Moped [49-114(9)] means a limited-speed motor-driven cycle having:

(a) Both motorized and pedal propulsion that is not capable of

propelling the vehicle at a speed in excess of thirty (30) miles per
hour on level ground, whether two (2) or three (3) wheels are in
contact with the ground during operation. If an internal
combustion engine is used, the displacement shall not exceed fifty
- (50) cubic centimeters and the moped shall have a power drive
system that functions directly or automatically without clutching
or shifting by the operator after the drive system is engaged; or

(b) Two (2) wheels or three (3) wheels with no pedals, which is
powered solely by electrical energy, has an automatic
transmission, a motor which produces less than two (2) gross
brake horsepower, is capable of propelling the device at a
maximum speed of not more than thirty (30) miles per hour on
level ground, and as originally manufactured, meets federal motor
vehicle safety standards* (FMVSS) for motor-driven cycles.
(*Vehicle must have FMVSS labeling certifying compliance with
these National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA)
requirements.) A moped is not required to be titled and no
motorcycle endorsement is required of its operator.

Segway is considered an Electric personal assistive mobility device

[49-106(1)] - a self-balancing two (2) non-tandem wheeled device designed to
transport only one (1) person, with an electric propulsion system limiting the
maximum speed to fifteen (15) miles per hour or less.

Pedestrian [49-117(5)] means any person afoot and any person operating
a wheelchair, motorized wheelchair or electric personal assistive mobility
device.

Motorized Toys are not considered mopeds, and are not manufactured for
use on streets. Adding lights and a seat to any of these vehicles still does not
make them street legal. ITD policy prohibits the titling and registration of
vehicles not manufactured for use on highways, so these cannot legally be
operated on roadways.
How Do You Get a Motorcycle Endorsement?
You must pass a written knowledge test and a motorcycle skills test.
Successfully completing an approved motorcycle rider training
course will waive the requirement for the motorcycle skills test.

If you are under 21, you are required to successfully complete an approved
motorcycle rider training course instead of the motorcycle skills test.

Table of Contents
EARNING YOUR LICENSE
ENDORSEMENT AND TEST FEES...................................

PREPARING TO RIDE
RIDING GEAR......................................................................
Helmet Use........................................................................
Helmet Selection...............................................................
Eye and Face Protection....................................................
Clothing.............................................................................
KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLE..........................................
The Right Motorcycle for You...........................................
Required Equipment..........................................................
Borrowing and Lending.....................................................
Get Familiar with the Motorcycle Controls.......................
Check Your Motorcycle.....................................................

2
2
3
3
4

6
6
6
7
7
8

KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES................................. 10

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL.............................................
Body Position....................................................................
Shifting Gears....................................................................
Braking..............................................................................
Turning..............................................................................
KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE.............................................
Lane Positions...................................................................
Following Another Vehicle...............................................
Being Followed.................................................................
Passing and Being Passed.................................................
Lane Sharing.....................................................................
Merging Cars.....................................................................
Cars Alongside..................................................................

11
11
12
13
15

17
17
18
19
19
21
21
22

SIPDE.................................................................................. 23

INTERSECTIONS.................................................................
Blind Intersections.............................................................
Stop Signs and Signals......................................................
Traffic Control Signals......................................................
Passing Parked Cars..........................................................
Parking at the Roadside.....................................................
SEE AND BE SEEN...............................................................
Clothing.............................................................................
Headlight...........................................................................
Signals...............................................................................
Brake Light........................................................................
Using Your Mirrors............................................................
Head Checks......................................................................
Horn...................................................................................
Riding at Night..................................................................
CRASH AVOIDANCE...........................................................
Quick Stops.......................................................................
Front-Wheel Skids.............................................................
Rear-Wheel Skids .............................................................
Swerving or Turning Quickly............................................
Cornering...........................................................................
HANDLING DANGEROUS SURFACES...........................
Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles.........................................
Slippery Surfaces...............................................................
Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks, Pavement Seams...........
Grooves and Gratings........................................................
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS..............................................
Tire Failure........................................................................
Stuck Throttle....................................................................
Wobble...............................................................................
Drive Train Problems........................................................
Engine Seizure...................................................................

25
26
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
32
32
32
32
33
34

35
35
36
37
37

38
38
38
38
39
39

ANIMALS............................................................................... 40
FLYING OBJECTS............................................................... 40
GETTING OFF THE ROAD................................................ 40

CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO........................

Equipment.........................................................................
Instructing Passengers.......................................................
Riding with Passengers......................................................
Carrying Loads..................................................................
GROUP RIDING....................................................................
Keep the Group Small.......................................................
Keep the Group Together...................................................
Keep Your Distance...........................................................

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE

WHY THIS INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT.................
Alcohol and Other Drugs in Motorcycle Operation..........
Alcohol in the Body...........................................................
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).................................
Alcohol and the Law..........................................................
Consequences of Conviction.............................................
Alcohol Test Refusal..........................................................
Administrative License Suspensions.................................
Minimize the Risks............................................................
Make an Intelligent Choice................................................
Step in to Protect Friends..................................................

41
41
41
42
42

43
43
43
44

46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
50

FATIGUE................................................................................. 51
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING INFORMATION............... 51
SMART RIDER COMMITMENTS...................................... 54

KNOWLEDGE TEST (Sample Questions).......................... 55

MOTORCYCLE SKILL TEST............................................. 56
ANSWERS TO SAMPLE QUESTIONS.............................. 61

Earning Your License

Safe riding requires a combination of knowledge and skill. Objectively

assessing your own riding skills and knowledge is difficult at best, and its even
harder for friends and relatives to be totally honest about your riding skills.
Taking a motorcycle knowledge test is the best way to determine if you have
the minimum knowledge necessary to operate a motorcycle safely in traffic.
Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices, and concepts
found in this manual. In order to pass the test, you must know and understand
road rules and safe riding practices. Motorcycle riding skills tests are conducted
in a controlled, off-street area.

Any person applying for a motorcycle endorsement or transferring or renewing

a license expired for 25 months or longer will be required to pass both a written
knowledge test and motorcycle skills test*. If you are surrendering an out-ofstate or foreign license (not expired over one year) that has a motorcycle
endorsement, you are required to pass a written motorcycle knowledge test.
Any person under 21 will be required to take a written knowledge test and
successfully complete an approved motorcycle rider training course. It is a good
idea to take a course even if you are over 21.
* Successful completion of an approved motorcycle rider training course may
waive the requirement for the riding skills test, if completed within the year
prior to adding the endorsement to your license.
For information and to register for a rider course nearest you, contact
Idaho STAR online at idahostar.org or toll-free (888) 280-STAR (7827)

A motorcycle instruction permit is available to anyone who holds a valid Idaho

Class A, B, C, or D license. This permit is valid for 180 days and allows
motorcycle operators to practice riding under the following restrictions.
Daylight riding only
No freeway riding
No passengers

You must pass the written motorcycle knowledge test before applying for an
instruction permit. If you add the motorcycle endorsement to your Idaho
drivers license during the instruction permit period, the one-time motorcycle
endorsement fee will be waived. Once the instruction permit has expired, you
must pay the endorsement fee.
You will have to pay one or more of the following fees in addition to the cost of
your regular license:
Motorcycle M Endorsement:
$15.00 (one-time fee)
Motorcycle Instruction Permit:
$15.00 (valid for 180 days)
1

$10.00 (paid to skills tester)

$3.00 (paid to county)

Motorcycle Skills Test:

Motorcycle Written Test:

If you fail a written and/or skills test, you must wait three days to retest and pay
the fee again.

Preparing To Ride

What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining
whether or not youll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on any
trip, a safe rider makes a point to:

Wear the right gear.

Check the motorcycle equipment.
Become familiar with the motorcycle.
Be a responsible rider.

RIDING GEAR
When you ride, your gear is right if it protects you. In any crash, you have a
far better chance of avoiding serious injury if you wear:
An approved helmet.
Face or eye protection.
Protective clothing.

Helmet Use
Crashes can occur, particularly among untrained beginning riders. And one out
of every five motorcycle crashes results in head or neck injuries. Head injuries
are just as severe as neck injuries, and are more common. Accident analysis
show that head and neck injuries account for a majority of serious and fatal
injuries to motorcyclists. Research shows that, with few exceptions, head and
neck injuries are reduced by properly wearing an approved helmet. Idaho law
requires all persons under the age of 18 to wear a DOT-approved protective
helmet while riding on or operating a motorcycle or ATV on or off road.
Some riders dont wear helmets because they think helmets will limit their view
to the sides. Others wear helmets only on long trips or when riding at high
speeds. Consider the following:

A DOT-approved helmet lets you see as far to the sides as necessary. A

study of more than 900 motorcycle crashes, where 40% of the riders
wore helmets, did not find even one case in which a helmet kept a rider
from spotting danger.
Most crashes happen on short trips (less than five miles long), just a few
minutes after starting out.
2

To be effective, eye or face protection must:

Be free of scratches.
Be resistant to penetration.
Give a clear view to either side.
Fasten securely, so it does not blow off.
Permit air to pass through, to reduce fogging.
Permit enough room for eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed.

Tinted eye protection should not be worn at night or any other time when little
light is available.
Clothing
The right clothing protects you in a crash. It also provides comfort, as well as
protection from heat, cold, debris, and hot and moving parts of the motorcycle.
It can also make you more visible to others.
Jacket and pants should cover your arms and legs completely. They should
fit snugly enough to keep from flapping in the wind, yet loosely enough to
move freely. Leather is very popular and offers good protection. Sturdy
synthetic material provides a lot of protection as well. Wear a jacket even in
warm weather, to prevent dehydration. Many are designed to protect without
getting you overheated, even on summer days. Some riders choose jackets
and pants with rigid body armor inserts in critical areas for additional
protection.
Boots or shoes should be high and sturdy enough to cover your ankles and
give them support. Soles should be made of hard, durable, slip-resistant
material. Choose boots or shoes with short heels so they do not catch
on rough surfaces. Tuck laces in so they wont catch on your motorcycle.
Gloves allow a better grip and help protect your hands in a crash. Your
gloves should be made of leather or similar durable material.

Hearing Protection - The roar of engines and the rushing wind is

exhilarating, but sustained exposure, even in a good-fitting helmet, can result
in hearing loss. Earplugs are cheap and disposable keep a supply handy and
use them! Tests show that earplugs can prevent hearing loss by reducing
sound levels by 30 decibels. Whether you choose disposable foam plugs or
reusable custom molded devices, be sure you adhere to state laws regarding
hearing protection.

In cold or wet weather, your clothes should keep you warm and dry, as well as
protect you from injury. You cannot control a motorcycle well if you are numb
from the cold. Riding for long periods in cold weather can cause severe chill
and fatigue. A winter jacket should resist wind and fit snugly at the neck,
wrists, and waist. Good-quality rainsuits designed for motorcycle riding resist
tearing apart or ballooning up at high speeds.
4

helmet while operating or riding on a motorcycle or ATV, on or off

road.
Horn: You must have a horn that can be heard up to 200 feet away.
Insurance: You must have (and carry on your person) liability
insurance in an amount of not less than $25,000.
Mirror: Motorcycles must have a mirror that provides a view of the
highway for at least 200 feet to the rear.
Muffler: Motorcycles must have a muffler that does not increase
engine noise to a level above that of the muffler originally installed by
the motorcycle manufacturer.
Brake Light: A red stop light that comes on when you work the brakes
must be visible for 100 feet to the rear during normal sunlight.
Taillight: Motorcycles must have one red taillight visible for 500 feet
to the rear.
Reflector: motorcycles and motor-driven cycles shall have at least one
(1) rear reflector.
Borrowing and Lending
Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles, beware. Crashes are fairly common
among beginning riders especially in the first months of riding. Riding an
unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the problem. If you borrow a motorcycle, get
familiar with it in a controlled area and make sure it is insured, because you are
liable. If you lend your motorcycle to friends, make sure they are licensed and
know how to ride before allowing them out into traffic.
No matter how experienced you may be, ride extra carefully on any motorcycle
thats new or unfamiliar to you. More than half of all crashes occur on
motorcycles that have been ridden by the operator for less than six months. It
takes time to adjust, so give yourself a greater margin for errors.

Get Familiar with the Motorcycle Controls

Make sure you are completely familiar with the motorcycle before you take it
out on the street. This is particularly important if you are riding a borrowed
motorcycle. If you are going to use an unfamiliar motorcycle:

Review the owners manual.

Make all the checks you would on your own motorcycle.
Find out where everything is, particularly the turn signals, horn,
headlight switch, fuel-supply valve, and engine cut-off switch (usually
located on right hand grip). Learn to operate these items without having
to look for them.
Know the gear pattern. Work the throttle, clutch, and brakes a few times
before you start riding. All controls react a little differently.
Ride very cautiously. Accelerate gently, take turns more slowly, and
leave extra room for stopping.
7

 Tires Check the air pressure, general wear, and tread.

Fluids Oil and fluid levels. At a minimum, check hydraulic fluids and
coolants weekly. Look under the motorcycle for signs of fluid leaks.
Headlights and Taillight Check them both. Test your switch to make
sure both high and low beams are working.
Turn Signals Turn on both right and left turn signals. Make sure all
four lights are working properly.
Brake Light Try both brake controls, and make sure each one turns
on the brake light.

Once you have mounted the motorcycle, complete the following checks before
starting out:

Clutch and Throttle Make sure they work smoothly. The throttle
should snap back to the idle position when you let go. The clutch should
feel tight and operate smoothly.
Mirrors Clean and adjust both mirrors before starting. Its difficult to
ride with one hand while you try to adjust a mirror. Adjust each mirror
so you can see the lane behind and as much as possible of the lane next to
you. When properly adjusted, a mirror may show the edge of your arm
or shoulder but whats more important is seeing the road behind and
to the side of you.
Brakes Try the front and rear brake levers one at a time. Make sure
each one feels firm and holds the motorcycle when the brake is fully
applied.
Horn Try the horn. Make sure it works.
Fuel Supply Valve If your motorcycle has one, make sure the valve is
open. Your motorcycle may start with the fuel still in the lines, but will
stall after the lines are empty.

In addition to the checks you should make before every trip, check the wheels,
cables, and fasteners at least once a week.
1. A plastic shatter-resistant face shield:
A. Is not necessary if you have a windshield.
B. Only protects your eyes.
C. Helps protect your whole face.
D. Does not protect your face as well as goggles.
2. More than half of all crashes:
A. Occur at speeds greater than 35 m.p.h.
B. Happen at night.
C. Are caused by worn tires.
D. Involve riders who have ridden their motorcycles less than six months.
Answers to sample questions are located on last page.

KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

Accident implies an unforeseen event that occurs without anyones fault or
negligence. Most often in traffic, that is not the case. In fact, most people
involved in a crash can usually claim some responsibility for what takes place.

Consider a situation where someone tries to squeeze through an intersection on

a yellow light that is turning red. Your light turns green. You pull into the
intersection without checking for possible latecomers. That is all it takes for the
two of you to tangle. It was the other drivers responsibility to stop. And it was
your responsibility to look before pulling out. Neither of you held up your end
of the deal. Just because someone else is the first to start the chain of events
leading to a crash, it doesnt leave any of us free of responsibility.
As a rider you cant be sure that other operators will see you or yield the right of
way. To lessen your chances of a crash occurring:
Be visible wear proper clothing, use your headlight (set on dim during
daylight hours), and ride in the best lane position to see and be seen.

Communicate your intentions use the proper signals, brake light,

and lane position.
Maintain an adequate space cushion allow extra space when
following, being followed, lane sharing, passing, and being passed.
Search your path of travel 20 seconds ahead.

Identify and separate multiple hazards in your path of travel.

Be prepared to act remain alert and know how to use proper crashavoidance skills.

Blame doesnt matter when someone is injured in a crash. There is rarely a

single cause of any crash. The ability to ride aware, make critical decisions, and
carry them out separates responsible riders from all the rest. Remember, it is up
to you to keep from being the cause of, or an unprepared participant in, any
crash.

10

Shifting Gears
There is more to shifting gears than simply getting the motorcycle to pick up
speed smoothly. Learning to use the gears correctly when downshifting,
turning, or starting on hills is important for safe motorcycle operation.
The gearshift lever is located in front of the left footrest and is operated by the
left foot. To shift up to a higher gear, position your foot under the shift lever
and lift. To downshift, press the shift lever down. The shift lever changes one
gear each time it is lifted or pressed down. Whenever the lever is released,
spring loading returns it to center, where the mechanism resets for the next shift
up or down. A typical gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is for neutral, which is
selected by either a half lift from 1st gear or a half press from 2nd gear.
Most motorcycles have five gears, but some have four or six gears.

As your motorcycle increases speed, you will need to shift up to a higher gear.
Shift up well before the engine RPM reaches its maximum recommended speed.
As a general rule, shift up soon enough to avoid over-revving the engine, but
not so soon to cause the engine to lug.
When upshifting, use a 3-step process:
1) roll off the throttle as you squeeze the clutch lever,
2) lift the shift lever firmly as far as it will go,
3) smoothly ease out the clutch and adjust the throttle.

Once the shift is completed, release the shift lever to permit it to reset for the
next shift. You should shift down through the gears with the clutch as you slow
or stop, and can also shift down when you need more power to accelerate.
Make certain you are riding slowly enough when you shift into a lower gear. If
not, the motorcycle will lurch, and the rear wheel may skid. When riding
downhill or shifting into first gear you may need to use the brakes to slow
enough before downshifting safely.
When downshifting, use a 3-step process:
1) roll off the throttle as you squeeze the clutch lever,
2) press the shift lever down firmly,
3) ease out the clutch lever as you adjust the throttle.

Once the shift is completed, release the shift lever to permit it to reset for the
next shift. Rolling on the throttle slightly while smoothly easing out the clutch
can help the engine come up to speed more quickly and make the downshift
smoother. Shifting to a lower gear causes an effect similar to using the brakes.
This is known as engine braking. To use engine braking, shift down one gear at
a time and ease out the clutch through the friction zone between each downshift.
Keep the clutch in the friction zone until the engine speed stabilizes. Then ease
12

out the lever fully until ready for the next downshift. Usually you shift gears
one at a time, but it is possible to shift through more than one gear while the
clutch is squeezed.

Remain in first gear while you are stopped so that you can move out quickly if
you need to.

Work toward a smooth, even clutch release, especially when downshifting. It is

best to change gears before entering a turn. However, sometimes shifting while
in the turn is necessary. If so, remember to do so smoothly. A sudden change in
power to the rear wheel can cause a skid.
Braking
Improper braking technique remains a significant contributing factor in many
motorcycle crashes. Your motorcycle has two brake controls: one for the front
wheel and one for the rear wheel. Always use both brakes every time you slow
or stop. The front brake is more powerful and can provide at least 70% of your
total stopping power. The front brake is safe to use if you use it properly.
Maximum straight-line braking is accomplished by fully applying both front
and rear brakes without locking either wheel.

To do this:
Squeeze the front brake smoothly, firmly and with increasing pressure.
Do not grab the brake lever or use abrupt pressure.
As the motorcycles weight transfers forward, more traction becomes
available at the front wheel, so the front brake can be applied harder after
braking begins.
Keep your knees against the tank and your eyes up, looking well ahead.
This helps you stop the motorcycle in a straight line.
Apply light-to-lighter pressure to the rear brake pedal to prevent a rear
wheel skid. As weight transfers forward less traction is available at the rear.
Use less rear brake pressure.

Using both brakes for even normal stops will permit you to develop the
proper habit or skill of using both brakes properly in an emergency. Squeeze the
front brake and press down on the rear. Grabbing at the front brake or jamming
down on the rear can cause the brakes to lock, resulting in control problems.
Braking in a Corner
Any time a motorcycle is leaned over, the amount of traction available for
braking is reduced. The greater the lean angle, the more the possibility of the
tires losing traction.

To stop as quickly and as safely as possible in a curve, and depending on road

and traffic conditions, try to get the motorcycle as perpendicular to the road as
possible, then brake. If conditions do not allow, brake smoothly and gradually,
13

but do not apply as much braking force as you would if the motorcycle were
straight up. As you slow, you can reduce your lean angle, and as more traction
becomes available for braking, you can more firmly apply the brakes, so that by
the time the motorcycle is stopped, the motorcycle is straight up, and the
handlebars are squared.
Linked and Integrated Braking Systems
Some motorcycles have linked braking which connects the front and rear brakes
on the motorcycle and applies braking pressure to both brakes when either the
front lever or rear pedal is applied. An integrated braking system is a variation
of the linked system in which partial front braking is applied whenever the rear
brake is activated. Consult your owners manual for a detailed explanation on
the operation and effective use of these systems.
Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS)
The benefit of ABS cannot be overstated. This technology prevents wheel lockup during straight line stops. To use it, apply maximum pressure on both the
front and rear brake. ABS is activated when electronic sensors detect a wheel
lock-up (a skid). When a skid is detected, the ABS system releases hydraulic
brake pressure long enough to allow the wheel to roll and then reapplies the
brake pressure. ABS systems are capable of releasing and reapplying this brake
pressure many times per second.
Remember that ABS is only designed to apply full braking force in a straight
line. It may not be effective when the motorcycle is leaning. Check your
owners manual for information about your motorcycles brake system.

14

Position yourself in the portion of the lane where you have the best view of the
road, are most likely to be seen, and where you can maintain a space cushion
around you. Change position as traffic situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if
vehicles and other potential problems are on your left only. Remain in path 1 or
2 if hazards are on your right only. If vehicles are being operated on both sides
of you, the center of the lane, path 2, is usually your best option.

Unless the road is wet, the average center strip (path 2) permits adequate
traction to ride safely. The strip in the center portion of the lane that collects
drippings from cars is usually no more than two feet wide. You can operate to
the left or right of the grease strip and still be within the center portion of the
traffic lane. Avoid riding on big buildups of oil and grease, usually found at
busy intersections or toll booths.
Following Another Vehicle
Following too closely is a major factor in crashes caused by motorcyclists. In
traffic, motorcycles need the same amount of distance as cars to stop safely.
Normally, a minimum of three seconds distance should be maintained behind
the vehicle ahead. To gauge your following distance:

1. Pick out a marker, such as a pavement marking or lamppost, on or near

the road ahead.
2. When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the marker, count off
the seconds: one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand three.

3. If you reach the marker before you reach three, you are following too
closely.

A three-second following distance leaves a minimum amount of space to stop or

swerve if the driver ahead stops suddenly. It also permits a better view of
potholes and other hazards in the road.

A larger cushion of space is needed if your motorcycle will take longer than
normal to stop. If the pavement is slippery, if you cannot see through the
vehicle ahead, if traffic is heavy and someone may squeeze in front of you, or if
you are pulling a trailer, open up a four-second or more following distance.
Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when you are stopped. This will make
it easier to get out of the way if someone bears down on you from behind. It
will also give you a cushion of space if the vehicle ahead starts to back up for
some reason.
18

SIPDE
Good experienced riders remain aware of what is going on around them. They
improve their riding strategy by using SIPDEa five-step process used to
make appropriate judgmentsand by applying the steps correctly in different
traffic situations:

Scan
Identify
Predict
Decide
Execute

Lets examine each of these steps.

Scan
Search aggressively ahead, to the sides, and behind to avoid potential hazards
even before they arise. How assertively you search, and how much time and
space you have, can eliminate or reduce harm. Focus even more on finding
potential escape routes in or around intersections, shopping areas, school zones,
and construction zones.
Search for:

Oncoming traffic that may turn left in front of you.

Traffic coming from the left and right.
Traffic approaching from behind.

Be especially alert in areas with limited visibility. Visually busy surroundings

could hide you and your motorcycle from others.
Identify
Locate hazards and potential conflicts. Hazards fall into the following three
categories:

Other vehicles may move into your path and increase collision risk.
Pedestrians and animals are unpredictable, make short, quick
moves, and depending on their size, can create an imposing hazard.
Stationary objects potholes, guard rails, bridges, roadway signs,
hedges, tire debris, lumber, or trees wont move into your path, but
failing to recognize them can be hazardous.

Predict
Consider the speed, distance, and direction of hazards to anticipate how they
may affect you. Cars moving into your path are more critical than those moving

23

away or remaining stationary. Predict where a collision may occur. Completing

this what if...? phrase to estimate results of contacting or attempting to avoid
a hazard depends on your knowledge and experience.
Decide
Decide when, where, and how to act based on types of hazards you encounter:

Single Hazard
Multiple Hazards
Stationary
Moving

Weigh consequences of each hazard separately, whether single or multiple

hazards are involved. Ask yourself this question: What am I going to do and
how am I going to do it?
Execute
In high potential risk areas, such as intersections, shopping areas, school zones,
and construction zones, cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce the time you
need to react.
To create more space and minimize harm from any hazard:

Communicate your presence with lights and/or horn.

Adjust your speed by accelerating, stopping, or slowing.
Adjust your position and/or direction.

Apply the old adage one step at a time to handle two or more hazards. Adjust
speed to permit two hazards to separate. Then deal with them one at a time as
single hazards. Decision-making becomes more complex with three or more
hazards. Weigh the consequences of each and give equal distance to the hazards.

24

SEE AND BE SEEN

In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often say that they never saw the
motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a motorcycles outline is much smaller than
a cars. Also, its hard to see something you are not looking for, and most
drivers are not looking for motorcycles. More likely, they are looking through
the skinny, two-wheeled silhouette in search of cars that may pose a problem to
them.

Even if a driver does see you coming, you arent necessarily safe. Smaller
vehicles appear farther away, and seem to be traveling slower than they actually
are. It is common for drivers to pull out in front of motorcyclists, thinking they
have plenty of time. Too often, they are wrong.
However, you can do many things to make it easier for others to recognize you
and your motorcycle.
Clothing
Most crashes occur in broad daylight. Wear bright clothing to increase your
chances of being seen. Remember, your body is half of the visible surface area
of the rider/motorcycle unit.

Wearing bright orange, red, yellow, or green clothing is your best bet for being
seen. Your helmet can do more than protect you in a crash. Brightly colored
helmets can help others see you.
Any bright color is better than drab or dark colors. Reflective, bright colored
clothing (helmet and jacket or vest) is best.

Reflective material on the sides of your helmet and clothing will help drivers
coming from the side notice you. Reflective material can also be a big help for
drivers coming toward you or from behind.
Headlight
The best way to help others see your motorcycle is to keep the headlight on
at all times. (New motorcycles sold in the USA since 1978 automatically have
the headlights on when running.) Studies show that, during the day, a
motorcycle with its light on is twice as likely to be noticed. Be sure the
headlight is adjusted properly and use the dim setting during daylight hours.
Signals
The signals on a motorcycle are similar to those on a car. They tell others what
you plan to do. However, due to a riders added vulnerability, signals are even
more important. Use them anytime you plan to change lanes or turn. Use them
even when you think no one else is around. Its the car you dont see thats

28

going to give you the most trouble.

Your signal lights also make you
easier to spot. Thats why its a good
idea to use your turn signals even
when what you plan to do is obvious.

When you enter a freeway, drivers

approaching from behind are more
likely to see your signal blinking and
make room for you.

Turning your signal light on before

each turn reduces confusion and
frustration for the traffic around you.
Once you turn, make sure your signal
is off or a driver may pull directly into
your path, thinking you plan to turn
again. Use your signals at every turn
so drivers can react accordingly. Dont make them guess what you intend
to do.
Brake Light
Your motorcycles brake light is usually not as noticeable as the brake lights on
a car particularly when your taillight is on, which goes on with the headlight.
Help others notice you by flashing your brake light before you slow down. It is
especially important to flash your brake light before:
You slow more quickly than others might expect (turning off a highspeed highway).
You slow where others may not expect it (in the middle of a block or at
an alley).

If you are being followed closely, its a good idea to flash your brake light
before you slow. The tailgater may be watching you and not see something
ahead that will make you slow down. This will hopefully discourage them from
tailgating and warn them of hazards ahead they may not see.
Using Your Mirrors
While its most important to keep track of whats happening ahead, you cant
afford to ignore situations behind. Traffic conditions change quickly. Knowing
whats going on behind can help you make a safe decision about how to handle
trouble ahead.
29

 A parked car has someone in the drivers seat.

Someone is in the street, riding a bicycle or walking.

In an emergency, press and hold the horn button. Be ready to stop or swerve
away from the danger. Keep in mind that a motorcycles horn isnt as loud as a
cars therefore, use it, but dont rely on it. Other strategies, like having time
and space to maneuver, may be appropriate along with the horn.
Riding at Night
At night it is harder for you to see and be seen. Noticing your headlight or
taillight amid the car lights around you is not easy for other drivers. To
compensate, you should:

Reduce Your Speed Ride even slower than you would during the day
particularly on roads you dont know well. This will increase your
chances of avoiding a hazard because a headlight does not allow you to
see as far ahead as in daylight.
Increase Distance Distances are harder to judge at night than during
the day. Your eyes rely upon shadows and light contrasts to determine
how far away an object is and how fast it is coming. These contrasts are
missing or distorted under artificial lights at night. Open up a foursecond following distance or more, and allow more distance to pass and
be passed.
Use the Car Ahead The headlights of the car you are following can
give you a better view of the road than even your high beam can.
Headlights and/or taillights bouncing up and down can alert you to
bumps or rough pavement.
Use Your High Beam Get all the light you can. Use your high beam
whenever you are not following or meeting a car. Be visible: wear
reflective materials when riding at night.
Be flexible about lane position Change to whatever portion of the
lane is best able to help you see, be seen, and keep an adequate space
cushion.
7. You should always perform a head check before you:
A. Change lanes.
B. Merge onto a freeway.
C. Pass another vehicle.
D. All of the above.

31

Slippery Surfaces
Motorcycles handle better when ridden on surfaces that permit good traction.
Surfaces that provide poor traction include:

Wet pavement, particularly just after it starts to rain and before surface
oil washes to the side of the road. The center portion of a lane will
usually be most slippery.
Gravel roads, or where sand and gravel collect. Sand and gravel are
most likely to collect at the sides of paved roads.
Mud, leaves, snow, and ice.
Lane markings, steel plates, and manhole covers, especially when wet.

To ride safely on slippery surfaces:

Reduce Speed Slow down before you get to a slippery surface to

lessen your chances of skidding.Your motorcycle needs more distance
to stop. It is particularly important to reduce speed before entering wet
curves.
Avoid Sudden Moves Any sudden change in speed or direction can
cause a skid. Be as smooth as possible when you speed up, shift gears,
turn, or brake.
Use Both Brakes The front brake is still effective, even on a slippery
surface. Squeeze the brake lever gradually to avoid locking the front
wheel. Remember, gentle pressure on the rear brake.
The center of a lane can be hazardous when wet. When it starts to rain,
ride in the tire tracks left by cars. Often, the left tire track will be the best
position, depending on traffic and other road conditions.

Roads are the slickest when it first starts to rain until the dirt and oil are washed
away.
Watch for oil spots when you put your foot down to stop or park. You
may slip and fall.
Dirt and gravel collect along the sides of the road especially on
curves and ramps leading to and from highways. Stay away from the
edge of the road, particularly when making sharp turns and getting on or
off freeways at high speeds.
Rain dries and snow melts faster on some sections of a road than on
others. Patches of ice tend to crop up in low or shaded areas and on
bridges and overpasses. Wet surfaces or wet leaves are just as slippery.
Ride on the least slippery portion of the lane and reduce your speed.

Cautious riders steer clear of roads covered with ice or snow. If you cant avoid
a slippery surface, keep your motorcycle straight up and proceed slowly. If you
36

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
You can find yourself in an emergency the moment something goes wrong with
your motorcycle. In dealing with any mechanical problem, take into account
the road and traffic conditions you face. Here are some guidelines that can help
you handle mechanical problems safely.
Tire Failure
You will seldom hear a tire go flat. If the motorcycle starts handling differently,
it may be a tire failure. This can be dangerous. You must be able to tell from the
way the motorcycle reacts. If one of your tires suddenly loses air, react quickly
to keep your balance. Pull off and check the tires.
If the front tire goes flat, the steering will feel heavy. A front-wheel flat is
particularly hazardous because it affects your steering. You have to steer well to
keep your balance.
If the rear tire goes flat, the back of the motorcycle will jerk or sway from side
to side.
If either tire goes flat while riding:

Hold the handlegrips firmly, ease off the throttle, and keep a straight
course.
If you must brake, gradually apply the brake of the tire that isnt flat, if
you are sure which one it is.
When the motorcycle slows, edge to the side of the road, squeeze the
clutch, and stop.

Stuck Throttle
Twist the throttle back and forth several times. If the throttle cable is stuck, this
may free it. If the throttle stays stuck, immediately operate the engine cut-off
switch and pull in the clutch at the same time. This will remove power from the
rear wheel, though engine noise may not immediately decline. Once the
motorcycle is under control, pull off and stop.

After you have stopped, check the throttle cable carefully to find the source of
the trouble. Make certain the throttle works freely before you start to ride
again.
Wobble
A wobble occurs when the front wheel and handlebars suddenly start to shake
from side to side at any speed. Most wobbles can be traced to improper
loading, unsuitable accessories, incorrect tire pressure, or misaligned tires
and/or chain drive. If you are carrying a heavy load, lighten it. If you cant,
shift it. Center the weight lower and farther forward on the motorcycle. Make
sure tire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks, and dampers are at the settings
recommended for that much weight. Make sure windshields and fairings are
mounted properly.
38

Check for poorly adjusted steering, worn steering parts, a front wheel that is
bent, misaligned, or out of balance, loose wheel bearings or spokes, and
swingarm bearings. If none of these are determined to be the cause, have the
motorcycle checked out thoroughly by a qualified professional.

Trying to accelerate out of a wobble will only make the cycle more unstable.
Instead:
Grip the handlegrips firmly, but dont fight the wobble.
Close the throttle gradually to slow the motorcycle. Do not apply the
brakes; braking could make the wobble worse.
Move your weight as far forward and down as possible.
Pull off the road as soon as you can to fix the problem.

Drive Train Problems

The drive train for a motorcycle uses either a chain, belt, or drive shaft to
transfer power from the engine to the rear wheel. Routine inspection,
adjustment and maintenance make failure a rare occurance. A chain or belt that
slips or breaks while youre riding could lock the rear wheel and cause the
motorcycle to skid. If the chain or belt breaks, youll notice an instant loss of
power to the rear wheel. Close the throttle and brake to a stop in a safe area.

On models with a drive shaft, loss of oil in the rear differential can cause the
rear wheel to lock, and you may not be able to prevent a skid.
Engine Seizure
When the engine locks or freezes, it is usually low on oil. The engines
moving parts cant move smoothly against each other, and the engine overheats.
The first sign may be a loss of engine power or a change in the engines sound.
Squeeze the clutch lever to disengage the engine from the rear wheel. Pull off
the road and stop. Check the oil. If needed, oil should be added as soon as
possible or the engine will seize. When this happens, the effect is the same as a
locked rear wheel. Let the engine cool before restarting.
There Is No Substitute For Frequent Motorcycle Maintenance.

10. If your motorcycle starts to wobble:

A. Accelerate out of the wobble.
B. Use the brakes gradually.
C. Grip the handlegrips firmly and close the throttle gradually.
D. Downshift.

39

ANIMALS
Naturally, you should do everything you safely can to avoid hitting an animal.
If you are in traffic, however, remain in your lane. Hitting something small is
less dangerous to you than hitting something big like a car.
Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If you are chased, shift down and approach
the animal slowly. As you approach it, speed up and leave the animal behind.
Dont kick at an animal. Keep control of your motorcycle, and look to where
you want to go.
For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle), brake and prepare to stop they are
unpredictable.
11. If you are chased by a dog:
A. Kick it away.
B. Stop until the animal loses interest.
C. Swerve around the animal.
D. Approach the animal slowly, then speed up.

FLYING OBJECTS
From time to time riders are struck by insects, cigarettes thrown from cars, or
pebbles kicked up by the tires of the vehicle ahead. If you are wearing face
protection, it might get smeared or cracked, making it difficult to see. Without
face protection, an object could hit you in the eye, face, or mouth. Whatever
happens, keep your eyes on the road and your hands on the handlebars. When
safe, pull off the road and repair the damage.
GETTING OFF THE ROAD
If you need to leave the road to check the motorcycle (or just to rest for a
while), be sure you:

Check the Roadside Make sure the surface of the roadside is firm
enough to ride on. If it is soft grass, loose sand, or if youre just not sure
about it, slow way down before you turn onto it.
Signal Drivers behind might not expect you to slow down. Give a
clear signal that you will be slowing down and changing direction.
Check your mirror and make a head check before you take any action.
Pull Off the Road Get as far off the road as you can. It can be very
hard to spot a motorcycle by the side of the road. You dont want
someone else pulling off at the same place you are.
Park Carefully Loose and sloped shoulders make setting the side or
center stand difficult.
40

CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO

Only experienced riders should carry passengers or large loads. The extra
weight changes the way the motorcycle handles, balances, turns, speeds up, and
slows down. Before taking a passenger or heavy load on the street, practice
away from traffic.
Children should be placed immediately behind the rider. A child sitting in front
of the rider will not be able to properly balance him/herself and may interfere
with the riders control of the motorcycle.
Equipment
To carry passengers safely:

Equip and adjust your motorcycle to carry passengers.

Instruct the passenger before you start.
Adjust your riding technique for the added weight.
Have your passenger wear the same type of protective gear
recommended for motorcycle operators.

The following equipment is required by Idaho law:

A Proper Seat large enough to hold both of you without crowding, or

a separate, permanently attached passenger seat. You should not sit any
farther forward than you usually do.
Footrests for the passenger. A firm footing prevents your passenger
from falling off and pulling you off, too.
A Helmet any person under the age of eighteen (18) must wear a
DOT-approved helmet while operating or riding on a motorcycle.

Adjust the suspension to handle the additional weight. Add a few pounds of
pressure to the tires if you carry a passenger. (Check your owners manual.)
While your passenger sits on the seat with you, adjust the mirrors and headlight
according to the change in the motorcycles angle.
Instructing Passengers
Even if your passenger is a motorcycle rider, provide complete instructions
before you start. Tell your passenger to:
Get on the motorcycle only after you have started the engine. As the
passenger mounts, keep both your feet on the ground and the front brake
applied.
Sit as far forward as possible without crowding you.
Hold firmly to your waist, hips, or belt.
Keep both feet on the pegs, even when stopped.
Keep legs away from the muffler(s), chains and moving parts.

41

 Stay directly behind you, leaning as you lean.

Avoid unnecessary talk or motion.

Also, tell your passenger to tighten his or her hold when you:
Approach surface problems,
Are about to start from a stop, and
Warn that you are going to make a sudden move.

Riding With Passengers

Your motorcycle will respond more slowly with a passenger on board. The
heavier your passenger, the longer it will take to slow down, speed up, or turn
especially on a light motorcycle.

Ride a little slower, especially when taking curves, corners, or bumps.

Start slowing earlier as you approach a stop.
Open up a larger cushion of space ahead and to the sides.
Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter, or merge in traffic.

Warn your passenger of special conditions when you will pull out, stop
quickly, turn sharply, or ride over a bump. Turn your head slightly to make
yourself understood, but keep your eyes on the road ahead.
Carrying Loads
Most motorcycles are not designed to carry much cargo. Small loads can be
carried safely if positioned and fastened properly.
Keep the Load Low Fasten loads securely, or put them in saddle
bags. Piling loads against a sissybar or frame on the back of the seat
raises the motorcycles center of gravity and disturbs its balance.

Keep the Load Forward Place the load over, or in front of, the rear
axle. Tankbags keep loads forward, but use caution when loading hard or
sharp objects. Make sure the tankbag does not interfere with handlebars
or controls. Mounting loads behind the rear axle can affect how the
motorcycle turns and brakes. It can also cause a wobble.

Distribute the Load Evenly Load saddlebags with about the same
weight. An uneven load can cause the motorcycle to drift to one side.

Secure the Load Fasten the load securely with elastic cords (bungee
cords or nets). A tight load wont catch in the wheel or chain, which
could cause the motorcycle to lock up and skid. Rope tends to stretch
and knots come loose, permitting the load to shift or fall.
42

Being In Shape To Ride

Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders pay

attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, identifying
potential hazards, making good judgments, and executing decisions quickly and
skillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road and traffic
conditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and other drugs,
more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ride
safely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your performance.
Lets look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs. What to
do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined.

Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal crashes.

Studies show that 40% to 45% of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes had
been drinking. Only one-third of those riders had a blood alcohol concentration
above legal limits. The rest had only a few drinks in their systems enough to
impair riding skills. In the past, drug levels have been harder to distinguish or
have not been separated from drinking violations for the traffic records. But
riding under the influence of either alcohol or drugs poses physical and legal
hazards for every rider.

Why This Information is Important

Drinking and drug use is as big a problem among motorcyclists as it is among

automobile drivers. Motorcyclists, however, are more likely to be killed or
severely injured in a crash. Injuries occur in 90% of motorcycle crashes and
33% of automobile crashes that involve abuse of substances. On a yearly basis,
2000 motorcyclists are killed and about 50,000 seriously injured in this same
type of crash. These statistics are too overwhelming to ignore.

By becoming knowledgeable about the effects of alcohol and other drugs, you
will see that riding and substance abuse dont mix. Take positive steps to protect
yourself and to protect others from injuring themselves.
No one is immune to the effects of alcohol or drugs. Friends may brag about
their ability to hold their liquor or perform better on drugs, but alcohol or drugs
make them less able to think clearly and perform physical tasks skillfully.
Judgment and the decision-making processes needed for vehicle operation are
affected long before legal limitations are reached.

Alcohol and Other Drugs in Motorcycle Operation

Many over-the-counter, prescription, and illegal drugs have side effects that
increase the risk of riding. It is difficult to accurately measure the involvement
of particular drugs in motorcycle crashes. But we do know what effects various

46

Without taking into account any other factors, these examples illustrate why
time is a critical factor when a rider decides to drink.
A person who drinks:

Seven drinks over the span of three hours would have at least four (7 - 3
= 4) drinks remaining in their system at the end of the three hours. They
would need at least another four hours to eliminate the four remaining
drinks before they consider riding.
Four drinks over the span of two hours would have at least two (4 - 2 =
2) drinks remaining in their system at the end of the two hours. They
would need at least another two hours to eliminate the two remaining
drinks before they consider riding.

There are times when a larger person may not accumulate as high a
concentration of alcohol for each drink consumed. They have more blood and
other bodily fluids. But because of individual differences, it is better not to take
the chance that abilities and judgment have not been affected. Whether or not
you are legally intoxicated is not the real issue. Impairment of judgment and
skills begins well below the legal limit.
Under Idaho law, you are considered to be driving under the influence if your
BAC is .02 or more if you under 21 years of age, .04 or more if you are
operating a commercial vehicle, and .08 or more if you are 21 or older. An
alcohol concentration of .20 or more carries even stiffer penalties. Even if your
BAC is less than .08, you may be convicted of driving under the influence of
other intoxicating substances.

Alcohol and the Law

Consequences of Conviction
Years ago, first offenders had a good chance of getting off with a small fine and
participation in alcohol-abuse classes. Today the laws of most states impose stiff
penalties on drinking operators. And those penalties are mandatory, meaning
that judges must impose them.
If youre convicted in Idaho, the criminal penalties are:

For a first conviction Up to six months in jail; up to a $1,000 fine;

mandatory drivers license suspension of at least 90 days and up to
180 days (one year if under 21), with absolutely no driving privileges for
the first 30 days (first 90 days if under 21).
For a second conviction within 10 years Mandatory jail sentence
from 10 days to one year (30 days if under 21); up to a $2,000 fine;
48

mandatory drivers license suspension of one year (two years if under

21). Ignition interlock device is required after one year mandatory
suspension.

For three or more convictions within 10 years Mandatory jail

sentence from 30 days to ten years (10 days to six months if under 21);
up to a $5,000 fine (up to $2,000 if under 21); mandatory drivers license
suspension from one to five years (if under 21, mandatory suspension for
1 year or up to age 21 whichever is greater). Ignition interlock device is
required after one year mandatory suspension. This conviction is a felony.
Alcohol Test Refusal
Implied Consent Any person who drives or is in physical control of a motor
vehicle has given their consent to take a BAC or drug test if they are suspected
of driving under the influence, under the provisions of Section 18-8002, Idaho
Code. If you refuse to take the test when requested to do so by a law
enforcement officer, your drivers license is subject to suspension under the
provisions of Section 18-8002, Idaho Code.

If you refuse to take the test as requested, the officer will issue you a notice of
suspension. If the court upholds the officers findings, your license will be
suspended for one year with absolutely no driving privileges of any kind if it is
your first offense.
A second refusal within 10 years will result in a two-year absolute suspension.
This penalty is in addition to any penalty you receive in court for a DUI
conviction.

Administrative License Suspensions

If you are arrested for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of
alcohol or other intoxicating substances and you fail an evidentiary test by
having an alcohol concentration over the legal limit, a peace officer will serve
you with a Notice of Suspension. This notice is an Idaho Transportation
Department-imposed administrative drivers license suspension (ALS), that is
issued in accordance with Section 18-8002A, Idaho Code. You have the right to
request an administrative hearing on the suspension before a hearing officer
designated by the department.

The Administrative License Suspension penalty is a civil penalty and is separate

and apart from any criminal penalties imposed by the court system. If you
receive an Administrative License Suspension, you must comply with the ALS
requirements, and also appear in court on your appointed date regarding the
criminal DUI charges brought against you. Your notice of suspension becomes
effective thirty (30) days after the date of service (the date you received the
notice). For a first failure, your driving privileges will be suspended for a period
49

of ninety (90) days. You will have absolutely no driving privileges during the
first thirty (30) days of that ninety (90) day suspension. Your driving privileges
will be suspended for one year with absolutely no driving privileges of any kind
for a second failure of the test within five (5) years.
Your ability to judge how well you are riding is affected first. Although you
may be performing more and more poorly, you think you are doing better and
better. The result is that you ride confidently, taking greater and greater risks.
Minimize the risks of drinking and riding by taking steps before you drink.
Control your drinking or control your riding.

Minimize the Risks

Make an Intelligent Choice

Dont drink Once you start, your resistance becomes weaker.

Setting a limit or pacing yourself are poor alternatives at best. Your ability
to exercise good judgment is one of the first things affected by alcohol.
Even if you have tried to drink in moderation, you may not realize to what
extent your skills have suffered from alcohols fatiguing effects.
OR

Dont ride If you havent controlled your drinking, you must control
your riding.
Leave the motorcycle so you wont be tempted to ride.
Arrange another way to get home.
Wait. If you exceed your limit, wait until your system
eliminates the alcohol and its fatiguing effects.
People who have had too much to drink are unable to make a responsible
decision. It is up to others to step in and keep them from taking too great a risk.
No one wants to do this its uncomfortable, embarrassing, and thankless. You
are rarely thanked for your efforts at the time. But the alternatives are often
worse. There are several ways to keep friends from hurting themselves:

Step In to Protect Friends

Arrange a safe ride Provide alternative ways for them to get home.
Slow the pace of drinking Involve them in other activities.
Keep them there Use any excuse to keep them from getting on their
motorcycle. Serve them food and coffee to pass the time. Explain your
concerns for their risks of getting arrested or hurt or hurting someone else.
Take their key if you can.
Get friends involved Use peer pressure from a group of friends to
intervene.

50

It helps to enlist support from others when you decide to step in. The more
people on your side, the easier it is to be firm and the harder it is for the rider to
resist. While you may not be thanked at the time, you will never have to say, If
only I had...
FATIGUE
Riding a motorcycle is more tiring than driving a car. On a long trip, youll tire
sooner than you would in a car. Avoid riding when you are tired. Fatigue can
affect your control of the motorcycle.

Protect Yourself From the Elements Wind, cold, and rain make you
tire quickly. Dress warmly. A windshield is worth its cost if you plan to
ride long distances.
Limit Your Distance Experienced riders seldom try to ride more than
about six hours a day.
Take Frequent Rest Breaks Stop and get off the motorcycle at least
every two hours.
Dont Drink or Use Drugs Artificial stimulants often result in
extreme fatigue or depression when they start to wear off, making it very
difficult to concentrate on the task at hand.

14. If you wait one hour per drink for the alcohol to be
eliminated from your body before riding:
A. You cannot be arrested for drinking and riding.
B. Your riding skills will not be affected.
C. Side effects from the drinking may still remain.
D. You will be okay as long as you ride slowly.

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

Recent research into Idahos fatal motorcycle crash data (2009-2012) revealed
some startling findings:
69-70% were associated with rider error
73% were on cruisers or touring bikes
69% were over 40 years old
42% involved riders running off the road in a corner
20% involved a car violating the riders right-of-way
The Idaho STAR Motorcycle Safety Program provides high quality rider
training that makes motorcycling safer and more enjoyable for everyone.

51

STAR training is associated with a 79% reduced crash risk, and an 89%
reduction in the risk of a fatal crash. STAR courses are taught by state-certified
instructors who have the patience, understanding, training, and knowledge to
help you develop the skills you need.

Training for all Levels Whether you have ridden thousands of miles, or have
never even sat on a motorcycle, Idaho STAR has a course to fit your needs.
Increasing your knowledge and skill can help keep you out of the crash
statistics.
STAR courses take place in a controlled, off-street environment and are
designed to help you develop the physical skills as well as the mental strategies
needed to successfully navigate todays roadways and prevent crashes. Idaho
STAR courses are held throughout the state during the riding season.

Introduction to Riding This is the perfect course for folks who just want to
see if motorcycling is for them or those who are especially nervous about riding
and would like to ease into it at a slower pace. This 3-hour session covers
motorcycle controls, starting, stopping, and balance. Class sizes are kept low for
lots of individual attention. Motorcycles and helmets are provided.
Basic I Course Designed for the novice rider with no (or limited) streetriding experience. During this 17-hour course, you will learn fundamental skills
required to operate the motorcycle and progress to street-strategies and
emergency situation skills. Motorcycles and helmets are provided in this
course.
Basic II Course For riders who are already comfortable with the basic skills
of turning, shifting, stopping, and balancing the motorcycle. This 9-hour course
includes instruction in street-strategies and emergency situation skills. You will
practice cornering, braking, and swerving maneuvers on the riding course. Ride
one of our motorcycles or bring your own.

Experienced Course Designed for motorcycle riders with at least three

months of current street-riding experience. In this 9-hour course, you will learn
street-strategies and hazard-response skills as well as practice low-speed
maneuvers and advanced cornering, braking, and swerving skills on your own
motorcycle.
Braking Skills Practice Designed for fully endorsed riders with current
street-riding experience. In this 3-hour clinic, you will improve your braking
skills and build confidence in your ability to handle emergency braking
situations on your own motorcycle.
52

Smart Rider Commitments

The Smart Rider Commitments below are taken from the Idaho STAR Basic
Rider Training Riders Guide available as a free pdf at:
http://idahostar.org/resources/riders-guide.
We encourage you to review and consider making some (or all) of these
commitments as a way to help you prevent and survive crashes and come home
safely to your loved ones after every ride.
(initial) I acknowledge that part of being a responsible rider is knowing and
following the rules of the road. I accept this fact and commit to learning and
complying with state laws, rules, regulations and equipment requirements.

(initial) I acknowledge that riding a motorcycle in a complex traffic and

roadway environment is an activity involving risk and danger. I accept this fact and
commit to managing those risks.

(initial) I acknowledge that when riding a motorcycle, the only thing between
me and the elements (hot, cold, rain, hail, bugs, the asphalt, other vehicles, etc.) is
the gear I am wearing. I accept this fact and commit to getting and wearing riding
gear that is right for me and my family.
(initial) I acknowledge that an expert rider is one who uses expert judgment
to avoid having to use expert skills. I accept this fact and commit to becoming an
expert rider by practicing SIPDE skills, keeping my eyes up and scanning 20
seconds ahead.
(initial) I acknowledge that motorcyclists running wide in turns is the most
common fatal crash situation. I accept this fact and commit to practicing good
cornering skills, and in particular LOOKING through the turn and PRESSING
forward on the handgrip to cause the bike to lean/turn.

(initial) I acknowledge that braking errors are very common in crash

situations. I accept this fact and commit to regularly practicing quick stops, with an
emphasis on smooth increasing pressure on the front brake and a light to lighter
application of the rear brake.

(initial) I acknowledge that many fatal motorcycle crashes involve riders who
had been drinking. I accept this fact and commit to separate the use of alcohol (and
other drugs) from riding a motorcycle. I commit to riding sober.
(initial) I acknowledge that when I carry a passenger, I am responsible for
their safety and comfort. I accept this fact and commit to waiting to carry
passengers until I have well developed skills and significant experience as a solo
rider.

(initial) I acknowledge that group riding demands more skill and attention
than riding solo. I accept this fact and commit to waiting to ride with a group until I
have well developed skills and significant experience riding by myself or with just
one other (and more experienced) rider.

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KNOWLEDGE TEST (Sample Questions)

(The answers are printed at the bottom of the last page.)
1. It is MOST important to flash your brake light when:
A. someone is following too closely.
B. you will be slowing suddenly.
C. there is a stop sign ahead.
D. your signals are not working.
2. The FRONT brake supplies how much of the potential
stopping power?
A. About 25%.
B. About 50%.
C. About 70%
3. To swerve correctly:
A. shift your weight quickly.
B. turn the handlebars quickly.
C. press the handgrip in the direction of the turn.
D. press the handgrip in the opposite direction of the turn.
4. If a tire goes flat while riding, it is usually best to:
A. relax on the handgrip.
B. shift your weight toward the good tire.
C. brake on the good tire and steer to the side of the road.
5. A car is waiting to enter the intersection. It is best to:
A. make eye contact with the driver.
B. reduce speed and be ready to react.
C. speed up and be ready to react.
D. maintain speed and move right.

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MOTORCYCLE SKILL TEST

Basic vehicle control and obstacle-avoidance skills are included in skill tests to
determine your ability to handle normal and hazardous traffic situations. For
example, you may be tested for your ability to:

Know your motorcycle and your riding limits.

Accelerate, brake, and turn safely.
See, be seen, and communicate with others.
Adjust speed and position to the traffic situation.
Stop, turn, and swerve quickly.
Make critical decisions and carry them out.

Examiners may score on factors related to safety such as:

Selecting safe speeds to perform maneuvers.

Choosing the correct path and staying within boundaries.
Completing normal and quick stops.
Completing normal and quick turns, or swerves.

To receive a motorcycle endorsement with full privileges, most states

require that maneuvers be performed as designed for single-track, twowheeled motorcycles. On-motorcycle skill tests are not designed for
sidecars or three-wheeled vehicles. Those vehicles maneuver differently
than a two-wheeled motorcycle. Restrictions (sidecar, three-wheeled
vehicle) may be added until completion of a two-wheeled motorcycle test.
Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference only and are
not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distances.

Three wheel information:

Contact Idaho STAR (1-888-280-7827) for specific information about
operation of three-wheeled motorcycles or motorcycles with sidecars.
The following are some of the skills you will have to demonstrate during
the skills test:

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Points will be deducted if you stall your engine while attempting any of the
maneuvers.

You will be graded on your ability to control the cycle, maneuver, turn, stop
quickly and ride in a straight line. The examiner also will watch your posture
and overall operation and attention.

You may stop the test at any time you desire. You should not attempt a test you
do not feel you can do. If a test is too hard, or you cannot safely follow
instructions, tell the examiner. You can make an appointment for another day.
If you would like to view videos of the motorcycle skills test, you can go to
idahostar.org/resources/practice-guide. The Washington State Department of
Licensing produced the videos and is allowing us viewing privileges.

Answers:

1 C, 2 D, 3 D, 4 A, 5 B, 6 C, 7 D, 8 D, 9 D, 10 C, 11 D, 12 A,
13-A, 14 C

Knowledge Test Answers: 1 B, 2 C, 3 C, 4 C, 5 B

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