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101 24 NOITACUDE ECNATSIDDIRECTORATE

FO ETAROTCEOF
RIDDISTANCE EDUCATION

LAB: PROGRAMMING IN C++

II - Semester

B.C.A.
101 24

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ISREVINUALAGAPPA
APPAGALAUNIVERSITY
rihT eht ni )46.3:APGC( CA[Accredited
AN yb edarGwith
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htiwGrade
detidby
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]CGU-DRHM yb ytisrevinU I–yrogeand
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300 036 – IDUKIARA
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RIDDISTANCE EDUCATION
LAB: PROGRAMMING IN C++
II - Semester
 ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY
[Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle
and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC]
(A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu)

KARAIKUDI – 630 003

Directorate of Distance Education

B.C.A.
II - Semester
101 24

LAB: PROGRAMMING IN C ++
Author:
Dr. Kavita Saini, Associate Professor, Galgotias University, Greater Noida

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 LAB: PROGRAMMING IN C ++

Syllabi

BLOCK 1
1. Simple Programs using decisions, loops and arrays
2. Simple functions & Inline functions
BLOCK 2
3. Usage of classes and Objects
4. This pointer and Static functions
5. Constructors and Destructors
BLOCK 3
6. Function overloading
7. Operator Overloading
8. Friend functions
BLOCK 4
9. Inheritance & Multiple Inheritance
10. Pointers
11. Polymorphism
12. Virtual Functions
BLOCK 5
13. Files
14. I/O Streams
Introduction
INTRODUCTION

C++ has become one of the most popular OOP languages used for developing
NOTES real-world applications. C++ is a programming language that extended from
the ubiquitous C language. It treats data as a crucial element—not allowing
it to move freely around the system. Therefore, the main emphasis in C is
on data and not on the procedure. You can design programs around the data
being operated upon in C++. An object-oriented language helps in combining
data and functions that operate on data into a single unit known as object.
C++ is used for developing different types of applications, such as real-time
systems, simulation modelling, expert systems. It also provides flexibility
to a user to introduce new types of objects in his programming on the basis
of the requirement of the application.
This lab manual, Lab: Programming in C++, contains several
programs based on C++ concepts, such as classes, inheritance, constructors
and destructors, to provide the concept of programming. In addition, it will
help students in coding and debugging their programs. The manual provides
all logical, mathematical and conceptual programs that can help to write
programs very easily in C++ language. These exercises shall be taken as the
base reference during lab activities for students of BCA. There are also many
Try Yourself Questions provided to students for implementation in the lab.

Self-Instructional
Material
 Lab: Programming in C++
INTRODUCTION

C++ language is invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980 at Bell Laboratories,

New Jersey. C++ language was initially called “C with Classes” but in 1983 NOTES
this name was changed to C++. C++ is a superset of C.
The purpose of C++ is to overcome this limit and provide a better
way to manage larger, more complex programs, by using object oriented
programming (OOP). C++ is very popular language as it has many features
as mentioned below:
• Classes and objects
• Encapsulation
• Information hiding
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
Portable Language
It is the concept of carrying the instruction from one system to another
system. In C++ language .cpp file contain source code, we can also edit this
code and .exe file contain application, only we can execute this file. When
we write and compile any C++ program on window operating system then
that program easily run on other window based system.

Fig. 1.1 Representing the C++ object file running on Windows.

When we can copy .exe file to any other computer which contain
window operating system then it works properly, because the native code of
application of operating system is same.

Self-Instructional
Material 1
Lab: Programming in C++
RECOMMENDED SYSTEM / SOFTWARE
REQUIREMENTS
NOTES 1. Intel based desktop PC of 166MHz or faster processor with at least 64
MB RAM and 100 MB free disk space.
2. Turbo C++ compiler or GCC compilers.
In this manual we have used Turbo C++. To write C++ code first we
need to open Turbo C++. For every C++ program we need to follow following
steps for writing and executing a program.
Write a program code → save your program (F2) → compile (Alt+F9)
→ Run(Ctrl +F9)
Step 1: Click on Turbo C++ from start menu or double click on Turbo C++
on desktop.

After clicking on Turbo C++ following screen will appear:

Self-Instructional
2 Material
Step 2: Click on Start Turbo C++. After clicking on Start Turbo C++ button Lab: Programming in C++
following screen will appear:

NOTES

This is the editor where we will write code of C++ programs.

Step 3: Write a program to print “Hello” on screen (Hello.cpp).

Step 4: Save program by name hello.cpp by pressing F2 key or by using

menu option File → Save As.

Self-Instructional
Material 3
Lab: Programming in C++ Step 5: Compile program i.e. hello.cpp by pressing Alt+F9 keys or by using
menu option Compile → Compile:

NOTES

Step 6: Run program i.e. hello.cpp by pressing Ctrl +F9 keys or by using
menu option Run → Run.

Output:

1. Write a program that takes two numbers as input and print their
sum and average.
//Program to take two numbers as input and provides
sum and average
#include<iostream.h>
Self-Instructional
4 Material
 void main() Lab: Programming in C++
{
int num1, num2, sum, avg;
cout<<”Enter two numbers”<<endl; //output statement
NOTES
cin>>num1; //input statement
cin>>num2;
sum=num1+num2;
avg=sum/2;
cout<<”Sum of two numbers “<<sum<<endl;
cout<<”Average of two numbers “<<avg;
}

Output:

2. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a third variable.

// Program to swap two numbers without using a third
variable
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num1, num2;
cout<<”Enter two numbers”<<endl;
cin>>num1>>num2;
num2 = num1+num2;
num1 = num2 - num1;
num2 = num2 - num1;
cout<<”values after swaping :\n”;
cout<<”Value of a Num1 “<<num1<<endl;
cout<<”Value of a Num2 “<<num2<<endl;
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 5
Lab: Programming in C++
Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to calculate volume of cylinder.
Volume of cylinder= PI*r*r*h.
NOTES
(ii) Write a program to calculate curved surface area of cylinder.
Curved surface area of cylinder= 2*PI*r*h
(iii) Write a program to print ASCII value of digits, uppercase and
lowercase alphabets.

3. Write a program check whether the given number is even or odd.

// Program to check whether number is even or odd

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num;
cout<<”Enter a number “;
cin>>num;
if(num%2==0)
{
cout<<”Number is even “;
}
else
{
cout<<”Number is odd “;
}
}

Output:

Enter a number 2
Number is even

4. Write a program to print the largest number among three numbers

given by the user.
// program print the largest number among three numbers

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
Self-Instructional
6 Material
 int num1, num2, num3; Lab: Programming in C++
cout<<”Enter three numbers”<<endl;
cin>>num1>>num2>>num3;

NOTES
if(num1 >= num2 && num1 >= num3)
{
cout << “Largest number: “ << num1;
}
else if(num2 >= num1 && num2 >= num3)
{
cout << “Largest number: “ << num2;
}
else
{
cout << “Largest number: “ << num3;
}
}

Output:

5. Write a program to print sum, difference, product and division of two

numbers according to the user choice using Switch case.
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num1, num2; char op;
cout << “Enter two numbers: “;
cin >> num1 >> num2;
cout << “Enter operator : “;
cin >> op;
switch (op)
{
case ‘+’: cout <<”\n Sum of two numbers “<<
    num1+num2;
   break;
Self-Instructional
Material 7
Lab: Programming in C++ case ‘-’: out <<”\n Subtraction of two numbers “<<
c
num1-num2;
break;
case ‘*’: 
cout <<”\n Multiplication of two numbers
NOTES “<< num1*num2;
break;
case ‘/’: 
cout <<”\n Division of two numbers “<<
num1/num2;
break;
default: cout << “\n Invalid operator”;
break;
}
}

Output:

Enter two numbers: 56

9
Enter operator : *
Multiplication of two numbers 504

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to convert a lowercase alphabet to uppercase
and vice-versa.
(ii) Write a program to check whether a year is leap year or not.
(iii) Write a program to check whether a given character is uppercase
or lowercase alphabet or a digit or a special character.

6. Write a program to print table of any number using for loop.

// program to print table of any number

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num, i;
cout<<”Enter a number: “;
cin>>num;
Self-Instructional
8 Material
 Lab: Programming in C++
cout<<”Table of “<<num<<endl;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
NOTES
cout<<num*i<<endl;
}
}

Output:

7. Write a program to print Fibonacci series (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21...).

// Program to print Fibonacci Series using for loop
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num, i, a=0, b=1, c;
cout<<”Enter a number of terms for Series: “;
cin>>num;
cout<<”Fibonacci series : \n”;
for(i=0; i<num; i++)
{
cout<<”\n”<<a;
c=a+b;
a=b;
b=c;
}
}

Self-Instructional
Material 9
Lab: Programming in C++ Output:

NOTES

8. Write a program to check whether a given number is Armstrong.

A number is known as Armstrong number if sum of the cubes of its digits is
equal to the number itself.
For example: 370 is an Armstrong number because:
370 = 3*3*3 + 7*7*7 + 0*0*0
   = 27 + 343 + 0
   = 370
// C++Program to check Armstrong Number
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num, sum = 0, rem,temp;
cout<<”Enter a number: “;
cin>>num;
temp =num;
while (num>0)
{
rem =num%10;
sum =sum+(rem*rem*rem);
num =num/10;
}
if (temp==sum)
cout<<”Number is Armstrong “<<endl;
else
cout<<”Number is not Armstrong .”<<endl;
}

Self-Instructional
10 Material
Output: Lab: Programming in C++

Enter a number: 370 NOTES

Number is Armstrong

9. Write a program to print table of any number using do while loop.

//C++ program to print table of any number using do
while loop
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num, i;
cout << “Enter any number: “;
cin >> num;
cout<<”\n Table of” <<num<<endl;
i=1;
do{
cout<<num*i<<endl;
i++;
}while(i<=10);
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 11
Lab: Programming in C++
Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to reverse a given number.
(ii) Write a program to check whether a number is prime or not.
NOTES
(iii) Write a program to convert binary number to decimal number.

10. Write a program that takes values in an array and also display them.
//C++ program to scan and print values using array
#include <iostreamh>
int main()
{
int arr[5],i;
cout << “Enter 5 numbers:\n “;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
cin >> arr[i];
cout<<”\n Array values are “<<endl;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
cout<<arr[i]<<endl;
}

Output:

11. Write a program to print the largest value in an array.

//C++ program to print the largest value in an array
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int arr[5],i,max;
cout<<”Enter 5 numbers:\n “;

Self-Instructional
12 Material
 for(i=0;i<5;i++) Lab: Programming in C++
cin>>arr[i];
  max=arr[0];
for(i = 1;i < 5; i++)
NOTES
{
if(max < arr[i])
max = arr[i];
}
cout<<”Largest element”<<max;
}

Output:

12. Write a program to search an element in the array using binary

search.
Algorithm: Binary Search
INPUT : SORTED LIST OF SIZE N, KEY VALUE KEY
OUTPUT : POSITION OF KEY IN THE LIST = KEY
1. BEGIN
2. [INTIALIZE ]
SET MAX := SIZE
SET MIN := 1
SET FOUND := FALSE
3.WHILE (FOUND IS FALSE AND MAX ≥MIN )
SET MID := ( MAX + MIN )/2
4. IF KEY = LIST [MID] THEN
SET I : = MID
SET FOUND := TRUE

Self-Instructional
Material 13
Lab: Programming in C++ EXIT
ELSE IF KEY < LIST [MID] THEN
SET MAX := MID -1
NOTES ELSE
SET MIN := MID +1
[END OF IF]
[END OF LOOP]
5. IF FOUND = FALSE THEN
WRITE : VALUE IS NOT IN LIST
ELSE
WRITE VALUE FOUND AT MID LOCATION
6. END

//C++ program for binary Search

#include <iostream.h>
// Binary Search Function
void binary_search (int a[ ] , int size , int key)
{
int low ,high ,mid ,flag ;
flag= 0;
low = 0;
high = size -1;
while (low <= high && flag ==0)
{
mid =(low +high)/2;
if ( key == a [mid])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
else if (key < a[mid ] )
{
high = mid -1;
}
else
{
low = mid +1;

Self-Instructional
14 Material
 } Lab: Programming in C++
}
if ( flag ==1)
{
NOTES
cout<<”value found at location”<<mid +1;
}
else
cout<<”value not found”;
}

void main()
{
int arr[10],i,k;
cout<<”Enter 10 values\n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cin>>arr[i];
cout<<”Enter value to be searched “;
cin>>k;
//call of binary_Search function
binary_search(arr,10,k);
}
Output:

13. Write a program to sort an array using selection sort.

//C++ program for selection sort
#include <iostream.h>
void selection_sort (int a[ ], int size )
{

Self-Instructional
Material 15
Lab: Programming in C++ int temp ,i,j, min;

for(int i = 0; i < size-1 ; i++)

{
NOTES
min = i ; //considering element i as minimum

  for(int j = i+1; j < size ; j++ )

{
if(a[ j ] < a[ min ])
{
min = j ;
}
}
temp= a[ min ];
a[ min ]=a[ i ] ;
a[ i]=temp;

}
}

//main function
void main()
{

int arr[10],i;
cout<<”Enter 10 values\n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cin>>arr[i];
//call of selection sort function
selection_sort(arr,10);
cout<<” \n Sorted Values \n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cout<<endl<<arr[i];
}

Self-Instructional
16 Material
Output: Lab: Programming in C++

NOTES

14. Write a program for bubble sort.

Algorithm: Bubble Sort
INPUT   : LIST [ ] OF N ITEMS
OUTPUT : LIST [ ] OF N ITEMS IN SORTED ORDER
1. BEGIN
2. FOR I=1 THROUGH N DO
3. FOR J=N THROUGH I+1 DO
4. IF A[J] < A[J-1] THEN
SET TEMP =A[J]
SET A[J] =A[J-1]
SET A[J-1] = TEMP
5. END
//C++ program for bubble sort
#include <iostream.h>
void bubble_sort (int a[ ], int size )
{
int temp ,i,j;
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<size-1; j++)
{
Self-Instructional
Material 17
Lab: Programming in C++ if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
NOTES
a[j+1]=temp;
} }
}
}
//main function

void main()
{
int arr[10],i;
cout<<”Enter 10 values\n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cin>>arr[i];

//call of bubble sort function

bubble_sort(arr,10);
cout<<” \n Sorted Values \n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cout<<endl<<arr[i];
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
18 Material
15. Write a program for quick sort. Lab: Programming in C++

Algorithm: Quick Sort

QUICK_SORT (ARRAY, FIRST, LAST)
1. SET LOW: = FIRST NOTES
SET HIGH: = LAST
SET PIVOT: =ARRAY [( LOW + HIGH) /2]
2. REPEAT THROUGH STEP 7 WHILE (LOW ≤HIGH)
3. REPEAT STEP 4 WHILE (ARRAY [LOW] <PIVOT)
4. SET LOW: = LOW+1
5. REPEAT STEP 6 WHILE (ARRAY [HIGH]>PIVOT)
6. SET HIGH: = HIGH-1
7. IF (LOW <=HIGH)
ARRAY [LOW] <->ARRAY [HIGH]
SET LOW: = LOW+1
SET HIGH:= HIGH-1
8. IF (FIORST<HIGH) THEN
QUICK_SORT (ARRAY, FIRST, HIGH)
9. IF (LOW < LAST)
QUICK_SORT (ARRAY, LOW, LAST)
10. END

//C++ program for quick sort

#include <iostream.h>
void quick_sort (int a[ ], int first, int last)
{
int low ,high ,pivot, temp, i ;
low= first ;
high =last ;
pivot =a[(first +last)/2];

do
{
while (a[low]<pivot)
{
low++;
}
Self-Instructional
Material 19
Lab: Programming in C++ while (a [high]>pivot)
{
high--;
}
NOTES
if(low <=high)
{
temp= a [low];
a [low]= a[high];
a[high]= temp ;
low++;
high--;
}
}while (low <=high);

if (first <high)
{
quick_sort (a, first, high);
}
if(low< last)
{
quick_sort (a, low, last);
}
}

void main()
{

int arr[10],i,k;
cout<<”Enter 10 values\n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cin>>arr[i];
//call of Quick Sort function
quick_sort(arr,0,10);
cout<<” \n Sorted Values \n”;
for (i=0;i<10;i++)
cout<<endl<<arr[i];
}

Self-Instructional
20 Material
Output: Lab: Programming in C++

NOTES

16. Write a program for merge sort.

Algorithm: Two-Way Merge Sort
TWO_WAY_MERGE_SORT (LIST, START, FINISH)
1. [COMPUTE THE SIZE OF CURRENT SUB-TABLE]
SET SIZE := FINISH - START+1
2. [TEST BASE CONDITION FOR SUB-TBLE OF SIZE ONE]
IF SIZE <=1 THEN
RETURN
3. [ CALCULATE MID POINT POSITION OF CURRENT SUB-
TABLE]
SET MID :=START + SIZE /2 -1
4. [RECURSIVELY SORT THE FIRST SUB-TABLE]
CALL TWO_WAY_MERGE_SORT (LIST, START, MID)
5. [RECURSIVELY SORT THE SECOND SUB-TABLE]
CALL TWO_WAY_MERGE_SORT (LIST, MID + 1 , FINISH)
6. CALL SIMPLE_MERGE (LIST, START, MID+1, FINISH)
7. RETURN

//C++ program for merge sort

#include <iostream.h>

Self-Instructional
Material 21
Lab: Programming in C++
// function to merge the two half into a sorted data.
void merge_array(int a[], int low, int high, int mid)
{
NOTES
// low to mid and mid+1 to high array are already
sorted
int i, j, k;
int temp_arr[high-low+1];
i = low;
k = 0;
j = mid + 1;

while (i <= mid && j <= high)

// merging of two parts into temp array
{
if (a[i] < a[j])
{
temp_arr[k] = a[i];
k++;
i++;
}
else
{
temp_arr[k] = a[j];
k++;
j++;
}
}

while (i <= mid)

// insertion of remaining values from i to mid into
temp array.
{
temp_arr[k] = a[i];
k++;
i++;
}

while (j <= high)


// insertion of remaining values from j to high
into temp array.
Self-Instructional
22 Material
 { Lab: Programming in C++
temp_arr[k] = a[j];
k++;
j++;
NOTES
}

// assign sorted data stored in temp array to a

array.
for (i = low; i <= high; i++)
{
a[i] = temp_arr[i-low];
}
}

// A function to split array into two parts.

void merge_sort(int a[], int low, int high)
{
int mid;
if (low < high)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
// split array into two parts
merge_sort(a, low, mid);
merge_sort(a, mid+1, high);
// merge arraythem to get sorted values
merge_array(a, low, high, mid);
}
}

void main()
{
int arr[10],i,k;
cout<<”Enter 10 values\n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cin>>arr[i];
//call of merge sort function
merge_sort(arr, 0, 9);
cout<<” \n Sorted Values \n”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cout<<endl<<arr[i];
}
Self-Instructional
Material 23
Lab: Programming in C++ Output:

NOTES

Try Yourself:
(i) Write a program to sort n numbers in descending order using
bubble sort.
(ii) Write a program to implement selection sort method using
functions.
(iii) Write a program to sort the n names in an alphabetical order.

17. Write a Program that takes string as input and print it.
//C++ program to take string as input and print it

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char str[15];
cout<<”Enter your name: “;
cin>>str;
cout<<”\nWelcome “<<str;
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
24 Material
Output: Lab: Programming in C++

Enter your name: Rajan NOTES

Welcome Rajan

18. Write a program to print the length of a given string without using

string function.
//C++ program to count string length
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int i, count=0;
char str[50];
cout<<”Enter any string “;
cin.getline(str, 50);
 //getline function allows user to input string
with space
 //loop will run till it reaches to string
terminator ‘\0’
for(i = 0; str[i] != ‘\0’; i++)
{
count++;
}
cout << “\n Length of string is “ << count;
}

Output:

19. Write a program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
Self-Instructional
Material 25
Lab: Programming in C++ int i,len=0;
char str[50],rev_str[50];
cout<<”Enter any string “;
cin.getline(str, 50); //getline function allows
NOTES  user to input string with
space

//count length of string

for(i = 0; str[i] != ‘\0’; i++)
{
len++;
}
cout << “\n Length of string is” << len;
//copy str to rev_str
int j=0;
for (i = len - 1; i >= 0 ; i--,j++)
{
rev_str[j] = str[i];
}
rev_str[j] =’\0’;  //reverse string is terminated

//compare both strings

int flag=0;
for (i = 0; i < len ; i++)
{
if (str[i]==rev_str[i])
flag = 1;
else
{
break; //exit from loop
}
}

if (flag == 1)
cout<<” \n string is a palindrome”;
else
cout<<” \n string is a not palindrome”;
}

Self-Instructional
26 Material
Output: Lab: Programming in C++

NOTES

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to insert an element in an array.
(ii) Write a program to find sum of elements of an array.
(iii) Write a program to find largest number from an array.

20. Write a program to print sum of two matrices.

//C++ program to print sum of two matrices
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int i,j, m1[10][10], m2[10][10], sum[10][10];
cout << “Enter the elements of first matrix\n”;
for ( i = 0 ;i < 3 ; i++ )
{
cout<<”\n enter values for row “<<i+1<<endl;
for ( j = 0 ; j<3 ; j++ )
{ cin >> m1[i][j];}
}

cout << “Enter the elements of second matrix\n”;

for ( i = 0 ;i < 3; i++ )

{
cout<<”\n enter values for row “<<i+1<<endl;
for ( j = 0 ; j< 3 ; j++ )
{ cin >> m2[i][j];
}
}
cout << “Sum of two matrices \n”;
for ( i = 0 ;i < 3 ; i++ )
{

Self-Instructional
Material 27
Lab: Programming in C++ for ( j = 0 ; j<3 ; j++ )
{ sum[i][j] = m1[i][j]+m2[i][j];
cout << sum[i][j] << “\t”;

NOTES
}
cout<<endl;
}
}

Output:

21. Write a program to find out the product of two matrices.

//C++ program for matrix multiplication
#include<iostream.h>

int main()
{
int i, j, k, m1[10][10], m2[10][10], res[10][10];
cout << “Enter the elements of first matrix\n”;
for ( i = 0 ;i < 3 ; i++ )
{
cout<<”\n enter values for row “<<i+1<<endl;
Self-Instructional
28 Material
 for ( j = 0 ; j<3 ; j++ ) Lab: Programming in C++
{ cin >> m1[i][j];}
}

NOTES
cout << “Enter the elements of second matrix\n”;

for ( i = 0 ;i < 3; i++ )

{
cout<<”\n enter values for row “<<i+1<<endl;
for ( j = 0 ; j< 3 ; j++ )
{ cin >> m2[i][j];
}
}

for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i)

{
for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
res [i][j]=0;

for (k = 0; k < 3; ++k)

{
res [i][j] += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j];
}
}
}

cout << “Multiplication of two matrices \n”;

for ( i = 0 ;i < 3 ; i++ )
{
for ( j = 0 ; j<3 ; j++ )
{
cout << res[i][j] << “\t”;

}
cout<<endl;
}
}

Self-Instructional
Material 29
Lab: Programming in C++ Output:

NOTES

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to print sum of diagonal values of a square Matrix.
(ii) Write a program to find highest and lowest element of a Matrix.
(iii) Write a program to convert first letter of each word of a string to
uppercase and other to lowercase.
(iv) Write a program to find substring in string (Pattern
Matching).

22. Write a program to print factorial of a given number using user

defined function.
#include <iostream.h>
int fact(int n);
int main()
{
int n;
cout << “Enter any number “;
cin >> n;

Self-Instructional
30 Material
 cout << “Factorial of “ << n << “ = “ << fact(n); Lab: Programming in C++
return 0;
}

NOTES
int fact(int n)
{
if(n > 1)
return n * fact(n - 1);
else
return 1;
}

Output:

23. Write a program to check a year is leap year or not using function.

// Program to check leap year or not

#include <iostream.h>
bool leapYear (int y);

int main()
{
int y;
cout<<”Enter year: “;
cin>>y;
//Calling function
bool flag = leapYear(y);
if(flag == true)
cout<<y<<” is a leap Year”;
else
cout<<y<<” is not a leap Year”;
return 0;
}
bool leapYear(int y)
{

Self-Instructional
Material 31
Lab: Programming in C++ bool flag = false;
if (y % 4 == 0)
{
if (y % 100 == 0)
NOTES
{
if (y % 400 == 0)
{
flag = true;
}
}
else flag = true;
}
return flag;
}

Output:

24. Write a program to print array elements using user defined function.

#include <iostream.h>

void display(int arr[5]);

int main()
{
int arr[5] = { 101, 201, 301, 401, 501 };
//passing array to function
display(arr);
}

void display(int arr[5])

{
cout << “Display array values:”<< endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
cout<<arr[i]<<”\n”;
}
}

Self-Instructional
32 Material
Output: Lab: Programming in C++

NOTES

25. Write a program for sequential search using user defined function.

Algorithm: Sequential Search
INPUT : LIST OF SIZE N, TARGET VALUE T
OUTPUT : POSITION OF T IN THE LIST
1. BEGIN
2. SET FOUND: = FALSE
  SET I: = 0
3. WHILE I≤N AND FOUND IS FALSE
IF LIST [I] = T THEN
SET FOUND: = TRUE
EXIT
ELSE
SET I: =I+1
[END OF STEP 3 LOOP]
4. IF FOUND = FALSE THEN
WRITE: T IS NOT IN LIST
ELSE
WRITE: T IS FOUND AT I LOCATION
[END OF IF]
5 . END

//C++ program for sequential search

#include <iostream.h>
//definition of sequential Search function

Self-Instructional
Material 33
Lab: Programming in C++ void sequential_search (int a[ ] ,int size ,int key)
{
int flag , i ;
flag =0;
NOTES
for ( i=0 ; i<size ; i++)
{
if ( a [i] == key )
{
flag = 1 ;
break ;
}
}
if ( flag == 1)
cout<<”value found at “<<i+1<<” location”;
else
cout<<”value not found”;
}

void main()
{
int arr[10],i,k;
cout<<”Enter 10 values”;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
cin>>arr[i];
cout<<”Enter values to be searched”;
cin>>k;
//call of sequential_search function
sequential_search(arr,10,k);
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
34 Material
26. Write a program to print factorial of a number using recursive Lab: Programming in C++
function.
//C++ Program to print factorial using recursive
function
#include<iostream.h> NOTES
// Factorial Function
int factorial(int n)
{
if(n > 1)
return n * factorial(n - 1);
//recursive call of factorial function
else
return 1;
}

int main()
{
int n;
cout << “Enter a number : “;
cin >> n;
cout << “Factorial of “ << n << “ is “ << factorial(n);
return 0;
}

Output:

27. Write a program to print Fibonacci series using recursive function.

//C++ Program to print Fibonacci series using recursive
function
#include<iostream.h>
int Fibonacci(int n)
{
if ((n==1)||(n==0))
{
return (n);
}

Self-Instructional
Material 35
Lab: Programming in C++ else
{

return (Fibonacci(n-1)+Fibonacci(n-2));
NOTES
//recursive call of Fibonacci function
}
}
int main()
{
int n,i;

cout<<”Enter number of terms for Fibonacci Series:”;

cin>>n;
cout<<”Fibonacci Series “<<endl;

for (i=0; i< n;i++)

{
cout<<” “<<Fibonacci(i);
}
return 0;
}

Output:

INLINE FUNCTION

1. We must keep inline functions small, small inline functions have better
efficiency.
2. Inline functions do increase efficiency, but we should not make all the
functions inline. Because if we make large functions inline, it may lead
to code bloat, and might affect the speed too.
3. Hence, it is adviced to define large functions outside the class definition
using scope resolution ::operator, because if we define such functions
inside class definition, then they become inline automatically.

Self-Instructional
36 Material
 4. Inline functions are kept in the Symbol Table by the compiler, and all Lab: Programming in C++
the call for such functions is taken care at compile time.
28. Write a program to demonstrate the concept of inline function.
#include <iostream.h>
NOTES

inline int sum(int x,int y)

{
return x+y;
}

int main()
{
cout<<”\n\tThe Sum is : “ << sum(310,230);
cout<<”\n\tThe Sum is : “ << sum(145,823);
cout<<”\n\tThe Sum is : “ << sum(427,438);
}

Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a C++ program to find average marks of three subjects of
N students in a class.
(ii) Write a C++ program to take input of two distances in inch-feet
system and stores in data members of two structure variables.
Also, this program calculates the sum of two distances and
displays it.
(iii) Write a C++ program in which user is asked to enter two time
periods and these two periods are stored in structure variables.
The program calculates the difference between these two time
periods.
(iv) Write a C++ Program to find total salary of N employees in a
department where DA=35% basic_salary and HRA=10% of
basic_salary.

Self-Instructional
Material 37
Lab: Programming in C++ 29. Write a program to demonstrate the concept of class and object.
//C++ sample program for class and object
#include<iostream.h>
//class
NOTES
class student
{
private:    //scope of variables is private
//member variables
int rno;
char name[10];

public:   //scope of functions is public

// member functions
void input()
{
cout<<”\n Enter student roll number :”;
cin>>rno;
cout<<”\n Enter student name :”;
cin>>name;
}

void display()
{
cout<<”\n Roll Number :”<<rno;
cout<<”\n Name :”<<name;
}
} ; //class closed

int main()
{
student obj; //object of student class
obj.input(); //call of input function
obj.display(); //call of display function
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
38 Material
30. Write a program that shows the use of this pointer. Lab: Programming in C++

#include <iostream.h>
class Demo
{
NOTES
private:
int num;
char ch;
public:
void setvalue(int num, char ch)
{
this->num =num;
this->ch=ch;
}
void putvalue()
{
cout<<num<<endl;
cout<<ch;
}
};
int main()
{
Demo obj;
obj.setvalue(450, ‘A’);
obj.putvalue();

Output:

31. Write a program using static variable and static function.

//C++ sample program for static variable and static
function
#include <iostream.h>
class test
{
private:
Self-Instructional
Material 39
Lab: Programming in C++ static int count; //Static data
int n;
public:
//Constructor
NOTES
test()
{
count=count+1;
n=count;
}

//static function
static void function1()
{
cout << “\nResult is: “ << count<<endl;
}
//Normal function
void counter()
{
cout << “\n Counter is: “ << n<<endl;
}

//Destructor
~test ()
{
count =count-1;
}
};
int test::count=0;
int main()
{
test obj1;
//Static function is accessed using class name and
scope resolution operator (::)
test::function1();
test obj2,obj3,obj4;
test::function1();
//normal function is accessed using object name

and the dot member access operator(.)
obj1.counter();
obj2.counter();

Self-Instructional
40 Material
 obj3.counter(); Lab: Programming in C++
obj4.counter();
}

Output: NOTES

32. Write a program using static class and variable.

//C++ program to count the object value using the
keyword static variable

#include<iostream.h>
class static_class
{
int n;
static int count; //static variable

public:
//constructor
static_class ()
{
n = ++count;
}

void obj_number()
{
cout << “\n\t Object number is :” << n;
}
static void obj_count()
{
cout << “\n Number of Objects :” << count;
}
Self-Instructional
Material 41
Lab: Programming in C++ };

int static_class::count;

NOTES
int main()
{
static_class obj1, obj2;
obj1.obj_count();
obj1.obj_number();
obj2.obj_count();
obj2.obj_number();
return 0;
}

Output:

33. Write a C++ program using constructor in a class.

//C++ sample program for constructor
#include<iostream.h>

//class

class student
{
private: //scope of variables is private
//member variables
int rno;
char name[10];

public: //scope of functions is public

student()
{
cout<<”Constructor \n”;
Self-Instructional
42 Material
 rno=0; Lab: Programming in C++
}

// member functions
NOTES
void input()
{
cout<<”\n Enter student roll number :”;
cin>>rno;
cout<<”\n Enter student name :”;
cin>>name;
}

void display()
{
cout<<”\n Roll Number :”<<rno;
cout<<”\n Name :”<<name;
}

} ;

int main()
{
student obj;
obj.input ();
obj.display ();
}

Output:

34. Write a program to demonstrate the use of constructor and

destructor.
//C++ sample program for constructor and destructor
#include<iostream.h>
Self-Instructional
Material 43
Lab: Programming in C++
//class

class student
NOTES
{
private:
//member variables
int rno;
char name[10];
public

// constructor
student()
{
cout<<”Constructor \n”;
rno=0;
}

// member functions
void input()
{
cout<<”\n Enter student roll number :”;
cin>>rno;
cout<<”\n Enter student name :”;
cin>>name;
}

void display()
{
cout<<”\n Roll Number :”<<rno;
cout<<”\n Name :”<<name;
}

//destructor
~student()
{
cout<<”\n Destructor \n”;
}
} ;

Self-Instructional
44 Material
 int main() Lab: Programming in C++
{
student obj;
obj.input();
NOTES
obj.display();
}

Output:

35. Write a program to add two matrices. Create two objects of the class
and each of which refers one 2D matrix. Use constructor to allocate
memory dynamically and use copy constructor to allocate memory
when one array object is used to initialize another.
#include <iostream.h>

class matrix
{
int **a;
public:
// Dynamic Constructor
matrix()
{
int i,j;
a=new int*[3];
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
a[i]=new int[3];
cout<<”Enter elements for a 3x3 matrix:\n”;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
cin>>a[i][j];
}
// Copy Constructor
matrix(matrix & x)
Self-Instructional
Material 45
Lab: Programming in C++ {
int i,j;
a=new int*[3];
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
NOTES
a[i]=new int[3];
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
a[i][j]=x.a[i][j];
}
// Destructor
~matrix()
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
delete a[i];
delete a;
}

void showdata()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cout<<a[i][j]<<” “;
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
friend void add(matrix,matrix);
};

void add(matrix m1,matrix m2)

{
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
Self-Instructional
46 Material
 cout<<m1.a[i][j]+m2.a[i][j]<<” “; Lab: Programming in C++
}
cout<<endl;
}
NOTES
}

//main function
int main()
{
matrix obj1;
matrix obj2(obj1);
cout<<”value of Matrix 1 and Matrix 2\n”;
obj1.showdata ();
cout<<”SUM of the Matrices:\n”;
add(obj1,obj2);
}

Output:

36. Write a program to demonstrate the use of dynamic constructor.

#include <iostream.h>

class dyncons
{
private:
int *p;
public:
Self-Instructional
Material 47
Lab: Programming in C++ dyncons ()
{
p=new int;
*p=100;
NOTES
}
dyncons (int v)
{
p= new int;
*p=v;
}
int dis()
{
return (*p);
}};

int main()
{
dyncons obj1,obj2(50);
cout<<”the value of object obj1 p is “;
cout<<obj1.dis();
cout<<”\n the value of object of obj2 p is:”<<obj2.
dis();

Output:

37. Write a program using static variable.

//C++ program for static variable
#include <iostream.h>
void test()
{
// static variable
static int count = 0;
cout << count <<endl;

Self-Instructional
48 Material
 count++; Lab: Programming in C++
}

int main()
NOTES
{
cout << “Static variable “ <<endl;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
test();
}

Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to swap two numbers using class.
(ii) Write a program to print numbers from 1 to N using class.
(iii) Write a program to calculate area of a circle, a rectangle or a
triangle depending on input using overloaded calculate function.

38. Write a program to illustrate the concept of function overloading

on sum function.
#include <iostream.h>

class Test
{
public:

int sum(int a,int b)

{
return a + b;
}
int sum (int a, int b, int c)
{

Self-Instructional
Material 49
Lab: Programming in C++ return a + b + c;
}

};
NOTES
int main()
{
Test obj;
cout<<”Sum of two integers “<<obj.sum(310,
220)<<endl;
cout<<”Sum of three integers “<<obj.sum(12, 20, 23);

Output:

39. Write a program to overload ++ operator.

#include <iostream.h>
class Test
{
private:
int num;
public:
Test ()
{
num=1;
}
void operator ++()
{
num = num+2;
}
void display()
{
cout<<”The Count is: “<<num;
}

Self-Instructional
50 Material
 }; Lab: Programming in C++
int main()
{
Test obj;
NOTES
cout<<”Value before ++ operator \n”;
obj.display ();
++obj; // calling of operator void operator ++()
cout<<”\nValue after ++ operator \n”;
obj.display ();

Output:

40. Write a program to demonstrate the overloading of + operators.

#include <iostream.h>
class overloading
{
int value;
public:
void setValue(int temp)
{
value = temp;
}
overloading operator+(overloading ob)
{
overloading t;
t.value=value+ob.value;
return(t);
}
void display()
{

Self-Instructional
Material 51
Lab: Programming in C++ cout<<value<<endl;
}
};

NOTES
int main()
{
overloading obj1,obj2,result;
int a,b;
cout<<”Enter the value of a and b:”;
cin>>a>>b;
obj1.setValue(a);
obj2.setValue(b);
result = obj1+obj2;
cout<<”Input Values:\n”;
obj1.display();
obj2.display();
cout<<”Result:”;
result.display();

Output:

41. Write a program to demonstrate the overloading of binary arithmetic

operators (+, -, * and /).
#include <iostream.h>

class arithmetic
{
float n;
public:
void get()
{
cout<”\n enter number:\n”;
cin>>n;
Self-Instructional
52 Material
} Lab: Programming in C++
arithmetic operator +( arithmetic &a)
{
arithmetic t;
NOTES
t.n=n+a.n;
return t;
}
arithmetic operator -( arithmetic &a)
{
arithmetic t;
t.n=n-a.n;
return t;
}
arithmetic operator *( arithmetic &a)
{
arithmetic t;
t.n=n*a.n;
return t;
}
arithmetic operator /( arithmetic &a)
{
arithmetic t;
t.n=n/a.n;
return t;
}
void display()
{
cout<<n;
}
};

int main()
{
arithmetic a1,a2,a3;

a1.get();
a2.get();
a3 = a1+a2;
cout<<”\n Addition of two number:”;
a3.display();
Self-Instructional
Material 53
Lab: Programming in C++ a3 = a1-a2;
cout<<”\n Subtraction of two number:”;
a3.display();
a3 = a1*a2;
NOTES
cout<<”\n Multiplication of two number:”;
a3.display();
a3 = a1/a2;
cout<<”\n Division of two number:”;
a3.display();
}

Output:

42. Write a program to get and print student data using single

inheritance.
// program to get and print student data using
inheritance
#include <iostream.h>

//class
class student
{
private: //scope of variables is private
    //member variables
int rno;
char name[10];

public: //scope of functions is public

    // member functions

Self-Instructional
54 Material
void input() Lab: Programming in C++
{
cout<<”\n Enter student roll number :”;
cin>>rno;
NOTES
cout<<”\n Enter student name :”;
cin>>name;
}

void display()
{
cout<<”\n Roll Number :”<<rno;
cout<<”\n Name :”<<name;
}
} ; //class closed

class fee:public student

 //class fee(derived) class is
inheriting student (base) class
{
float fee; //default scope in private

public:
void input_data()
{
input();
 //call of input function of
student class
cout<<”\n Enter Fee :”;
cin>>fee;
}

void display_data()
{
 //call of display function of
student class
display();
cout<<”\n Fee :”<<fee;
}
};

Self-Instructional
Material 55
Lab: Programming in C++ int main()
{
fee obj; //object of fee class
obj.input_data();
NOTES
obj.display_data();
}

Output:

43. Write a program to demonstrate the concept of multiple inheritance.

#include <iostream.h>

class student
{
protected:
int rno,m1,m2;
public:
void get()
{
cout<<”Enter the Roll no :”;
cin>>rno;
cout<<”Enter the two marks :”;
cin>>m1>>m2;
}
};
class sports
{
protected:
int sm; // sm = Sports mark
public:
void getsm()
Self-Instructional
56 Material
 { Lab: Programming in C++
cout<<”\nEnter the sports mark :”;
cin>>sm;
}
NOTES
};
class statement:public student,public sports
{
int tot,avg;
public:
void display()
{
tot=(m1+m2+sm);
avg=tot/3;
cout<<”\n\n\tRoll No : “<<rno<<”\n\tTotal : “<<tot;
cout<<”\n\tAverage : “<<avg;
}
};
int main()
{
statement obj;
obj.get();
obj.getsm();
obj.display();
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 57
Lab: Programming in C++ 44. Write a program to demonstrate the concept of multilevel inheritance.
#include <iostream.h>
//base class
class top
NOTES
{
public :
int a;
void getdata()
{
cout<<”\n\nEnter Any Number : “;
cin>>a;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<”\nValue is:\t”<<a;
}
};

// class middle is derived_1

class middle :public top
{
public:
int b;
void square()
{
getdata();
b=a*a;
cout<<”\n\nSquare Is :”<<b;
}
};

// class bottom is derived_2

class bottom :public middle
{
public:
int c;
void cube()
{
square();

Self-Instructional
58 Material
 c=b*a; Lab: Programming in C++
cout<<”\n\nCube :\t”<<c;
}
};
NOTES
int main()
{
bottom b1;
b1.cube();
}

Output:

Try Yourself:
(i) Write a program to demonstrate the multilevel inheritance.
(ii) Write a program to demonstrate the multiple inheritance.
(iii) Write a program to demonstrate the virtual derivation of a class.

45. Write a program to demonstrate function overriding.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//base class
class base
{
public:
virtual void display()
{
cout << “\nThis is display method of base class”;
}
void show()
{
Self-Instructional
Material 59
Lab: Programming in C++ cout << “\nThis is show method of base class”;
}
};

NOTES
//derived class
class derived : public base
{
public:
// Overriding method - new working of
// base class’s display method
void display()
{
cout << “\nThis is display method of derived
  class”;
}
};

// main function
int main()
{
derived dr;
base &bs = dr;
bs.display();
dr.show();
}

Output:

Self-Instructional
60 Material
46. Write a program using virtual function. Lab: Programming in C++

#include <iostream.h>

class base
NOTES
{
public:
virtual void show()
{
cout << “\n Base class show:”;
}

void display()
{
cout << “\n Base class display:”;
}
};

class drive : public base

{
public:

void display()
{
cout << “\n Drive class display:”;
}

void show()
{
cout << “\n Drive class show:”;
}
};

int main()
{
base obj1;
base *p;
cout << “\n\t P object points to base:\n”;
p = &obj1;
p->display();
p->show();
Self-Instructional
Material 61
Lab: Programming in C++ cout << “\n\n\t P object points to drive:\n”;
drive obj2;
p = &obj2;
p->display();
NOTES
p->show();
}

Output:

Pure Virtual Function

A virtual function will become pure virtual function when you append “=0”
at the end of declaration of virtual function. Pure virtual function doesn’t
have body or implementation. We must implement all pure virtual functions
in derived class. Pure virtual function is also known as abstract function.
47. Write a program using pure virtual function/ abstract function.
#include <iostream.h>

class BaseClass //Abstract class

{
public:
virtual void Display1()=0; //Pure virtual function
or abstract function
virtual void Display2()=0; //Pure virtual function or
abstract function

void Display3()
{
cout<<”\n\tThis is Display3() method of Base Class”;
}

Self-Instructional
62 Material
 }; Lab: Programming in C++

class DerivedClass : public BaseClass

{
NOTES
public:
void Display1()
{
cout<<”\n\tThis is Display1() method of Derived
Class”;
}

void Display2()
{
cout<<”\n\tThis is Display2() method of Derived
Class”;
}
};

int main()
{
DerivedClass D;

D.Display1();   
// This will invoke Display1()
method of Derived Class
D.Display2(); 
// This will invoke Display2()
method of Derived Class
D.Display3();  // This will invoke Display3()
method of Base Class

Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 63
Lab: Programming in C++
Try yourself:
(i) Write a program that overloads the + operator and relational
operators (suitable) to perform the following operations:
NOTES (a) Concatenation of two strings. (b) Comparison of two strings.
(ii) Write a programs functions to find the GCD of two given integers
using pointer.

48. Write a C++ program to create file (data.txt).

/ /basic file operations
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main ()
{
ofstream file1;
file1.open (“data.txt”);
file1 << “This is my first file.\n”;
file1.close();
getch();
}
49. Write a program to create and write on a text file.
// C++ program of writing on a text file

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<fstream.h>

void main()
{
ofstream file_out;
char file_name[20];
char str [80];
clrscr ();

cout<<”Enter file name to be created “;

cin>> file_name;

//create a new file in output mode

Self-Instructional
64 Material
 file_out.open (file_name, ios::out); Lab: Programming in C++

cout<<”Enter data to be stored “;

cin>> str;
NOTES
file_out << str;
cout<<”Information stored in file”;

//close file
file_out.close ();
getch ();
}
50. 
Write a program to retrieve data from a text file.
// C++ program of retrieve data from a text file
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
ifstream file_in;
char file_name [20];
char str[80];

clrscr();

cout<<”Enter file name: “;

cin>> file_name;

cout<<”Enter file name to open”;

file_in.open(file_name, ios::in);

file_in.get(str, 80);
cout<<str;

file_in.close();
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 65
Lab: Programming in C++ 51. Write a program to read and write on a binary file.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<cstdio.h>
NOTES
class Student
{
int rno;
char name[50];
public:
void setData()
{
cout << “\n Enter roll number”;
cin >>rno;
cout << “Enter name “;
cin.getline (name,50);
}

void showData()
{
cout << “\n Admission no. : “ << rno;
cout << “\n Student Name : “ << name;
}
};

// function to write in a binary file.

void write_data ()
{
ofstream file_out;
file_out.open (“student.dat”, ios::binary |
   ios::app);
Student obj;
obj.setData ();

file_out.write ((char*)&obj, sizeof (obj));

file_out.close ();
}

//function to display records of file

Self-Instructional
66 Material
void display() Lab: Programming in C++
{
ifstream file_in;
file_in.open(“student.dat”, ios::binary);
NOTES
Student obj;

while(file_in.read ((char*)&obj, sizeof (obj)))

{
obj.showData ();
}

file_in.close ();
}

};

int main()
{
for(int i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
write_record (); //Display all records
cout << “\n List of records”;
display ();

//Search record
cout << “\n Search result”;
search (100);

//Delete record
delete_record (100);
cout << “\n Record Deleted”;

//Modify record
cout << “\n Modify Record 101 “;
modify_record (101);

return 0;
}

Self-Instructional
Material 67
Lab: Programming in C++
Try yourself:
(i) What task does the following program perform?
#include<iostream.h>
NOTES #include<fstream.h>
  
int main()
{
   ofstream ofile;
   ofile.open (“text.txt”);
   ofile << “geeksforgeeks” << endl;
   cout << “Data written to file” << endl;
   ofile.close();
}
(ii) Write a program which copies one file to another.
(iii) Write a program to that counts the characters, lines and words in
the text file.

Self-Instructional
68 Material
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