PYTHON Complete Course

By:

PASS Education System

What is Python?

History

Python was created by Guido van Rossum, a Dutch programmer, and was first
released in 1991. Here's a brief overview of the history of Python:

Origin and Early Development (1980s-1990s):

In the late 1980s, Guido van Rossum worked at the National Research Institute for
Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.

In December 1989, Guido started working on a new programming language as a

hobby project during his Christmas break. He named it Python, inspired by the
British comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus."

Python's development was influenced by several programming languages,

including ABC, Modula-3, C, and others.

Guido aimed to create a language that was easy to read, write, and understand, with
a focus on code readability and simplicity.

Python 1.0 and Early Adoption (1994-2000):

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Python 1.0 was released in January 1994, and it included features such as lambda
functions, map/filter/reduce functions, and exception handling.

Python gained attention and started to be used in various academic and scientific
communities.

In 2000, Python 2.0 was released, introducing list comprehensions, a garbage

collector, and other enhancements.

Python 2.x and 3.x Split (2008):

As Python evolved, some decisions made in the early days became limitations,
particularly related to Unicode and byte strings.

In 2008, Python 3.0 (also known as Python 3.x) was released, introducing
significant changes and improvements to the language.

Python 3.x aimed to clean up the language, remove redundancy, and provide better
support for Unicode and modern programming practices.

However, Python 3.x was not backward compatible with the earlier Python 2.x
versions, causing a division in the Python community.

Python's Growing Popularity (2010s-Present):

Despite the initial challenges with the Python 2.x and 3.x split, Python's popularity
continued to grow.

Python gained traction in web development, scientific computing, data analysis,

machine learning, and artificial intelligence domains.

The Python Package Index (PyPI) became a central repository for third-party
libraries, enabling easy installation and sharing of code.

Python became one of the most widely used programming languages, embraced by
developers and adopted by organizations worldwide.

Recent Developments:

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Guido van Rossum stepped down as Python's Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL)
in July 2018 but remains involved in the Python community.

Python continues to evolve with regular releases. The most recent major version at
the time of my knowledge cutoff is Python 3.9 (released in October 2020).

The Python Software Foundation (PSF) oversees Python's development and

promotes its use.

What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity

and readability. It was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.
Python emphasizes code readability and a clean syntax, making it easier to
understand and write compared to other programming languages.

Here are some key features of Python:

Readability: Python code is designed to be easily readable and understandable,

using a clean and straightforward syntax.

Simplicity: Python aims to provide simplicity and ease of use, allowing developers
to express concepts in fewer lines of code compared to other languages.

Versatility: Python is a versatile language that can be used for various applications,
such as web development, data analysis, scientific computing, artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and more.

Written By: Taimoor Hassan (CEO: PASS Education System)

Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line by the Python
interpreter, which eliminates the need for compiling the code before running it.
This makes development and debugging faster.

Large Standard Library: Python comes with a comprehensive standard library that
provides numerous modules and functions to perform various tasks, ranging from
file I/O to networking and web development.

Third-Party Libraries: Python has a vast ecosystem of third-party libraries and

frameworks that extend its capabilities. These libraries offer ready-to-use solutions
for specific domains, such as NumPy and Pandas for data analysis, Django and
Flask for web development, and TensorFlow and PyTorch for machine learning.

Cross-Platform: Python is a cross-platform language, meaning it can run on

different operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and various Linux
distributions.

Python's popularity has been growing rapidly due to its simplicity, versatility, and
the extensive support of its community. It has become one of the most widely used
languages for a wide range of applications, from scripting small tasks to
developing complex software systems.

Applications of Python?

Python is a versatile programming language that finds applications in various fields

due to its simplicity, flexibility, and extensive ecosystem of libraries and
frameworks. Here are some common fields where Python is used:

Written By: Taimoor Hassan (CEO: PASS Education System)

Web Development:

Python web frameworks like Django and Flask are widely used for building
scalable and secure web applications.

Python's ease of use and rich libraries make it suitable for tasks such as server-side
scripting, handling APIs, and web scraping.

Data Analysis and Visualization:

Python libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib provide powerful tools for
data manipulation, analysis, and visualization.

Python is often used in data science workflows and can handle large datasets
efficiently.

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Python offers popular libraries such as scikit-learn, TensorFlow, Keras, and

PyTorch for implementing machine learning models and neural networks.

Python's simplicity and extensive libraries make it suitable for tasks like natural
language processing, computer vision, and deep learning.

Scientific Computing:

Python, along with libraries like SciPy and NumPy, is widely used in scientific
computing, numerical simulations, and mathematical modeling.

Python's ability to integrate with lower-level languages like C and Fortran allows
for high-performance computing.

Automation and Scripting:

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Python's easy-to-read syntax and extensive standard library make it ideal for
automating repetitive tasks and scripting system administration tasks.

Python can interact with operating system APIs and perform tasks like file
manipulation, process automation, and network automation.

Internet of Things (IoT):

Python is used in IoT applications to control and manage connected devices.

Its simplicity and support for microcontrollers make it suitable for prototyping,
sensor data analysis, and device communication.

Game Development:

Python frameworks like Pygame provide a platform for game development,

prototyping, and scripting.

Python's simplicity and libraries for graphics and multimedia make it a popular
choice for building 2D games.

Desktop Applications:

Python, along with frameworks like PyQt and Tkinter, can be used for developing
cross-platform desktop applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

DevOps and System Administration:

Python is used for tasks related to system administration, automation, and DevOps
workflows.

Python scripts can automate server configurations, deployment, and management

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tasks.

Education and Research:

Python's simplicity and readability make it an excellent choice for teaching

programming to beginners.

Python is widely used in academic research and scientific communities due to its
extensive libraries and ease of use.

These are just a few examples of how Python is applied across different fields.
Python's versatility and large community ensure that it continues to find new
applications and use cases in various domains.

Basics of Python? / Requirements for Python / How to Start Python?

Installation and Setup:

Install Python: Download and install the latest version of Python from the official
Python website (python.org).

Set up the Development Environment: Choose an Integrated Development

Environment (IDE) like PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, or IDLE.

Python Syntax:

Print Statements: Use the print() function to display output on the console.

Variables: Understand how to declare variables and assign values to them.

Comments: Add comments to your code using the # symbol to make it more
readable.

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Data Types:

Numeric Types: Learn about integers, floating-point numbers, and basic

mathematical operations.

Strings: Understand string data type, string manipulation, and string formatting.

Lists: Explore lists, which are ordered collections of items.

Tuples: Learn about immutable sequences of objects.

Dictionaries: Understand key-value pairs and how dictionaries are used to store
and retrieve data.

Control Flow and Loops:

Conditional Statements: Use if, elif, and else to make decisions based on
conditions.

Loops: Learn about for and while loops for iterative tasks.

Functions:

Defining Functions: Create your own functions to modularize code and reuse it.

Function Parameters: Understand how to define functions with parameters.

Return Statements: Learn how to return values from functions.

Input and Output:

User Input: Use the input() function to receive user input during program
execution.

File Input and Output: Learn how to read from and write to files using Python.

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Error Handling:

Exceptions: Understand how to handle errors and exceptions using try, except, and
finally blocks.

Modules and Libraries:

Importing Modules: Learn how to import and use pre-built Python modules.

Standard Library: Explore commonly used modules such as math, random, and
datetime.

Basic Concepts:

Operators: Understand arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators.

String Manipulation: Learn about string concatenation, slicing, and formatting.

Type Conversion: Convert data between different types using type casting.

Practice and Projects:

Apply the concepts learned through small coding exercises and projects.

Challenge yourself with simple tasks like calculating a sum, reversing a string, or
building a basic calculator.

Basics Operators for Python?

Here are some basics operators commonly used in Python Syntax:

Arithmetic Operators:

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Addition: + (e.g., a + b)

Subtraction: - (e.g., a - b)

Multiplication: * (e.g., a * b)

Division: / (e.g., a / b)

Floor Division: // (e.g., a // b returns the integer quotient)

Modulo (Remainder): % (e.g., a % b returns the remainder)

Exponentiation: ** (e.g., a ** b raises a to the power of b)

Assignment Operators:

Assignment: = (e.g., x = 5)

Addition Assignment: += (e.g., x += 3 is equivalent to x = x + 3)

Subtraction Assignment: -= (e.g., x -= 2 is equivalent to x = x - 2)

Multiplication Assignment: *= (e.g., x *= 4 is equivalent to x = x * 4)

Division Assignment: /= (e.g., x /= 2 is equivalent to x = x / 2)

Modulo Assignment: %= (e.g., x %= 3 is equivalent to x = x % 3)

Exponentiation Assignment: **= (e.g., x **= 2 is equivalent to x = x ** 2)

Comparison Operators:

Equal to: == (e.g., a == b)

Not equal to: != (e.g., a != b)

Greater than: > (e.g., a > b)

Less than: < (e.g., a < b)

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Greater than or equal to: >= (e.g., a >= b)

Less than or equal to: <= (e.g., a <= b)

Logical Operators:

Logical AND: and (e.g., a and b)

Logical OR: or (e.g., a or b)

Logical NOT: not (e.g., not a)

Membership Operators:

in: Returns True if a value is found in a sequence (e.g., x in myList)

not in: Returns True if a value is not found in a sequence (e.g., x not in myList)

Identity Operators:

is: Returns True if two variables refer to the same object (e.g., x is y)

is not: Returns True if two variables do not refer to the same object (e.g., x is not y)

Bitwise Operators:

Bitwise AND: & (e.g., a & b)

Bitwise OR: | (e.g., a | b)

Bitwise XOR: ^ (e.g., a ^ b)

Bitwise NOT: ~ (e.g., ~a)

Left Shift: << (e.g., a << b)

Right Shift: >> (e.g., a >> b)

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Basics Variables for Python?

In Python, you can create variables to store and manipulate data. Here are some
examples of basic variable types in Python:

Integer: Variables that store whole numbers without decimal points.

age = 25

quantity = 10

Float: Variables that store decimal numbers.

pi = 3.14

price = 9.99

String: Variables that store a sequence of characters.

name = "PASS"

message = "Hello, world!"

Boolean: Variables that can have a value of either 'True' or 'False'.

is_valid = True

has_permission = False

List: Variables that store an ordered collection of elements.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]

Tuple: Similar to lists, but they are immutable (cannot be modified after creation).

coordinates = (10, 20)

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")

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Dictionary: Variables that store key-value pairs.

person = {"name": "PASS", "age": 25, "country": "Pakistan"}

None: A special variable that represents the absence of a value.

result = None

Basics Functions for Python?

In Python, there are several built-in functions that provide useful functionality for
various tasks. Here are some of the basic functions frequently used in Python:

print(): Outputs text or values to the console.

print("Hello, World!")

input(): Reads input from the user through the console.

name = input("Enter your name: ")

len(): Returns the length of an object (e.g., string, list, tuple).

text = "Hello"

length = len(text) # length will be 5

type(): Returns the type of an object.

value = 5

data_type = type(value) # data_type will be <class 'int'>

int(), float(), str(), bool(): Convert values to integer, float, string, or boolean types,
respectively.

num_str = "10"

num_int = int(num_str) # num_int will be 10

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range(): Generates a sequence of numbers.

numbers = range(1, 5) # numbers will be [1, 2, 3, 4]

sum(): Returns the sum of all elements in an iterable.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

total = sum(numbers) # total will be 15

abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.

value = -10

absolute = abs(value) # absolute will be 10

round(): Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.

value = 3.14159

rounded = round(value, 2) # rounded will be 3.14

sorted(): Returns a sorted version of a list or iterable.

numbers = [5, 3, 1, 4, 2]

sorted_numbers = sorted(numbers) # sorted_numbers will be [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

These are just a few examples of the basic built-in functions available in
Python. Python provides a rich standard library with numerous functions for
performing a wide range of tasks. Additionally, there are many external
libraries and modules that offer additional functions to further extend
Python's capabilities.

How to Run Python Code?

To run Python syntax, you have a few options:

Written By: Taimoor Hassan (CEO: PASS Education System)

Using a Python Interactive Shell:

Open a terminal or command prompt on your computer.

Type python or python3 (depending on your Python version) to start the Python
interpreter.

Once you see the Python prompt (>>>), you can enter Python code line by line and
press Enter to execute each line.

Running Python Scripts:

Create a new file with a .py extension using a text editor or an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE).
Write your Python code in the file.

Save the file.

Open a terminal or command prompt and navigate to the directory where the
Python file is located.

Type python or python3 (depending on your Python version) followed by the name
of the Python file, and press Enter.

Python will execute the code in the file, and any output or results will be displayed
in the terminal or command prompt.

Using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

Open your preferred Python IDE, such as PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, or
IDLE.
Create a new Python file.

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Write your Python code in the file.

Use the IDE's built-in run or execute command, often indicated by a play button
icon or a keyboard shortcut, to run the code.

The IDE will execute the code and display the output or results in the IDE's output
window or console.

Regardless of the method you choose, make sure you have Python installed on
your computer. You can check if Python is properly installed by running python
--version or python3 --version in the terminal or command prompt.

Remember to save your Python code with the .py extension and ensure that the file
is located in the correct directory or specify the file path when executing it.

As you become more comfortable with Python, you can explore additional features
of your chosen IDE or text editor to enhance your development experience, such as
debugging, code completion, and integrated terminal support.

Python Projects :

- Simple Calculator
- To-Do List Manager
- Make Your Own for Practice

Project: Simple Calculator

Description:

Create a simple calculator program that performs basic arithmetic operations such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The program should prompt

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the user to enter two numbers and the operation they want to perform. After
performing the calculation, the program should display the result to the user.

Example Output:

=== Simple Calculator ===

Enter the first number: 10

Enter the second number: 5

Select an operation:

1. Addition

2. Subtraction

3. Multiplication

4. Division

Enter your choice (1-4): 1

The result is: 15

Implementation Steps:

 Display a welcome message and instructions to the user.

 Prompt the user to enter the first and second numbers.
 Prompt the user to select an operation by entering a number corresponding
to the operation (e.g., 1 for addition, 2 for subtraction, etc.).

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  Based on the user's choice, perform the corresponding arithmetic operation
using appropriate Python operators.
 Display the result to the user.
 Optionally, allow the user to perform more calculations or exit the program.
Here's a sample code implementation to get you started:

print("=== Simple Calculator ===")

print()

num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

print()

print("Select an operation:")

print("1. Addition")

print("2. Subtraction")

print("3. Multiplication")

print("4. Division")

print()

choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1-4): "))

result = 0

if choice == 1:

result = num1 + num2

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elif choice == 2:

result = num1 - num2

elif choice == 3:

result = num1 * num2

elif choice == 4:

result = num1 / num2

print()

print("The result is:", result)

Project: To-Do List Manager

Description:

Create a simple to-do list manager that allows users to add, view, and delete tasks.
The program should provide a menu-based interface where users can choose
various options to interact with their to-do list. The tasks can be stored in memory
or saved to a file for persistence.

Example Output:

==== To-Do List Manager ====

1. Add a task

2. View all tasks

3. Delete a task

4. Quit

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Enter your choice (1-4): 1

Enter the task description: Buy groceries

Task added successfully!

==== To-Do List Manager ====

1. Add a task

2. View all tasks

3. Delete a task

4. Quit

Enter your choice (1-4): 2

Tasks:

1. Buy groceries

==== To-Do List Manager ====

1. Add a task

2. View all tasks

3. Delete a task

4. Quit

Enter your choice (1-4): 3

Enter the task number to delete: 1

Task deleted successfully!

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==== To-Do List Manager ====

1. Add a task

2. View all tasks

3. Delete a task

4. Quit

Enter your choice (1-4): 4

Goodbye!

Implementation Steps:

 Display a welcome message and create an empty list to store tasks.

 Continuously prompt the user for their choice until they choose to quit.

 Depending on the user's choice, implement the following functionality:

 Option 1: Add a task

 Prompt the user to enter the task description.

 Add the task to the list and display a success message.

 Option 2: View all tasks

 Iterate over the list of tasks and display them with their corresponding
numbers.

 Option 3: Delete a task

 Prompt the user to enter the number of the task they want to delete.

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  Remove the task from the list and display a success message.

 Option 4: Quit

 Display a goodbye message and exit the program.

 Validate user inputs, handle errors, and provide appropriate feedback for
invalid inputs.

Here's a sample code implementation to get you started:

# To-Do List Manager

print("==== To-Do List Manager ====\n")

tasks = []

while True:

print("1. Add a task")

print("2. View all tasks")

print("3. Delete a task")

print("4. Quit\n")

choice = input("Enter your choice (1-4): ")

if choice == "1":

task_description = input("Enter the task description: ")

tasks.append(task_description)

print("Task added successfully!\n")

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 elif choice == "2":

if len(tasks) == 0:

print("No tasks found.\n")

else:

print("Tasks:")

for index, task in enumerate(tasks, start=1):

print(f"{index}. {task}")

print()

elif choice == "3":

if len(tasks) == 0:

print("No tasks to delete.\n")

else:

task_number = int(input("Enter the task number to delete: "))

if task_number > 0 and task_number <= len(tasks):

deleted_task = tasks.pop(task_number - 1)

print("Task deleted successfully!\n")

else:

print("Invalid task number.\n")

elif choice == "4":

print("Goodbye!")

break

else:

print("Invalid choice. Please enter a number between 1 and 4.\n")

Don't Stop Until You Have Done Completely and Truly (Taimoor Hassan)

Written By: Taimoor Hassan (CEO: PASS Education System)