may need help in training and adopting the system.
o Managing content can be difficult, leading to outdated information.
o Security breaches and malware attacks are potential risks to be aware of. Remote
employees may have limited access.
o Regular maintenance is needed to keep the intranet running smoothly.

Examples of Intranet:

Educational Intranet: It is generally

found in a school, college, etc., For
example, a school intranet is intended to
allow teaching staff to communicate
with each other and get information
about upcoming updates such as exam
dates, schools functions, holidays, etc.

Real Estate Intranet: The intranet of a

real estate company allows its sales
team to have access to all important
brochures, templates, forms that they
may need to close a sale. Employees also remain up to date with important events like
meetings, training, sessions, etc. It can also be used to share motivational messages with
the team.

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Health Care Intranet: In the healthcare sector, in big hospitals, the Intranet helps health
care professionals to work as a team to provide proper care and treatment to their
patients. Doctors can share reports, treatment procedures, bills and claims can be settled
easily without moving from one department to another department.

IT Sector Intranet: In the IT sector three is always a lot of information that needs to be
shared with all the employees at one go. It may be related to a project that needs to be
completed within the given time frame, such as guidelines, terms and conditions, and
rules that are to be followed while working on a project.

Difference between Intranet and Internet:

Internet Intranet

It is a medium such as optical fiber cable that connects It is a small, private network as it belongs
billions of computers with each other to establish a to a specific organization.
worldwide network.

It has billions of users as it is a public network with a It has limited users.

worldwide presence.

It is not as safe as an intranet. It is a safer network than the internet.

It can be assessed or used by anyone using an internet- Only authorized persons can use this
enable devices, such as laptop, mobile phone, etc. network.

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College of Engineering
ES – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

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ES 5 -Computer Fundamentals and Programming

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