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Characteristics: Theoretically Predicted Phase Diagram of Carbon, From 1989 and Updated With Newer Work

Carbon exists in several allotropes, primarily graphite and diamond, which differ in atomic arrangement and physical properties. It is known for its ability to form stable chemical bonds and has the highest sublimation point of all elements, sublimes at about 3,900 K. The liquid and gaseous phases of carbon are less studied, with the liquid phase existing only at extremely high temperatures and pressures.

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3 views2 pages

Characteristics: Theoretically Predicted Phase Diagram of Carbon, From 1989 and Updated With Newer Work

Carbon exists in several allotropes, primarily graphite and diamond, which differ in atomic arrangement and physical properties. It is known for its ability to form stable chemical bonds and has the highest sublimation point of all elements, sublimes at about 3,900 K. The liquid and gaseous phases of carbon are less studied, with the liquid phase existing only at extremely high temperatures and pressures.

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ABHISHEK CHAKRABORTY
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Characteristics

Theoretically predicted
phase diagram of carbon, from 1989 and updated with newer work[19]
Carbon in its solid state exists in several allotropes, including graphite, a soft, black,
and slippery material, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance. This
variation in physical properties arises from differences in atomic arrangement:
graphite consists of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms, while diamond
features a rigid three-dimensional lattice.[20]

Chemically, carbon is notable for its ability to form stable chemical bonds with many
elements, particularly with other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple
stable covalent bonds with suitable multivalent atoms. Carbon is a component
element in the large majority of all chemical compounds, with about two hundred
million examples having been described in the published chemical literature.
[18]
Carbon also has the highest sublimation point of all elements. At atmospheric
pressure it has no melting point, as its triple point is at 10.8 ± 0.2 megapascals
(106.6 ± 2.0 atm; 1,566 ± 29 psi) and 4,600 ± 300 K (4,330 ± 300 °C;
7,820 ± 540 °F),[5][6] so it sublimes at about 3,900 K (3,630 °C; 6,560 °F).[21][22]

Compared to its well-known solid allotropes, the liquid and gaseous phases of
carbon are far less studied. In the vapor phase, some of the carbon is in the form of
highly reactive diatomic carbon dicarbon (C2). When excited, this gas glows green.[23]
[24]
The liquid phase of carbon is a dark, mobile, and reflective liquid that can only
exist above 4,000 K (3,730 °C; 6,740 °F) and under pressures exceeding
100 atmospheres.[25]

Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state electron configuration of 1s22s22p2,


of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. Its first four ionisation
energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of
the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly
higher than the heavier group-14 elements (1.8–1.9), but close to most of the nearby
nonmetals, as well as some of the second- and third-row transition metals.
Carbon's covalent radii are normally taken as 77.2 pm (C−C), 66.7 pm (C=C) and
60.3 pm (C≡C), although these may vary depending on coordination number and
what the carbon is bonded to. In general, covalent radius decreases with lower
coordination number and higher bond order.[26]

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