Chapter 16 - Curved Graph

Curves in Real life…………….

>>>>>>>>>> Can represented by a mathematical equation………………..

1. Quadratic equation

>>> Highest degree/power = 2

Difference between plotting a graph and sketching a graph?????

Plotting – find the ordered pair of coordinates (x,y), plot the points, then accurate drawing…

Sketching – no need to find the ordered pair of coordinates, using key points or features, draw a rough
shape of the curve

------------------ Understanding the quadratic equation -----------------------

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 Finding the coordinate pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)

for different values of 𝑥, find corresponding values of 𝑦

𝑥 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 12 5 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5 12 21
CASE 1:

Solve the equation (using basic algebra)

0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 OR 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

What do we understand from the above equation???

Finding the values of 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0
How we solve the quadratic equation to find the 2 values of 𝑥 (why 2
values)
(Using Quadratic formula / mid-term splitting method / completing the square method)

𝑥 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1

Can we SOLVE 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 using the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

When 𝑦 = 0, find the value of 𝑥 in the graph

𝑥 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1

………………..X – intercept (point where the graph crosses the x axis) …………………

------------------ on x axis, all values on y = 0 ------------------------------------

 Different perspective:

0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 OR 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

In the above equation, 𝑦 = 0

What is graph of 𝑦 = 0 ????
It is the x – axis
Visualize 0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 as 2 equations

1st linear equation, y = 0

2nd non linear equation y = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Find the point of intersection of the linear graph y = 0 (x axis) and the quadratic graph (non
linear graph) of 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦

x axis (graph of y = 0)

>>>>> point of intersection of the 2 graph are the x intercepts………….. 𝑥 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1

TEST : What is graph of 𝑥 = 0 ????

Ans::::

CASE 2:

Solve the equation? Using basic algebra

5 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 OR 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 5

What do we understand from the above equation????

Finding the values of 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 5
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 5
How?????

We manipulate the equation

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 5

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 −5 = 5 − 5

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

Solve the quadratic equation to find the 2 values of 𝒙

𝑥 = −4, 2

Can we SOLVE 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 5 using the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Do we see 2 equations:

𝑦 = 5 and y = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
Hint is draw the graph of y = 5

Y=5

𝑥 = −4, 2
 Characteristics of Quadratic graph..

A B

C
D

******** Look at the shape of the graph and the 4 letters ****************

Graph of quadratic equation is known as Quadratic graph..

𝑦 =

a) Shape: PARABOLA

U shaped if a > 0
Ex: y = x2 + 5x + 6 ( a = 1)
Shaped if a < 0
Ex: y = − x2 + 5x + 6 (a = -1)
b) Y intercept (C)
Point where the graph passes thru the y axis.
 How to find y intercept from the given equation.
Put x = 0 and find value of y
Ex: y = x2 + 5x + 6
Y intercept = (0, 6) Why????

c) X intercept ( A and B ) also known as the roots of the equation.

Point where the graph passes thru the x axis.
How to find x intercept from the given equation.
Put y = 0 and find the 2 values of x.
y = x2 + 5x + 6
0 = x2 + 5x + 6 (y = 0)
(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 (mid-term splitting or any any other method))
(-2, 0) and (-3, 0) >>>> x intercepts
NOTE: There might be cases where the quadratic equation does not have
any x intercepts.
y = x2 + 5x + 5
Hint: if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, the equation will not have any x intercept

d) Vertex / Turning point (D) >>>> ONLY FOR EXTENDED

How to find the vertex or the turning point from a quadratic equation.
1st method:
𝑏
The x coordinate of the turning point = −
2𝑎

To find y, put the value of x found above in the equation.

 Ex: y = x2 + 5x + 6 (a = 1, b = 5, c = 6)
5
x=− = −2.5
2𝑋1

𝑦 = (−2.5)2 + 5(−2.5) + 6 = − 0.25

Vertex / Turning point is (−𝟐. 𝟓, −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)
2nd method
Using completing the square method, we can find the Turning
point or vertex.
Rewrite the given equation in the following form
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑝)2 + 𝑞
Where (−𝑝, 𝑞) is the turning point.

Ex: y = x2 + 5x + 6 (a = 1)
5
p = = 2.5 (b = 5)
2

q = −p2 + c
= −2.52 + 6 (c = 6)
= −0.25
x2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 2.5)2 - 0.25
Turning point is (−𝟐. 𝟓, −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)

Ex: y = 2x2 + 9x + 10
y = x2 + 4.5x + 5 (divide by co eff of x2 )
Now write in 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑝)2 + 𝑞
Local Maximum and Local minimum
The turning can either be a local maximum or a local minimum…

U shaped -------- Turning point is Minimum. WHY???

n shaped -------- Turning point is Maximum. WHY???

e) Line of symmetry

Equation of the line of symmetry from the Turning point

𝑥 = 𝑥 coordinate of the turning point

x = -1
x=4
Sketching a quadratic graph………

Given a quadratic equation, y = x2 + 9x + 20

1) Identify shape = U shaped
2) Find the y intercept = (0,20)
3) Find the x intercept = ( -4, 0) ( -5 , 0)
4) Find turning point = (-4.5, -0.25)
5) Sketch the parabola
Graphical solution
Given a graph, find the value of y given x or vice versa..
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 is given below:

Find value of 𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = −𝟒

Find values of 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 𝟓
Solve the simultaneous linear and non-linear equation graphically:

Rewrite the 1st equation 𝑦 = 7 – 2𝑥 (𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 format)

Make table of values
x 0 1
y 7 5

For the 2nd equation.

Make a table of values

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y -10 -13 -6
Practice Question:

Ans:
Ans:

NOTE: when finding the value of y, replace the value of x in the original equation
(one that has been reduced to the standard quadratic equation and not on the
simplified or equivalent equation).

x = - (-4)/2(-1) = -2
y = -(-2)2 - 4(-2) – 5 = -1
NOTE: REARRANGE/MANIPULATE THE EQUATION IN SUCH A WAY THAT WE GET
THE FOLLOWING FORM
EQUATION OF THE GIVEN GRAPH = EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Or
EQUATION OF THE GIVEN GRAPH = CONSTANT VALUE
EX: (c)

Subtract 2 from LHS and RHS of the above equation

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 6 − 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 4
EQUATION OF THE GIVEN GRAPH = CONSTANT VALUE
We see 2 equations
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
and
𝑦 = 4
Now simply draw the graph of y = 4, find the point of intersection of the given
curved graph and the straight line graph of y = 4 to find the solutions.

Solution: x = 3, -2 when y = 4
Deriving equation from the quadratic graph (EXTENDED)
Practice Question:

Ans:

Key points when plotting the quadratic or any curved graph…..

a) Always take smaller values of x
(-3.5, -3, -2.5, -2, -1.5. -1, 0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5)
b) Input x values should in the range −𝑛 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑛
 BONUS QUESTIONS…
Graph of y = x2

Graph of y = -x2
Q. Solution from graph for

and graph of
𝑦 < 4
ANS:
Simply draw graph of y = 4

Solution:::: −2 < 𝑥 > 3