Python CheatSheet

"Python Cheatsheet for all python developers"

By CodeWithHarry

Updated: 5 April 2025

Basics
Basic syntax from the Python programming language

Showing Output To User

The print function is used to display or print output as follows:

print("Content that you wanna print on screen")

We can display the content present in an object using the print function as
follows:

var1 = "Shruti"
print("Hi my name is: ", var1)

Taking Input From the User

The input function is used to take input as a string or character from the user as
follows:

var1 = input("Enter your name: ")

print("My name is: ", var1)

To take input in the form of other data types, we need to typecast them as follows:

To take input as an integer:

var1 = int(input("Enter the integer value"))

print(var1)

To take input as a float:

var1 = float(input("Enter the float value"))

print(var1)

range Function
The range function returns a sequence of numbers, e.g., numbers starting from 0 to
n-1 for range(0, n):

range(int_start_value, int_stop_value, int_step_value)

Here the start value and step value are by default 1 if not mentioned by the
programmer, but int_stop_value is a compulsory parameter in the range function.

Example:

Display all even numbers between 1 to 100:

for i in range(0, 101, 2):

print(i)

Comments
Comments are used to make the code more understandable for programmers, and they
are not executed by the compiler or interpreter.
Single Line Comment
# This is a single line comment

Multi-line Comment
'''This is a
multi-line
comment'''

Escape Sequence
An escape sequence is a sequence of characters that doesn't represent itself but is
translated into another character when used inside a string literal or character.
Some of the escape sequence characters are as follows:

Newline
Newline Character:

print("\n")

Backslash
It adds a backslash:

print("\\")

Single Quote
It adds a single quotation mark:

print("\'")

Tab
It gives a tab space:

print("\t")

Backspace
It adds a backspace:

print("\b")

Octal Value
It represents the value of an octal number:

print("\ooo")

Hex Value
It represents the value of a hex number:

print("\xhh")

Carriage Return
Carriage return or \r will just work as if you have shifted your cursor to the
beginning of the string or line:

print("\r")

Strings
Python string is a sequence of characters, and each character can be individually
accessed using its index.
String
You can create strings by enclosing text in both forms of quotes - single quotes or
double quotes:

variable_name = "String Data"

Example:

str = "Shruti"
print("string is ", str)

Indexing
The position of every character placed in the string starts from the 0th position
and step by step it ends at length-1 position.

Slicing
Slicing refers to obtaining a sub-string from the given string. The following code
will include index 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the variable named var_name.

Slicing of the string can be obtained by the following syntax:

string_var[int_start_value:int_stop_value:int_step_value]

var_name[1:5]

Here start and step value are considered 0 and 1 respectively if not mentioned by
the programmer.

isalnum() Method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphanumeric, else False:

string_variable.isalnum()

isalpha() Method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphabets:

string_variable.isalpha()

isdecimal() Method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are decimals:

string_variable.isdecimal()

isdigit() Method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are digits:

string_variable.isdigit()

islower() Method
Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case:

string_variable.islower()

isspace() Method
Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces:

string_variable.isspace()

isupper() Method
Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case:

string_variable.isupper()

lower() Method
Converts a string into lower case equivalent:

string_variable.lower()

upper() Method
Converts a string into upper case equivalent:

string_variable.upper()

strip() Method
It removes leading and trailing spaces in the string:

string_variable.strip()

List
A list in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type
between square brackets:

var_name = [element1, element2, ...]

These elements can be of different data types.

Indexing
The position of every element placed in the list starts from the 0th position and
step by step it ends at length-1 position. List is ordered, indexed, mutable, and
the most flexible and dynamic collection of elements in Python.

Empty List
This method allows you to create an empty list:

my_list = []

index() Method
Returns the index of the first element with the specified value:

list.index(element)

append() Method
Adds an element at the end of the list:

list.append(element)

extend() Method
Add the elements of a given list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list:

list.extend(iterable)

insert() Method
Adds an element at the specified position:

list.insert(position, element)

pop() Method
Removes the element at the specified position and returns it:
list.pop(position)

remove() Method
The remove() method removes the first occurrence of a given item from the list:

list.remove(element)

clear() Method
Removes all the elements from the list:

list.clear()

count() Method
Returns the number of elements with the specified value:

list.count(value)

reverse() Method
Reverses the order of the list:

list.reverse()

sort() Method
Sorts the list:

list.sort(reverse=True|False)

Tuples
Tuples are represented as comma-separated values of any data type within
parentheses.

Tuple Creation
variable_name = (element1, element2, ...)

These elements can be of different data types.

Indexing
The position of every element placed in the tuple starts from the 0th position and
step by step it ends at length-1 position. Tuples are ordered, indexed, immutable,
and the most secure collection of elements.

Let's talk about some of the tuple methods:

count() Method
It returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple:

tuple.count(value)

index() Method
It searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position:

tuple.index(value)

Sets
A set is a collection of multiple values which is both unordered and unindexed. It
is written in curly brackets.

Set Creation: Way 1

var_name = {element1, element2, ...}

Set Creation: Way 2

var_name = set([element1, element2, ...])

Set is an unordered, immutable, non-indexed type of collection. Duplicate elements

are not allowed in sets.

Set Methods
Let's talk about some of the methods of sets:

add() Method
Adds an element to a set:

set.add(element)

clear() Method
Remove all elements from a set:

set.clear()

discard() Method
Removes the specified item from the set:

set.discard(value)

intersection() Method
Returns the intersection of two or more sets:

set.intersection(set1, set2 ... etc)

issubset() Method
Checks if a set is a subset of another set:

set.issubset(set)

pop() Method
Removes an element from the set:

set.pop()

remove() Method
Removes the specified element from the set:

set.remove(item)

union() Method
Returns the union of two or more sets:

set.union(set1, set2...)

Dictionaries
The dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs, within {},
with the requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can be the same.

Dictionary
<dictionary-name> = {<key>: value, <key>: value ...}

Dictionary is an ordered and mutable collection of elements. Dictionary allows

duplicate values but not duplicate keys.

Empty Dictionary
By putting two curly braces, you can create a blank dictionary:

mydict = {}

Adding Element to a Dictionary

By this method, one can add new elements to the dictionary:

<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

Updating Element in a Dictionary

If a specified key already exists, then its value will get updated:

<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

Deleting an Element from a Dictionary

del keyword is used to delete a specified key:value pair from the dictionary as
follows:

del <dictionary>[<key>]

Dictionary Functions & Methods

Below are some of the methods of dictionaries:

len() Method
It returns the length of the dictionary, i.e., the count of elements (key: value
pairs) in the dictionary:

len(dictionary)

clear() Method
Removes all the elements from the dictionary:

dictionary.clear()

get() Method
Returns the value of the specified key:

dictionary.get(keyname)

items() Method
Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair:

dictionary.items()

keys() Method
Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys:

dictionary.keys()

values() Method
Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary:

dictionary.values()

update() Method
Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs:
dictionary.update(iterable)

Indentation
In Python, indentation means the code is written with some spaces or tabs into many
different blocks of code to indent it so that the interpreter can easily execute
the Python code.

Indentation is applied on conditional statements and loop control statements.

Indent specifies the block of code that is to be executed depending on the
conditions.

Conditional Statements
The if, elif, and else statements are the conditional statements in Python, and
these implement selection constructs (decision constructs).

if Statement
if (conditional expression):
statements

if-else Statement
if (conditional expression):
statements
else:
statements

if-elif Statement
if (conditional expression):
statements
elif (conditional expression):
statements
else:
statements

Nested if-else Statement

if (conditional expression):
if (conditional expression):
statements
else:
statements
else:
statements

Example:

a = 15
b = 20
c = 12
if (a > b and a > c):
print(a, "is greatest")
elif (b > c and b > a):
print(b, " is greatest")
else:
print(c, "is greatest")

Loops in Python
A loop or iteration statement repeatedly executes a statement, known as the loop
body, until the controlling expression is false (0).
for Loop
The for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence, such as a
list or a string, one by one.

for <variable> in <sequence>:

statements_to_repeat

Example:

for i in range(1, 101, 1):

print(i)

while Loop
A while loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within itself
as long as a conditional remains true.

while <logical-expression>:
loop-body

Example:

i = 1
while (i <= 100):
print(i)
i = i + 1

break Statement
The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break
statement terminates the very loop it lies within.

for <var> in <sequence>:

statement1
if <condition>:
break
statement2
statement_after_loop

Example:

for i in range(1, 101, 1):

print(i, end=" ")
if (i == 50):
break
else:
print("Mississippi")
print("Thank you")

continue Statement
The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next
iteration to occur.

for <var> in <sequence>:

statement1
if <condition>:
continue
statement2
statement3
statement4
Example:

for i in [2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 0]:

if (i % 2 != 0):
continue
print(i)

Functions
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can pass
parameters into a function. It helps us to make our code more organized and
manageable.

Function Definition
def my_function():
# statements

def keyword is used before defining the function.

Function Call
my_function()

Whenever we need that block of code in our program, simply call that function name
whenever needed. If parameters are passed during defining the function, we have to
pass the parameters while calling that function.

Example:

def add(): # function definition

a = 10
b = 20
print(a + b)
add() # function call

Return Statement in Python Function

The function return statement returns the specified value or data item to the
caller.

return [value/expression]

Arguments in Python Function

Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function while
defining as well as while calling.

def my_function(arg1, arg2, arg3, ...argn):

# statements
my_function(arg1, arg2, arg3, ...argn)

Example:

def add(a, b):

return a + b
x = add(7, 8)
print(x)

File Handling
File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Python provides some
functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.

open() Function
var_name = open("file name", "mode")

Modes
r - to read the content from file
w - to write the content into file
a - to append the existing content into file
r+ - To read and write data into the file. The previous data in the file will be
overridden.
w+ - To write and read data. It will override existing data.
a+ - To append and read data from the file. It won’t override existing data.
close() Function
var_name.close()

read() Function
The read functions contain different methods: read(), readline(), and readlines().

read() # return one big string

It returns a list of lines:

readlines() # returns a list

It returns one line at a time:

readline() # returns one line at a time

write() Function
This function writes a sequence of strings to the file.

write() # Used to write a fixed sequence of characters to a file

It is used to write a list of strings:

writelines()

Exception Handling
An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of
a program.

try and except

A basic try-catch block in Python. When the try block throws an error, the control
goes to the except block.

try:
[Statement body block]
raise Exception()
except Exceptionname:
[Error processing block]

else
The else block is executed if the try block has not raised any exception and the
code has been running successfully.

try:
# statements
except:
# statements
else:
# statements
finally
The finally block will be executed even if the try block of code has been running
successfully or the except block of code has been executed. The finally block of
code will be executed compulsorily.

Object Oriented Programming (OOPS)

It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes.
The objects can be any real-world entities.

class
The syntax for writing a class in Python:

class class_name:
pass # statements

Creating an Object
Instantiating an object can be done as follows:

<object-name> =

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