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Humanities

The document outlines the fundamental components of computer systems, including hardware, software, input/output devices, and storage media. It also covers topics such as memory and processing, networks, data protection, databases, spreadsheets, communication technologies, control systems, and ethical/environmental concerns. Each section provides essential definitions and examples relevant to the understanding of computer systems and their applications.

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6 views4 pages

Humanities

The document outlines the fundamental components of computer systems, including hardware, software, input/output devices, and storage media. It also covers topics such as memory and processing, networks, data protection, databases, spreadsheets, communication technologies, control systems, and ethical/environmental concerns. Each section provides essential definitions and examples relevant to the understanding of computer systems and their applications.

Uploaded by

Foodsé
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Types & Components of Computer Systems


● Hardware: Physical components (e.g. keyboard, CPU, monitor).

● Software: Programs that run on a computer.

○ System software (OS)

○ Application software (Word, Excel)

● Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.

● Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speakers.

● Storage Devices: Hard drives, SSD, USB, CD/DVD.

2. Input and Output Devices


● 2D Input: Scanner, keyboard, touchscreen.

● 3D Input: 3D scanner, CT scan, fingerprint sensor.

● Direct Data Entry: OCR, OMR, MICR, barcode reader.

● Output Types:

○ Softcopy: Screen, projector.

○ Hardcopy: Printer types (inkjet, laser, 3D).

○ Sound: Speakers, headphones.

3. Storage Media
● Primary Storage: RAM (volatile), ROM (non-volatile).

● Secondary Storage: Hard drive (HDD/SSD), Optical (CD/DVD), Flash (USB).

● Backup: To avoid data loss (offline/online/cloud).


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4. Memory & Processing


● CPU Components: ALU (calculations), CU (control unit), Registers.

● Buses: Data bus, address bus, control bus.

● Clock Speed: Measured in GHz; affects processing speed.

5. Networks & Internet


● LAN: Local area (small area – office/home).

● WAN: Wide area (over large areas – internet).

● Advantages of Networks: File sharing, resource sharing, central backups.

● Wireless Security: Encryption, password protection, firewalls.

6. Data Protection & Security


● Malware Types: Virus, worm, Trojan horse, spyware.

● Protection Methods: Anti-virus, strong passwords, encryption.

● Data Integrity vs Data Security:

○ Integrity: Accuracy & consistency

○ Security: Protection from unauthorized access

7. Data Handling & Databases


● Field: Single item (e.g. Name).

● Record: Collection of fields (1 row).

● File: Collection of records.

● Flat file vs Relational databases.

● Validation: Checks accuracy of input (length check, range check).

● Verification: Ensures data entered matches original (double entry, visual check).

8. Spreadsheets
● Formula: =A1+B1

● Function: Predefined (e.g. =SUM(A1:A5))

● Relative vs Absolute cell referencing (A1 vs $A$1)

● Chart types: Bar, line, pie, scatter.

9. Communication & Internet Tech


● Email, VoIP, Video conferencing – examples of communication tech.

● Web Browser vs Search Engine.

● URL: Web address (e.g. https://openai.com).

● ISP: Internet Service Provider (e.g. Airtel, Jio).

10. Computer Control & Monitoring


● Control Systems: Traffic lights, washing machines, thermostats.

●
Feedback loop: Sensors send data system reacts updates output.
● Monitoring Systems: Weather station, patient monitoring.

11. Ethics & Environment


● Ethical Issues: Privacy, hacking, plagiarism.

● Environmental Concerns: E-waste, power usage, recycling.

● Digital Divide: Gap in access to ICT across regions.

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