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SQL Commands and ACID Properties

The document outlines the four types of SQL commands: DDL for defining database structure, DML for manipulating data, DCL for managing permissions, and TCL for transaction control. It also explains the ACID properties that ensure safe transactions: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Each command type includes examples and functions relevant to database management.

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5 views1 page

SQL Commands and ACID Properties

The document outlines the four types of SQL commands: DDL for defining database structure, DML for manipulating data, DCL for managing permissions, and TCL for transaction control. It also explains the ACID properties that ensure safe transactions: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Each command type includes examples and functions relevant to database management.

Uploaded by

sashidhr.k007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL Command Types (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL) with ACID Properties

SQL Commands:

1. DDL - Data Definition Language


Used to define or change the structure of the database.
- CREATE: Makes a new table or database.
Example: CREATE TABLE students (id INT, name VARCHAR(100));
- ALTER: Changes a table (add/remove columns).
- DROP: Deletes a table or database.
- TRUNCATE: Deletes all data in a table, but keeps its structure.

2. DML - Data Manipulation Language


Used to work with the data inside the tables.
- INSERT: Adds new data.
Example: INSERT INTO students (id, name) VALUES (1, 'Rahul');
- UPDATE: Changes existing data.
- DELETE: Removes specific rows.
- SELECT: Fetches data from a table.

3. DCL - Data Control Language


Used to manage permissions.
- GRANT: Gives access.
Example: GRANT SELECT ON students TO user1;
- REVOKE: Removes access.

4. TCL - Transaction Control Language


Used to manage changes in groups (transactions).
- COMMIT: Saves changes.
- ROLLBACK: Undoes changes since last commit.
- SAVEPOINT: Marks a place to rollback to later.

ACID Properties (Simple Explanation):

ACID Properties (for safe transactions):


- Atomicity: All actions in a transaction happen, or none do.
- Consistency: Data stays correct before and after the transaction.
- Isolation: Each transaction runs separately from others.
- Durability: Once committed, changes are saved even if power fails.

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