Module 1 - Introduction

By:
Dr Amit Sharma

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• Course Code: SECE2240
• Course Name: Computer Networks

• Teaching & Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme (Hours/Week) Examination Scheme (Marks)

Theory Practical Tutorial

Theory Practical Tutorial Credit Total
CE ESE CE ESE CE ESE

3 2 0 4 40 60 40 60 0 0 200

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 Course Content
Section I
Module Content Hours Weightage

1 Introduction
Overview of network and data communication, types of Networks, Network Topology,
Protocol hierarchies, and design issues of layers Interfaces, and services. Reference 04 10
Model: The OSI reference model, TCP/IP reference model, network standards.
2 Physical Layer
Transmission media, Data and transmission techniques, Multiplexing, Asynchronous
Communication, Wireless transmission, ISDN, ATM, Cellular Radio, Switching techniques 07 15
issues.
3 Data Link Layer
Layer design issues, services provided to network layers, Framing, Error control, and Flow
07 15
control, Data link control and protocols – Simplex protocol, sliding window protocol,
Utopia, Stop N Wait, Automatic Repeat Request. Go Back N, Selective Repeat Protocols.
4 Medium Access Sub Layer
Channel Allocations, Multiple Access protocols- ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD protocols,
Collision-free protocols, Limited contention protocols, LAN architectures, IEEE 802 and 05 10
OSI, Ethernet (CSMA/CD), Bus, Token Ring, DQDB, FDDI, Bridges and recent
developments.
 Course Content
Section II
Module Content
Hours Weightage

5 Network Layer
A network Layer design issue, Routing algorithms, and protocols – OSPF, BGP,
09 20
RIP, Congestion Control Algorithms, Internetworking – IPV4 & IPV6, Addressing,
N/W Layer Protocols, and subnets.
6 Transport Layer
Transport services, Design issues, transport layer protocols – TCP & UDP, 07 15
Congestion Control, QOS and its improvement.
7 Application Layer
Client-Server Model, WWW, HTTP, DNS, DHCP, FTP, and Email Protocol – IMAP, 06 15
POP3, SMTP

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 Books
1. Data Communication and Networking By Behrouz A.
Forouzan Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
2. Computer Network By Andrew S. Tanenbaum,PHI,1996
3. Data and Computer Communication By William Stalling,
Prentice Hall Publication

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 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data. Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

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Five Components of Data Communication

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Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 NETWORKS
• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected
by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.

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 Network Criteria
• Performance
– Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and
response time.
– Performance is often evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput
and delay.
• Reliability
– network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it
takes a link to recover from a failure.
• Security
– Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access.

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 Types of connections :
point-to-point and multipoint

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 Applications of Computer Network
Email Services Teleconferencing

Business &Finance File &Directory Services

& Many More….

1
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 Network Topologies
• Network topology is the arrangement of the various
components(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
• Types of network topologies:
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. Hybrid
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 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

• Point-to-point connection to
other devices or fully connected.
• Traffic is carried only between
two connected devices.
• Robust
• Advantage of privacy/security
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• More cable resource used in set
up.
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 A star topology connecting four stations

• Computers are connected to a single central

hub through a cable.
• Less expensive than mesh.
• Easy to troubleshoot and Easy to set up and
modify.
• Easy to add new nodes/delete previous
nodes.
• Robustness-only that node is affected
which has failed, rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• If the Hub goes down, whole network will
fail.

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 A bus topology connecting three stations

• Every computer and network device is connected to single cable.

• It transmits data only in one direction
• Cost effective
• Used in small networks
• Easy to expand joining two cables together
• It is used in early LAN connection 16
 A ring topology connecting six stations

• It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the

last one connected to the first.
• Transmission is unidirectional & sequential way that is bit by bit.
• Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more
nodes.

• Cheap to install and expand. 17

 Tree Topology
• It has a root node and all other
nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy.
• Also called hierarchical topology
• Mostly used in Wide Area Network
– WAN
• Expansion of nodes is possible and
easy
• Easily managed and maintained.
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 A hybrid topology:
a star backbone with three bus networks

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 Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every Each computer is Allthecomputers Allthenetwork It has a root
computer connected to are connected to nodes are node and all
and network another, with the asingle hub through connected to other nodes
device is last one connected a cable. each other. are connected
connected to to the first. to it forming
single cable. a hierarchy.
Cost Average Cheap High High High
Used in Small Expand Network Small Network Expand Expand
Network Network Network
Troublesh Easy, But Difficult; Failure of Easy; Difficult; Easy;
oot Cables one computer If the hub fails Installation Central root
fail disturbs the whole then the whole and hub fails,
then whole network. network is down. configuration network fails.
network fails. is difficult.
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 Types of Computer Network
• Computer Network can be categorized by their size as well as
their purpose.
• The size of a network can be expressed by their geographic
area.
• Some of the different networks based on size are:
1. Local Are Network – LAN
2. Metropolitan Area Network – MAN
3. Wide Area Network - WAN
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 Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as a
residence, school, laboratory, university campus or
officebuilding.

2
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2 Networks 22
 An isolated LAN in the past and today

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 Metropolitan Area Network
• A metropolitan area network(MAN) is a computer network that interconnects with
computer in ametropolitan area like city.
• MAN is a larger than LANbut smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
• It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.

Hajira Katargam

Piplod

Udhna

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 Wide Area Network
• A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that exists over a
large-scale geographicalarea.
• AWANconnects different networks, including local area networks (LAN)and
metropolitan area networks (MAN).
• It maybe located with in a state or a countryor it maybe interconnected
around the world.

Asia

America

Africa

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WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Internetwork

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 Types of Computer Networks -Summary

28
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 Types of Computer Networks -Summary
Basis Of Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network
Meaning A network that connects a It covers relatively large It spans large locality &
group of computers in a region such as cities, towns connects countries
small geographical area together. e.g. Internet
Ownership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public (VPN)

Design and Easy Difficult Difficult

Maintenance
Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long
Speed High Moderate Low
Equipment Used NIC,Switch,Hub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio
Transmitter &Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km

Used for College, School, Hospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent
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 Switching
• An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects
at least two links together.
• A switch needs to forward data from a network to another
network when required.
• The two most common types of switched networks are circuit-
switched and packet-switched networks

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 Circuit-Switched Network
• In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated connection, called
a circuit, is always available between the two end systems; the
switch can only make it active or inactive.

• A circuit-switched network is efficient only when it is working at its full

capacity; most of the time, it is inefficient because it is working at
partial capacity.
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 Packet-Switched Network
• In a computer network, the communication between the two ends is
done in blocks of data called packets.
• In other words, instead of the continuous communication we see
between two telephone sets when they are being used, we see the
exchange of individual data packets between the two computers

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 The Internet today

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 What is Protocol?
Protocol is define format,
order of message sent and
received among network
entities, and actions taken
on message transmission
and reception

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 LAYERED TASKS

•When communication is simple(communication between two person), we

may need only one simple protocol; when the communication is complex,
we may need to divide the task between different layers.

•We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us consider
two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a
letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services available from
the post office.

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Three Layer Protocol

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 Logical Connections

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 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in
different layers) used in the Internet today.
• It is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules,
each of which provides a specific functionality.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four software
layers built upon the hardware.
• Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model.

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 Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite

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 Communication through an internet

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 Logical connections between layers of the
TCP/IP protocol suite

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Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite

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 Physical layer

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Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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 Physical Layer
• Carries the bit stream over a physical media
• Physical layer is concerned with:
– Interface and Medium like guided cables
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Physical Topology
– Transmission mode

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Data link layer

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Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
(Hop to Hop Delivery – Physical Address(MAC address) is used)

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 Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer is concerned with:
– Framing – divide bit stream into data units(frame)
– Physical addressing
– Flow Control – avoid over overwhelming
– Error control – bit loses, retransmission
– Access Control

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Hop-to-hop delivery

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Network layer

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Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
(Host to Host Delivery – IP address is Used)

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 Network Layer
• In this layer, packet is combined with header and data.
• In case of data link layer, packet delivers on the same
network.
• If two different networks are connected then packet is
concern with network layer.
• Network layer is concerned with:
Logical addressing e.g. 192.168.1.1 (IP Address)
Routing

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Source-to-destination delivery

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Application layer

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 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

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 Application Layer
This layer provides various services like:
Network virtual terminal
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services

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 Encapsulation and Decapsulation

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 Addressing in TCP/IP protocol suite

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 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

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 OSI
• Established in 1947, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards.
• Almost three-fourths of the countries in the world are
represented in the ISO.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
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 The OSI model

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 OSI versus TCP/IP

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 Exercise
• Assume a system uses five protocol layers. If the application
program creates a message of 100 bytes and each layer
(including the fifth and the first) adds a header of 10 bytes to
the data unit, what is the efficiency (the ratio of application
layer bytes to the number of bytes transmitted) of the
system?

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• Match the following to one or more layers of the TCP/IP
protocol suite:
a. route determination
b. connection to transmission media
c. providing services for the end user
d. creating user datagrams
e. responsibility for handling frames between adjacent nodes
f. transforming bits to electromagnetic signals

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 Exercise
• Assume that a private internet requires that the messages at
the application layer be encrypted and decrypted for security
purposes. If we need to add some information about the
encryption/decryption process (such as the algorithms used
in the process), does it mean that we are adding one layer to
the TCP/IP protocol suite? Redraw the TCP/IP layers if you
think so.

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