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 Cod
i
Clu ng
Python b

Next
Steps level 2
Chris Roffey
 Cod
i
Clu ng
Python b

Next
Steps level 2
Chris Roffey
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107623255
© Cambridge University Press 2013
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2013
Reprinted 2013
Printed in Poland by Opolgraf
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-107-62325-5 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Introduction 4

Chapter 1: Data types 7

Chapter 2: Building GUIs 21

Chapter 3: Designing a simple calculator 36

Chapter 4: A fully working calculator 47

Chapter 5: Customising the calculator 61

Bonus chapter: Algorithms 74

Taking things further 90

Appendix 1: Some key bits of information 91

Appendix 2: Binary numbers 94

Appendix 3: Calculator functions source code 96

Glossary and index 99

The Quick Quiz answers 105

Acknowledgements 106
Contents 3
Introduction
Who is this book for?
This book is the Level 2 core book in the Coding Club series of books. To get the most out
of this title, you should be familiar with the Python 3 programming language and know
about variables, while loops and if, elif and else statements. Therefore, we advise that you
first read Python Basics before reading this book. Python: Next steps is aimed at 12–13 year
olds but is accessible to older children and even adults who want to learn about computer
programming.

Why should you choose this book?

This book explains important principles while helping you build useful short projects. We
want you, the reader, to learn not only how to make the programs in this book but also
how to design your own. We want you to be able to write programs well, so that if you take
it further and become the inventor of the next Google you will not have to unlearn bad
programming habits.

Introduction 4
What you need?
Any computer can run Python 3. If your computer does not already have Python 3 installed
there is a section on the companion website (www.codingclub.co.uk) that guides you through
the installation. This takes about five minutes! That is all you need to get started.

Start files for all the projects in the book are available to download from the companion
website so you do not get lost in the bigger projects. There are also finished files for each
project, should you get stuck, and answers to the puzzles and challenges.

How to use this book

You should read this book carefully and build all the main projects in order. At the end of
each chapter there are further ideas, and challenges that you can think of as ‘mini quests’.
Some readers will want to work through them all so that they understand everything all the
time. Some of you will probably prefer to rush through and get to the end. Which approach
is best? The one you are most comfortable with is the best approach for you. If you are being
guided by a teacher, you should trust their judgement so that you can get the most help out
of them as possible.

There are four ways in which this book tries to help you to learn:

1 Typing in the code – this is important as it gets you to work through the code a line at a
time (like computers do) and will help you remember the details in the future.
2 Finding and fixing errors – error messages in Python give you some clues as to what has
gone wrong. Solving these problems yourself will help you to be a better programmer.
However, if you get stuck, the code can be downloaded from the companion website
(www.codingclub.co.uk).
Introduction 5
 3 Experimenting – feel free to experiment with the code you write. See what else you can
make it do. If you try all the challenges, puzzles and ideas, and generally play with the
code, this will help you learn how to write code like a professional.
4 Finally, this book will not only provide the code to build some pretty cool, short projects –
it will also teach you how the programs were designed. You can then use the same
methods to design your own applications.

A word of warning
You may be tempted to simply get the code off the website instead of typing it out yourself.
If you do this you will probably find that you cannot remember how to write code so easily
later. In this book you will only be asked to type small chunks of code at a time – remember
that this will help you understand every detail of each of your programs.

Introduction 6
Chapter 1
Data types
In this chapter you will:

• learn about data types

• learn about tuples, lists and dictionaries

• make a version of MyMagic8Ball that is much shorter than the one from Python Basics.

Data types
In Python Basics you learned about strings (bits of text), integers (whole numbers) and
I’m back!
floats (numbers with a decimal point). These are examples of data types. There are more!
In this chapter we will look at some new data types: tuples, lists and dictionaries. These new
data types are all called container data types because they store more than one piece of
data. For example, they can store several strings. They do so in different ways and have their
own advantages and disadvantages.

A string is rather like a container because it stores a whole sequence of letters or numbers (or
a mixture of both). In Python Basics we learned that there are several functions we can use on
strings. We can also use many of these functions on tuples, lists and dictionaries.
Chapter 1: Data types 7
Tuples
A tuple is the simplest of our new data types. They can store strings, integers and other data
types. Here is an example of a tuple that stores four strings, each separated by a comma:

my_tuple = ("one", "two", "three", "four")

Each value in a tuple is separated by a comma. Unlike variables, we cannot change what is
stored in a given tuple.

Each value in the tuple has an index starting from 0. So, print(my_tuple[1])for the
example above produces the output two. Look at how this works below.

Python 3.1.3 (r313:86834, Nov 28 2010, 10:01:07)

[GCC 4.4.5] on linux2
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
==== No Subprocess ====
>>> my_tuple = ("one", "two", "three", "four")
>>> print(my_tuple[0])
one
>>> print(my_tuple[1])
two
>>> print(my_tuple[2])
three
>>> print(my_tuple[3])
four
>>>

A tuple.
Chapter 1: Data types 8
MyMagic8Ball
In Python Basics we wrote a small application called MyMagic8Ball that used the random
module and the functions print(), input() and randint(). Here is the code:

Code Box 1.1

# My Magic 8 Ball

import random

# write answers
ans1="Go for it!"
ans2="No way, Jose!"
ans3="I'm not sure. Ask me again."
ans4="Fear of the unknown is what imprisons us."
ans5="It would be madness to do that!"
ans6="Only you can save mankind!"
ans7="Makes no difference to me, do or don't - whatever."
ans8="Yes, I think on balance that is the right choice."

print("Welcome to MyMagic8Ball.")

# get the user's question

question = input("Ask me for advice then press ENTER to shake me.\n")

(continues on the next page)

Chapter 1: Data types 9

print("shaking ...\n" * 4)

# use the randint() function to select the correct answer

choice=random.randint(1, 8)
if choice==1:
answer=ans1
elif choice==2:
answer=ans2
elif choice==3:
answer=ans3
elif choice==4:
answer=ans4
elif choice==5:
answer=ans5
elif choice==6:
answer=ans6
elif choice==7:
answer=ans7
else:
answer=ans8

# print the answer to the screen

print(answer)

input("\n\nPress the RETURN key to finish.")

Chapter 1: Data types 10

Now see how much easier and shorter the code is if we include a tuple:

Code Box 1.2

# My Magic 8 Ball

import random

# put answers in a tuple

answers = (
"Go for it!",
"No way, Jose!",
"I'm not sure. Ask me again.",
"Fear of the unknown is what imprisons us.",
"It would be madness to do that!",
"Only you can save mankind!",
"Makes no difference to me, do or don't - whatever.",
"Yes, I think on balance that is the right choice."
)

print("Welcome to MyMagic8Ball.")

# get the user's question

question = input("Ask me for advice then press ENTER to shake me.\n")

print("shaking ...\n" * 4)

# use the randint() function to select the correct answer

choice = random.randint(0, 7)

(continues on the next page)

Chapter 1: Data types 11

 # print the answer to the screen
print(answers[choice])

# exit nicely
input("\n\nPress the RETURN key to finish.")

Analysis of Code Box 1.2

If it has been a while since you read Python Basics, you might find it useful to type this code
into IDLE and think about it line by line. Here is what it does.

The import statement

We are going to use a function from Python’s random module so we need to import it.

The tuple

We have to separate the strings in the tuple answers with commas. Starting a new line after
each comma makes the code much easier to read.

The input() function

The input() function listens to the keyboard entry and waits for the return key to be
pressed. It then returns the keyboard input as a string, which we store in the variable
question.

Chapter 1: Data types 12

 question = input("Ask me for advice then press ENTER to shake me.\n") Are you are a bit confused
about when to use round brackets
and when to use square brackets?
variable name to access string that is printed out, Basically, when we create a tuple we
the keyboard input giving instructions to the user wrap its contents in round brackets.
Whenever we call an indexed value
from the tuple, we put the index
The randint() function (its position in the list) in square
brackets.
choice = random.randint(0, 7)

This line of code asks the randint() method in the random module to select a random
number from 0 to 7. This number is then stored in the variable called choice. (A method is
a function in a class.)

Finishing off

print(answers[choice])

This uses the random number choice as the index in the answers tuple. This line selects
the string that was randomly chosen from the tuple and prints it.

Experiment
The two scripts are available from the companion website
(www.codingclub.co.uk). Try them both out and check that they
do the same thing.

Chapter 1: Data types 13

Lists Hmm, the list is surrounded by
square brackets this time.
A list is another type of container. They are very similar to tuples except that they can be
altered. Think of tuples as quick, memory-efficient lists that cannot be altered by other code.
We cannot insert or delete items in tuples with our programs. There are, however, functions
to allow us to insert or delete items in lists. Lists are written like this:

my_list = ["one", "two", "three", "four"]

Just as with tuples, each value in the list has an index starting from 0 and each value is
separated by a comma.

Look at how this works in interactive mode:

>>> my_list = ["one", "two", "three", "four"]

Do you remember that interactive mode
>>> my_list[2] in Python means using the Python shell rather
'three' than saving and running a file? It is very
>>> my_tuple = ("one", "two", "three", "four") useful for running little experiments.
>>> my_tuple[2]
'three'
>>>

You can see that both a list and a tuple provide the same output. So, when would we use a
list instead of a tuple? We would choose a list rather than a tuple if we want our program to
add, remove or change an item within the list.

Chapter 1: Data types 14

 Quick Quiz 1.1
For each of the following say which is the best choice, a list or a tuple:
1 A place to store seven strings consisting of the days of the week (e.g. "Monday") that we
want to use in an application.
2 A place to store the full names of members of the Coding Club in an application we use to
keep track of who is still a club member.
3 A place to store the ten integer values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) of the keys used to
make a calculator app.

Silly me, I was confused

for a moment here as I
Dictionaries had forgotten that strings
always appear in speech
The last of our container data types is a dictionary. Dictionaries take a slightly marks and numbers do
different form. In dictionaries we supply our own indexes. Here, we call the index a key. not. So 1 is an integer but
"1" is a number stored
Keys can be strings, integers, floats or even tuples. Here is an example:
as a string!
key value

my_dictionary = {1:"cat", 2:"dog", 3:"horse", 4:"fish"}

or
key value

my_dictionary = {"1":"cat", "2":"dog", "3":"horse", "4":"fish"}

Chapter 1: Data types 15

Look at how this works in interactive mode:

>>> my_dictionary = {1:"one", 2:"two", 3:"three", 4:"four"}

>>> my_dictionary[2]
'two'
>>> my_dictionary = {"1":"one", "2":"two", "3":"three", "4":"four"}
>>> my_dictionary["2"]
'two'

You might have noticed that dictionaries require a different structure within the brackets to
assign keys to the values. They use a colon ‘:’ to separate the value from its key.

What’s with the brackets?

When we create a new container, Python provides us with a quick way of defining which
kind we require by our choice of brackets.

• If you want a tuple – wrap it in round brackets.

• If you want a list – use square brackets.

• If it’s a dictionary you are after – use curly brackets.

Chapter 1: Data types 16

 Delving Deeper
What’s the difference?
Strings, tuples and lists are all indexed ordered containers; the values are automatically given an index
based on the order in which they were input. Dictionaries have keys that you provide and the key–value
pairs are not stored in a particular order. Strings and tuples have their content set at creation and cannot be
changed by a program directly. Lists and dictionaries are containers in which the values can be added to and
changed in a variety of ways.
It is also possible to create empty containers like this:
my_string = ""
my_tuple = ()
my_list = []
my_dictionary = {}

Useful functions
Table 1.1 provides a list of useful functions you can use on strings, tuples, lists and
dictionaries. You can also find it in Appendix 1. The table assumes the following containers
have been created:

>>> s = "bar" # a string

>>> t = ("b", "a", "r") # a tuple
>>> l = ["b", "a", "r"] # a list
>>> d = {1:"b", 2:"a", 3:"r"} # a dictionary

Chapter 1: Data types 17

 Function Strings Tuples Lists Dictionaries
print all >>> print(s) >>> print(t) >>> print(l) >>> print(d)
bar ('b', 'a', 'r') ['b', 'a', 'r'] {1: 'b', 2: 'a', 3: 'r'}
print >>> print(s[2]) >>> print(t[2]) >>> print(l[2]) >>> print(d[2])
element r r r a
combine >>> a=s+"f" >>> a=t+("f",) >>> a=l+["f"]
>>> a >>> a >>> a
'barf' ('b', 'a', 'r', 'f') ['b', 'a', 'r', 'f']
add an Strings cannot Tuples cannot be >>> l.append("f") >>> d[4]="f"
element be altered. altered. >>> l >>> d[4]
['b', 'a', 'r', 'f'] 'f'
sort Strings cannot Tuples cannot be >>> l.sort() >>> sorted(d)
be altered. altered. >>> l ['1', '2', '3']
['a', 'b', 'r'] >>> sorted(d.values()) This table could be very
['a', 'b', 'r'] helpful when I write
delete an Strings cannot Tuples cannot be >>> del l[1] >>> del d[1] my own applications!
element be altered. altered. >>> l >>> i
['b', 'r'] {2:'a', 3:'r'}
replace Strings cannot Tuples cannot be >>> l[0]="c" >>> d[1]="c"
element be altered. altered. >>> l >>> print(d)
['c', 'a', 'r'] {1: 'c', 2: 'a', 3: 'r'}
find >>> i.find("b") >>> t.index("b") >>> l.index("b")
0 0 0
get >>> len(s) >>> len(t) >>> len(l) >>> len(d)
length 3 3 3 3

Table 1.1 Some useful functions.

s = "bar" # a string
t = ("b", "a", "r") # a tuple
l = ["b", "a", "r"] # a list
d = {1:"b", 2:"a", 3:"r"} # a dictionary
Chapter 1: Data types 18
 Quick Quiz 1.2
For each of the following say whether to choose a tuple, a list, or a dictionary:
1 A container to store the personal best times achieved by club swimmers in the 100m
freestyle such as: Mark: 65.34s, Freya: 68.04s, etc.
2 A container to store the months of the year.
3 A container to store the monthly rainfall data for London in 2012.
4 A container to store the names of the students who currently attend the chess club.

Chapter summary
In this chapter you have:

• learned more about data types

• learned about tuples, lists and dictionaries
• made a shorter version of MyMagic8Ball
• seen some of the different functions that can and cannot be used with the new It is always good
data types. to practise.

We will explore these new data types further in this book. Here are just a few ideas
that will help you refresh your coding skills from Python Basics. (As dictionaries are the
hardest to use, we will wait until you have learned a little bit more before providing any
puzzles involving them.)

Chapter 1: Data types 19

Puzzle
Write a new version of MyMagic8Ball using a list instead of a tuple. It should work in exactly
the same way if you get it right because lists can do everything tuples can and more.

Challenge
This is a challenge from Python Basics so although you may be a bit rusty you should be
able to manage it. Hopefully it brings back happy memories for you.
1 Add some code to myMagic8Ball2.py (Code Box 1.2) so that the Magic8Ball says “Hi”
and asks for the user’s name at the start of the game.
2 It should then store the input in a variable such as user_name.
3 Change the code so that the Magic8Ball talks to the user using their name. At the end
for example, it could say: “Thanks for playing, [Name]. Please press the RETURN key to
finish.”
You are destined to
There are several ways to do this. become a famous computer
To see one answer go to www.codingclub.co.uk/book2_resources.php. scientist one day!

Idea
Change the Magic8Ball game into a fortune cookie game. You could call it
myFortuneCookie.py.

Chapter 1: Data types 20

Chapter 2
Building GUIs
In this chapter you will:

• practise using tuples and dictionaries

• revise how to use tkinter and learn about using widgets

• build a graphical user interface (GUI)

• build a glossary application.

Chapter 2: Building GUIs 21

MyGlossary
A graphical user interface (GUI) is, very simply, the ‘screen’ that allows a user to interact
with their computer through graphics such as menus and buttons. You are now going to
build a small GUI application of your own using tkinter.

In the source code downloaded from the companion website, in the folder for Chapter 2,
you will find a file called myGlossary_Start.py. This file provides you with outline source
code for a glossary application containing the complete glossary for this book. This is also
provided for reference in Code Box 2.1.

Code Box 2.1

# myGlossary_Start.py

from tkinter import *

# key press function:

##### main:
window = Tk()
window.title("My Coding Club Glossary")

# create label

# create text entry box

# Add a submit button:

Chapter 2: Building GUIs 22

 # create another label It is useful to be able to
choose whether to wrap
strings in single or double
# create text box speech marks. Don’t
forget to be consistent in
# The dictionary: your code though.
my_glossary = {
'algorithm': 'Step by step instructions to perform a task that a
computer could understand.',
'bug': 'A piece of code that is causing a program to fail to run
properly or at all.',
'binary number': 'A number represented in base 2.'
}

##### Run mainloop

window.mainloop()

The glossary has been stored as a dictionary data type. The key is the glossary word and the
value is the definition.

e.g. 'function': 'A reusable piece of code'

key value

We have used single speech marks rather than the usual double ones so that we can use
double speech marks in the definitions without having to escape them all.

Chapter 2: Building GUIs 23

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