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Programming in C

The document discusses the concept of functions in programming, including their declaration, parameters, and usage. It explains how functions improve code reliability, facilitate debugging, and allow for code reuse. Additionally, it covers various types of functions, including mathematical and string functions, and the advantages of using recursion in programming.

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23 views49 pages

Programming in C

The document discusses the concept of functions in programming, including their declaration, parameters, and usage. It explains how functions improve code reliability, facilitate debugging, and allow for code reuse. Additionally, it covers various types of functions, including mathematical and string functions, and the advantages of using recursion in programming.

Uploaded by

prabhavathi.n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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T Fa chow at Bf S=120 eee Cyacked jo = Rewuion Reduces coda 7 Con Aolve prablims _ eons voy wohile ks akoiatine Avtdion Je Voy Big ond tomple ~> \pcearsa the seadabili hee 2 Helps an tode reuaarbilily —Disodvaninget 1 > Rewwwien uses move Mamerg: > In suuisein 3 stalumnent: o Amare inal Alaliment jb must to ovoid. Re |, Rein ys more puso # fine Ramer Aes in amis aan cya 0 aundows tand and bend Siwe Series: Sto OD = 9-7" / 3) + 2° oa mes a as 7 > > Au Ye Shabiometa Jn clo pant sitll exeaidt etleast onde > The Stalimants ip olopank aud exauile for the And kore Ushen the tonditien in The while | sep Wy Tue. and umbinws unfull the ’ Condittan fails AF indludec stcio he indlucle conto: hy +E induce 4 malkh > AF apne PL 3142. INE arn C) 4 ink is degree 5 ploak x, Aum=o, hewn , nume denos chiser 05 os : prt “Enter the Vola of clagreet »% Acar (r7-d", 2 degres ds 4 ao x = degree # CPi/\go) 3x To Lonvoct dagaat to Raduans Tume = % 5 Gores ton He deno = '5 1) Teas do ent foun = nuns 05 nuume = = pure F9E% % § dno = deno #) * C495 et pum = Sum + foun; NY ; +148 ' guch 69; J ushile (Jabs Clown’) 7= 0: oose!); | 4 J] Pung (“the sue yy “dis Bed Prunts (8 the sude tuncin m2 A.1S Latin", dnaners Str dls — Entin the Value a The Sue & Be is 30 0-500 The Aue fundzan 8 30 ona. Jibrreny 15 Q.500 2 ponreRs: ( Barebone of ©~Prigramon'y ) — pointer ancther Vvartable + — Since pointer Uo alse a lend of Vari ftsel will a a be Stored at dagperent emery OTS Bons Ca Variable which stores the address of able, thus peinber location: - Ts Variables: ypes of ; 4 ’ ' > = le Variable that stores a Valea such as 10 ery \ on rs pleats character * f address © simple ui) Complexe Variable’ that stores , Variable Gj} pointer Vartables — — Exompk “ rk maint) { ink a=3; y Sople Variable - oa int «ply; // pointer Variable oe os cpbre BAP i es \yo* ne coe Variable b’ by @ Name of Veria ble a P L helds . integer elresef sndegor + Type of yolde thal Value stored 3 Hed (Assen Variable oy 0 Address of fed Cees pep Asses Vale Bxcmple >: jnt matnt) ft ink a=3; ink xplr, xxppyr; prueba) pps = Apter; rehon 0; + Reference Uagram for the above program: renee Atagram for fhe abe py Variable Sa! us” pla yoo KA PRE pt re Variable ‘pty’ Bob o Name of Variable a ply e Type of Value U- holds Integer Address of. | Ald ress of ‘ply 0 | Valu: stored 3 packp sadf | 4 | Address of Variable | oaclt- sed nd 3.9% e Bewerirs ( MERITS) OF POINTERS INC? Cg Sg . \ a — Pointer provide \liveck access bo memor - Se Pelnters provide a way bo return more than Orc Value bo the functions - i a ‘ ~ Reduces the storage space anol Complenity of the Praram . \ ’ Reduces the enecebren hima of the program. ic a acess arre elem enty Provieles an allirnabe wag bo” — peinkers can be used be pass Informabion back and : pone lee forth between the calling fun ebron and ‘called function * \ . poraters allows us be perform elynamse memo yy : dllocablon and deallocabien’, - pointers helps us te build tomplse date strcbres tee Unwed Lak , Stace, Queutt; trees, graphs ae — Pointers allow us te resize the dynamically allocated. memory block : —_ 7 \ - Reld ressos of oblecks can be extrnceted using pointers DPEYERITS OF POINTERS 2 Uniniblabzed pointers might cause Segmentation foudk Dynamically pre ea is be pred _cnp Weibly, Olkerwise Ub Woulel lead te memory leat : Pointers ave Slower Han ‘normal Vartables” pee Lp. poinkers are updabecl with Intcorrect Values, iplion + might lead fn memory SOUP EN gram pprenlt f° debug + Pls Peg Pointer bugs are 7 1 Ely » bars efifectively’and. correce] * nas ponsi bility fo use pointers ‘effectively ly —— ° PoINTER OPERATOR IN CP Operator Operator Name | Parpose ¢ x Value at Operator / Gyive Walee bbored. Incdérectron Op, ab particular acdre i Adldress Operator Give adelress of Variable. — fn order & create pointer loa Variable. we use” Operator anel be prircl the acld ress of Vari hfe ee operator & be neces ee) Example: iat poe meine) wt n; sh f . u Printé( Acldrese of nb ZX , an); print fl" Value off & pA" nd; prit £0” Value of n & yal * UE); f int nese, Peldrees of nts PP tiday Value of A 20 Vode of-n a $29 How C49) 4 Same ax prinking the Value apn? In [Gives address of the memory location whose wD name uF ns Means Value ot Oe gives value ab address spe cipied by Spr? mefn Aclel ress of nis gtored tam, ‘but remem ber that m unot ordinarg Variable Leke ‘nt Step by Sep calculation bo compute the Value n me xl Fn) [ec] ew ( Addr: of Variable ‘n’ ) Hp 7b ay 2% C fpetlat= Vea Ieee ct [mere idves penis DECLARING POINTER VARriABlee? ee ede Datatype * Variablecname Ce) ee iy) Chay eh] . ' Vi) fleak *F) : 3.30 i) ‘phics declared as that per’ ewill be used. only fer s boring the aclelress of the intege y Valued. Vartables . WS we can also say that plr’ points bo integer. Wr) Value at the aeldrers contacnecl tn ‘ply’ a Inbejer . ' ptr ia 8930 44 5 arbege b55bahec bssbaqee. Value &. After ascigning the address off Vartable t potnker ' br : => = bssbayccd Ald ress © ae Variable i’ essbayece bssbayce a @ POINTER INITIALIZATION: ee € Syntax tn pointer Variable = 2 “4; | ink az lo; Ink xptr; bye Rar | // potter Inctializabion 7 P' afel MENT ORY REQUIRED To (TORE POINTER VARIABLE! \ jy) Variable may be Vabeger/ character » Pent” but the address ef the Vartable & afways fabeger £0 potater ee a sity beger requires 2 by bes of memory In TE lompiler WW) Lf yet dun the fame preg then the putpuk May ole fper a} ' ai pfere complet) I y other DoF ram in any C requirement a olepperert fer Void mein O : int ipl; char xeper; sfleak app hy rinkf (" Gixeoft Fak porary * fd bytes’) Hip) prink fC" Size of char poinker tof. bates", ire! pedi printf (" Sree of fleak jd by bes 4% cfer”, poinker.: Ber lend o/e++ Sircofp Inter abytes brvcef pel tye qurboe {ert eee pdhy te Siac of Eateger! Brreof pointer: Phy te Visual Ce dial Sreop Taba? thytes Sircert pointer: by bes 332 ; e DEREFERENCING Pointrice + A 4 ee Cys Pera erénciing fperater) = Oe referencing Operations performed tb aterss or Soames manipulate lata tontained. in memory location pointed é by a pointer. ee Oa see reperented frint dleveck ecks bhe Veluwe” of Vera ble. Ub points te Example mata ¢) OO mide Value at C ptr) | = Valuer ak Cie Int nzco, «Pp bros Plre Pa3 * pty) = 50 X= aplry; n 50 Hea B POINTER ARITHMETIC 3— — You can Perform arithmeb'e operations once porntey just as you Can ona numerte Value . — There are fear cotthmeb'e Operators that can be ee ree eee used on poinkers Dott aay Ft and — ) Incrementing because we the contents of Lacremee of the Tnerementing pointer have tonbiguons Pointer: “ ° . i. ? a“ generally used fa array memory in array and we lenew location - Var'able depends open datnly?e, nrexeb memory blag pointer pointer Variable - ° Rules used te facre meak pein ker Aedldlress ¢4 = Address Arddvess pp = Prddress pi fddvess 2 Addvess 0 Pickoxial representation: a ws tooo 0: per ete i ] Lnerernea bing loon LOS$- Data type old Address choredl in poloter Next acolrecs £ tored p : ELS In Pir) | Pointer after incrementing int toco eft float tooo pee thar. tooo poate Joo | } aay Example: 33g Voie macn 5 Int vartges ft 0, too, 200}; ink *, xp; plrs Var; L base cderess of ver (vartoy) & weg ferlico pi<3y T+) t printh¢ " Address of Val] d Te 7. x "' per); id Prroe P CO" Vatue of VerEAdy = 7d" iy xpbr) 5 pertt; W per= ptrtt (move to the next 3 lecatron ) Ovrpur i Atel ress of Varlol = 4haataga Value of Varo] = Adewecs of Var Days 4baasse Vale of Vara] = loo Address of var[a]= pbansgs Value of Yarpsy < 200 00 cae vost J -L we L thbe wh peu por-A var, F pov = [96 > Vase; folio; 1 <2 44 Oa SD © preg (Adder 7x", per )) priv BL 3 tp peony . eNTIN wi) pecremen ING The 5 pointe? t of rts Euomph! vo A PoInTeR? dataty Pe tel maint) Ce ee jot $, *phT5 pire Rvar [29 j , teen! for ( Ee print fC " dd ves: printf pir-7 C Value oie fe Help revi lo Bes ede ame consiclerabions apply hick decreases its value My te nee BS ce) £0 od too, 20°F 7 --) pop Vanesa dee” idchl of perl deen cat 100} D Oy bd; Reference Ding para i per 7 El After Ee (eco joa | loco LOSE Foeremeabing [ete Datatype Ole Acldrecs stored Net Address tterel In in pointer (ptr) pointer afer dacremesting 7 Cptr--) Int tooo 099g float leoo oath € Char tooo 0994 pip Adding labeger vale with porn bar? — : ee _te pointer Variable we tan add rabeger nuraber ned plepectly legal “ha © programming - Formule to taleulate he eolclress : fnafioaladeeets. 5 C present address) #0 Size 0 In beger Veileo * f clatatype of the pointer’) sor Bram ple t) tnt aplrs Clok x) loco 5 pre plr43 ce plr= ply + 3 #C Sizeof (int?) looo + 3% (2) = looo +b Per = Took ~prent oddone Ga e e soda) Example. (¥) i ord moun? char xpBr= Lehar at) 100° 5 Eee pee Lik “ire phr= pert ent poh P prs piess aC aoupeaeny) 3 s ivvo +2, * O) : = ooo #2 lar | ik ma © syed ae ° ; Example tid ae : TP pileot apere Cloak +) 1000 5 . +e “e pere pir t! " = =f pty 0 pert (siseapl Peat) = tooo +! * (4) 3-39 WN) Sublrcieting the tokeger yalue wi'th pein ST ee ee [ plr = initieladdress —n 4 Ctieeof (datatype) | : Void: macn () é fot xptr= Cint *) \oo0 ; plr= ptr~ 3; prinkPC " New Velour of pPlricfu u I phe) , j é Output : Pir= 1000-3 Ser New Value of ply: 99y = looo — 3 (a1). 2 looo— & = 44 Pointer — Poinker = Loteger (pe Dobeger = Poiaker ; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Two POINTER Vegi qgces: ) Diff erencing means Suh broc ting heo pointe re n) Sublracting gives the bola) ne vof. Objects behueen them « TW) fublraction Indicates ‘How apart the hoo polnbers Qe are * 2 potty Q _ oF ho See we TRUELY = ie XN? 3.39 4 par PHD Program: PO ey eee 1PMIET a ae Pansy UF pa T vold mating ant q evrper ~* nt num, xpert, wpbray a peri = tnum; pers peri +2 7 Pee 5 ip jm, OP print ft C hd 7 phra~pbri dy : a ans 3 “pt _— al : Suppese the Address of Varta ble, nurr =/p00 ~ i en a Ska bement Value off pert Value of per> cae num, epbry eplr a] Garbage Garba ge pert sdnum j fee Garbage Prac pir +37 looo foo4. ptrs-ptr! 5 tooo loos. . Cnt vols) 5 e Compu babion of (ptra- ptr 4): ie phe, ¥ pou; mee (pty ery Perraule: . | pod 2 KOH, fioal. Values. Cperacptr)). | sizeof Colabestry ped ib peu <= pois] . x ae 3) phenaphry = Value of pir> — = l00 4% — loo Value of perl 5) Computing Pesta) CAetoal) DIFF Final Value = Cpbr2-pe1) J Sr of (Fa) = 4/2 eh 340 Sp tow pointers are following Mamerica) ie 7 Datu Type ; Diiggersnce tf Lnkeger a J Pleat 4 ! tharecher 1 t @ Arrays anc Pointers: ’ ~ Arrays are closely related te pointers in & programming but the important diffperence belween them és ‘that; a pointe.” 1 Varrable Lakes different addresses’ a8 Yalus Whereas -in ea of arrey te & freed. char charArrl4J j jak} fer iz0; ey sittd 1 ; printel” Address of char AreC/d] = oxy jy RCharbrrt 3 3 oer Address of charAn lol = 289A 44 Address of char C19 = ep EES Address of thar AreL2jy = eff t6 Address of CharArr C33 = 2ett YF cae Pointer Arithmetic e o7 If you want to have complete knowledge of pointers, pointer arithmetic is very important Hoe ya tdl in this topic we will study how the memory addresses ‘change when you! increment a pointer. 16 bit Machine Ina 16 bit machine, size of all types of pointer, be it always 2 bytes. But when we perform any arithmetic function like increment on a * pointer, changes occur as per the size oftheir primitive data type | Float’, char® oF double* Is Size of datatypes on 16-bit Machine: Type Size (in bytes) cod nay KT a int dint 2 Byer One intor si : ee iw A) an eed char 1 re cee 7 long 4 iS float a a double 8 long double 10 : -Examples for Pointer Arithmetic Now lets take a few examples and understand this more clearly: BE PS reseseinnsa ih In the above case, pointer will be of 2 bytes. An by 2 bytes because “is also of 2 bytes. In this case, size ot poimer is still 2 bytes ini increment by 4 bytes because datatype is of 4 bytes. 32 bit Machine The concept of poiriter arithmetic remains exact same, but the size of pointer and various datatypes is different in a 32 bit machine. Pointer in 32 bit machine is of 4 bytes. And, following is a table for Size of datatypes on 32-bit Machine : Type Size (in bytes) int or signed int 4 char 2 long . . 8 float 8 double 16 Note: We cannot add two pointers. This is because pointers contain addresses, adding two addresses makes no sense, because you have no idea what it would point to, But we can subtract two pointers. This is because difference between two pointers gives the number of elema. « of its «ala type that can be stored holween the two pointers. Program for pointer arithmetic(32-bit machine) Beene ys aR RE ir 4. Either use argument with functions, Because argument passed to the functions are declared inside the calling function, hence they will live outside the function as well local variables insidé the function and return them. As static 2. Or, use s 1a¢) function exits, therefore they will be variables have a lifetime until the available througout the program. Pointer to functions It is possible to declare a pointer pointing to a function which can then be used as an argument in another function. A pointer to a function is declared as follows, fy 4 iS a pointer to afunction ..Now. canbe called using function pointer = along with providing the required argument values. 2% Note: — Notice, that there te an equal “cliff rence ¢ oltfperence of ft bye) bebween any hreo conccenbive +element- of array thay Arr ~ But pointer gust point at the location. of- another Variable, UL can sme ang add ress RetaTion BETWEEN ARRAYS AND POINTERS! A crown anno . @ Consider an Arra fy * arr Int arrE¥) 5 => avyCoJ avr) avrts) arr£37 ~ = Te programming ngme of the Srref alongs points te address of the Pivse element of an array. ESBS oie a il ese ; nee , @ — It the aheve example Sov and ‘arvCol “points bo the add wees op the first element Tn 20 ary anol arrLod£e] are - Tdenticet a; FarrLo] w equivalent be arr Ly Since, the acldrecses of both are _the Sarre the -Veclaer \ + \ . arvranc ParrL0J ‘aye also the seme - arrLo] G equivalent te xarr (Value of an address of He Pointer’) =" xfile * (ai) 2D: = (iex) = iExX] KCB I= &Cxcay) 2y (x Cx 45) ms, fLorrCay & equivalent te Carers) Ano, arrlaj ts equivalent - to ACarrt+2) dovrLra & egtdvaleat te Carr¢2) AND, arrpey ce eguivelent bo x Carrt?) pans} & equivalent to Carr¢3) Any, arr Lay te egutvaler to * Carrt+3) yarfiy i equivalent to Carrzi) AND, arrliy 4 eg uivalen to * Carrti) & - you Can oleclare an. array and can use pointer to aller the cata of an arrag. Exampte Vord maint) 4 ine i, avrces, Sum =o; print £O" Enter baumbers™> for( teoj;ieu; i++) é i UY (avr ey) equivalent to Rarrtly Seanfl Sd y Carre) DF UA (arrth).4egeevelent bo arth. Sum += * Carr di )} 5 Priokf ( "Sum = Joel 4, sum) 5 purpuT = Enter baumbers hey 53 Sum = 2) grue (9) 2 Jat matrix [3303]; for the above arety, the base address of ap Anny. mabrix > points te a (matrix) 2 points be firck row of 29 Arey . [marictod ] x lmat inte) 2 Fy a (matrix t 4) 2 points te seeonel row of 2p Arrag. _ wen mat rine 9 points #2 mat ix CojLo] C: aCe C mate +0) 9 pownts te matrnLos le] op ot &* Oo te ae at ge a Ce Cmabrixpo)to) 2 ’ CH mate 44) 2 Polok te matex Lot Points t6 mebrixe £oJ oy points to matrix 023 oy \ elm (matin tot) 2D aoe Cmatrire ae)t2) 2 D 3643 Pointer 72 ARRAY: Wwe tan use o pointer to point fo an array, ancl then we tan ute that pointer to access the array elements inter ees Se peer Void meine) 1 ink is lak apste f tprrde 4S} 5 ink &p za; HI Same as for(iso;tes pitt) F pninkee CM dl" P27 Pitt? colt) prink all the ve Ines Stored in the array one by one OurpuT > = Replacing the print Nid) P27 gg babement oft above example, the resulk. lou Stabernenks. Lets See wha ee £ will be with bel is prink eC Wynd", atin); prints the array, by tnevementing tnd vin : printf ("pod FEAT); sepsis peter Mopcel ly Ah) f. Thee will print address of al) the patel dec Th Ot ee amen wink dt (lfc C24) 7 9 will print Valus of array element p 1 y price C's Yea); —9 will prink Value ef aLod only , Att; & > Compile tine error, we Cannot change th. base address of He array Nee: lati) G Same as alil —_— ea > thes wl) also prink alementsopancs | De® O coun quaunen ny wouuyen 77 cd p os i o ARRAY oF diorens 1 clata typ. 6% ea —nameZ LSi20 of Aregds — We can haw array oft pointers « pointers are Very help fel Jeagth.. in handling character array ewoith rows of varyin ozieaang wus of Vryid a — char wnamelay = f " zain", 0 " zai 4 using pointer array" hee Zara" J3 —+ char namel3ytaea =f "Zain", array without “zaip') an pointer & "pare" 5; ag pen without pointer Using Pointer @ | 4st —>Qain S 1 [ond |» @aig ! 2» | Frd [> @are Dh “Char name C3) Lee] & Only 3 locations fer pointers, Extends Gill. zo memory ‘ —_—_——_—— wohechwilh..paink.£. the first. locations. tharacter’ oft thetr respective Strings. 1 > without using Pointer memery wastage & more, hence tks prefered te use pointer in Such Cases. Example Program Sorting off names: Hinclucle Hinclucle < String A> teiaclade < Conto-h> Vor maine) { Chay aftop List, ELISI; tnE tj ny prinkp-(" Enter the novo names"); b seanp Cp #0); fort iso; teen { geese acta); J fer ( Peo, enens itt) phar) { forljattl if eansjtt) ip C stromp CaliIeaLjI)>0) Sbrepy C by ali I) 5 cbrepy Caciz, acjI); | Serepy C alfa, E); 4 puideop-€ 1. After. fox d2n9 la "9; . Cieoprenn; ttt) 4 puts Caci3); 3 Nore:— Te declare string using acl replace the Ste ‘thar a Lie] ” ss ourpur? Enter the ne-of nam 6 daha aashim Zara Zacnr vyeem ghaj After Sorting . aashim lake yeem Shaj Zoi Zara ‘char aLie] icy be SY Finclude H#included toniohs Vo fel swap (rnéx, inkx ) Vord main cy {. Ink a,b; print£( "Enter two numbers"); feank "7d fd", Fa, PL prep" In Before Swapping thn Qe betd ", ab); Swapl Pa, Phd; ; print£ "In After swapping i In @=fd b= ya a, 4); GOO 3 Void Swap (ink #x, ink #y ) fo dnt be AX 5 aX = HY | aygek; fm, 5 OuTper Bena Baapp tig wea one . : Ac/2 bah. After Swapping : r acy bale To change the Value of Variable using pass by erence . [ thincluce ¢ stelioh> include Voiel maine) Mk aslo ® hat xptr; Chrscre; priate "In Vales off a Cwhen azie) i da prety j axptr = !2 5 at “hn Value of al when xperale) + Ad) a); A=IkS priate @ getchor; j | "\y Value of aphr (when a=/$) + yd’, wpe) 5 fwhen alo) + Jo of 4 Vet lee of 4 C when ¥pereiz) sn oft #pty (When a=ly)! Ip

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