HOME WORK FOR WINTER VACATION

Programs

SUBMITTED BY: SHEHER YAR

GUIDED BY: SIR ABDUL SABOOR SB
SESSION: 2024-2025
CLASS: F. SC (Part II)
Starting date: 01|01|2025
Submission date:

(Include all c++ topics with linked codes, problems

and key points)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
C++ PROGRAMMING
1. First code:............................................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Boilerplate Code: ................................................................................................................................................. 3
3. Comments: ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
4. Variables: ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
5. Data types and variable sizes: .............................................................................................................................. 4
6. Type casting and conversion: ............................................................................................................................... 4
7. Post/pre Unary increment operators: ................................................................................................................. 4
Post unary increment operator: ................................................................................................................................... 4
Pre unary increment operator: ..................................................................................................................................... 5
8. Conditional statements:....................................................................................................................................... 5
Q: to check for UPPER/lower case: ........................................................................................................................... 5
9. Loops: ................................................................................................................................................................... 5
While loop: .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Do while loop: ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
For loop: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Q: calculating odd sum up to n: ................................................................................................................................ 6
Q: checking for a number whether it is prime or not: .............................................................................................. 7
Q: calculating n factorial: .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Q: Sum of all numbers up to n which are divisible by 3. ........................................................................................... 8
Nested loops: ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Patterns: .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
N numbers of stars in n number of lines: ............................................................................................................. 8
1 to N for N numbers of lines: ............................................................................................................................... 8
Continue n Numbers for N lines: .......................................................................................................................... 9
N characters in N lines: ......................................................................................................................................... 9

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C++ PROGRAMING:
First code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<<"my name is sheheryar”<<endl;
return 0;
}

 We can write endl or “\n” in the last. Usually “\n" refers to write the code in next.
 “;” is a terminator.
 “{}” includes the block of code.

Boilerplate Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){

return 0;
}

Comments:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
// I am comment
return 0;
}

Variables:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
// variables:
int a = 14;
char grade = 'A';
return 0;
}

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  Variables are the containers which stores data precedes by its data type in c++.

Data types and variable sizes:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
// data types its size:
int a = 14; // 4 bytes
char grade = 'A'; // 1 bytes
float PI = 3.14f; // 4 bytes
bool isTrue = true; // 1 bytes
double price = 100.99; // 8 bytes
// i.e:
bool isSafe = true;
cout<<sizeof(isSafe)<<endl; // returns size is = 1.
return 0;
}

 For “float PI = 3.14f”, Generally without “f” the compiler assumes that it is a double datatype. We
must have to write the f at the end to make it float datatype. Float and Double have just the
difference of size.

Type casting and conversion:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = 5;
int b = 2;
cout<<(a/(float)b)<<endl; // giving output 2 because: int /int = int now type
casting;
return 0; // now it gives 2.5 bc int / float = float
}

 Casting is explicit conversion means the type conversion in which we convert big data type to
small while conversion is opposite.

Post/pre Unary increment operators:

Post unary increment operator:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x = 2; //unary post increment operator
int y = x++; //work then update so y = 2, but x = 3
cout<<"y is :"<<y<<endl;
cout<<"x is :"<<x<<endl;

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 return 0;
}
 x++ means first work then update

Pre unary increment operator:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x = 2; //unary pre increment operator
int y = ++x; //update(incr) then work(assign) so y = 3, but x = 3
cout<<"y is :"<<y<<endl;
cout<<"x is :"<<x<<endl;
return 0;
}

 ++x means first increasing then assigning

Conditional statements:
Q: to check for UPPER/lower case:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
char ch;
cout<<"Enter character:"<<endl;
cin>>ch;
conditional statements
if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') {
cout<<"Lowercase\n";
} else{
cout<<"Uppercase\n";
}
// or
if (ch >= 65 && ch <= 90){ //conversion by ASCII VALUE
cout<<"upper case\n";
} else{
cout<<"lower case\n";
}

return 0;
}

Loops:
While loop:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {

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 // LOOPS
int n;
cout<<"Enter the number";
cin>>n;
int i= 1;
while(i <= n){
cout<<i<<" ";
i++;
}
return 0;
}

Do while loop:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// LOOPS
int n;
cout<<"Enter the number";
cin>>n;
int i= 1;
do
{
cout<<i<<" ";
i++;
} while (i<= n);

return 0;
}
 The difference between while and do while is that do while always do something either the
condition is true or false and for while vice versa.

For loop:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// LOOPS
for(int i=0; i<= 4; i++){
cout<<i<<" ";
}
return 0;
}

Q: calculating odd sum up to n:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {

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 // LOOPS
int n = 10;
int oddSum = 0;
for(int i=0; i<= n; i++){
if( i%2 != 0){
oddSum += i;
}
}
cout<<"Odd sum is: "<<oddSum;
return 0;
}

Q: checking for a number whether it is prime or not:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// LOOPS
int n = 11;
bool isPrime = true;
for(int i=2; i<= n-1; i++){
if( n % i == 0){
isPrime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isPrime == true){
cout<<"Prime no.";
} else{
cout<<"Not prime";
}
return 0;
}

Q: calculating n factorial:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// LOOPS
int n;
cout<<"Enter the no: "<<endl;
cin>>n;
int fact = 1;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++){
fact *= i;
}
cout<<fact<<endl;
return 0;
}

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Q: Sum of all numbers up to n which are divisible by 3.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// LOOPS
int n;
cout<<"Enter the no: ";
cin>>n;
int sum = 0;
for(int i=1; i<=n; i++){
if(i % 3 == 0){
sum += i;
}
}
cout<<"The sum is: "<<sum<<endl;
return 0;
}

Nested loops:
Patterns:
N numbers of stars in n number of lines:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
//NESTED LOOPS
int n = 5;
for(int i=1; i<=n; i++) { //control no's of lines
int m = 5;
for(int j=1; j<=m; j++){ //control no's of items
cout<<"*";
}
cout<<endl;
}

return 0;
}

1 to N for N numbers of lines:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
//NESTED LOOPS
int n = 4;
for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
int num = 1; // defining var here shows that
for(int j=1; j<=n; j++){ // for every iteration of inner loop will starts up.
cout<<num<<" ";
num++;
}
cout<<endl;
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 }
}

Continue n Numbers for N lines:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
//NESTED LOOPS
int n = 4;
int num = 1;// defining var here shows that for every iteration of inner loop will
continue.
for(int i=0; i<n; i++){

for(int j=1; j<=n; j++){

cout<<num<<" ";
num++; // loop breaks here on value 4.
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
 In previous two codes, there is just difference in declaration of “num” variable (as highlighted above). In first
code, the variable resets its value due to its limit to inner loop.
 When we declare the same variable initialize first at outer loop, it doesn’t get reset because it is outside of
the loop’s iteration.

N characters in N lines:
##include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int n = 5;
char ch = 'A';
for( int i=0; i<n ; i++){
for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
cout<<ch<<" ";
ch++;
if(ch > 90){ //repeating after z and implicitly converted;
ch = 'A';
}
}
cout<<endl;
}
}

 By changing variable “ch” will print continue alphabets.

Continuous CHARACTERS in triangular shape:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n = 7;
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 char ch = 'A';
for( int i=0; i<n ; i++){
for(int j=0; j<i+1; j++){
cout<<ch<<" ";
ch++;
if(ch > 90){ //repeating after z and implicitly converted;
ch = 'A';
}
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
 In the inner loop , the “j” is relating with “I” rather than n.

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