ABSTRACT

With the rapid growth of the Internet, human daily life has become deeply bound to
the Internet. To take advantage of massive amounts of data and information on the
internet, the Web architecture is continuously being reinvented and upgraded. From
the static informative characteristics of Web 1.0 to the dynamic interactive
features of Web 2.0, scholars and engineers have worked hard to make the
internet world more open, inclusive, and equal. Indeed, the next generation of Web
evolution (i.e., Web 3.0) is already coming and shaping our lives. Web 3.0 is a
decentralized Web architecture that is more intelligent and safer than before. The
risks and ruin posed by monopolists or criminals will be greatly reduced by a
complete reconstruction of the Internet and IT infrastructure. In a word, Web 3.0 is
capable of addressing web data ownership according to distributed technology. It
will optimize the internet world from the perspectives of economy, culture, and
technology. Then it promotes novel content production methods, organizational
structures, and economic forms. However, Web 3.0 is not mature and is now being
disputed. Herein, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of Web 3.0, with a
focus on current technologies, challenges, opportunities, and outlook. This article
first introduces a brief overview of the history of World Wide Web as well as
several differences among Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, and Web3. Then, some
technical implementations of Web 3.0 are illustrated in detail. We discuss the
revolution and benefits that Web 3.0 brings. Finally, we explore several challenges
and issues in this promising area.
 1.Introduction:

The history of the development of the World Wide Web consists of four phases, i.e.,
Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, and Web3. Thanks to scientific and technological
innovation, we have experienced the Web 1.0 era and live in a period of Web 2.0,
Web 3.0, and Web3 coexistence. The innovator of the World Wide Web, Timothy
John Berners-Lee1 proposed a distributed hypertext system, called the We (or Web
1.0). He also designed and built the first web browser2 and published the first
website3. The initial Web is a linked information system, which is based on graph
and link organization mode. A significant feature of Web 1.0 applications is
static pages. Visitors are permitted to perform a few simple operations, such as
reading and clicking. It is so monotonous that few people were interested. After
that, Web 1.0 applications continued to evolve to be more versatile and
easier to use. The second-generation Web, called Web 2.0, was proposed in
a brain-stream forum [44]. Compared to Web 1.0, users are no longer just
reading or downloading content from static websites. They are capable of
writing or uploading various creations on the internet.The interaction is vital
for Web 2.0 architecture. A lot of novel technologies (e.g., asynchronous
JavaScript and XML, Cascading Style Sheets, the document object model, and
JavaScript object notation) users enjoy rich experiences [46]. Until now,
Web 2.0 inspired many young people creative enthusiasm and
encouraged them to participate. Social media platforms (e.g., make Facebook,
WeChat, TikTok, and Twitter), video and music websites (e.g., YouTube,
BiliBili, and Spotify), and e-business platforms (e.g., Amazon, Tmall,
eBay, and Walmart) are relatively mature and full of all aspects of our lives in the
past decades [20]. However, on the one hand, whether users are voluntary or
not, their application data belongs to the corresponding Web 2.0 platforms;
on the other hand, these platforms collect users’ data as much as possible
and then maximize their revenue [2]. It should be pointed out that users
generally do not know how and for what their information will be used. Web 3.0 [7,
28] provides a transparent architecture (i.e., decentralized). In the view of Tim-
othy John Berners-Lee, Web 3.0 aims to create a more intelligent web,
which
emphasizes machine understanding of human seman- tic expression [5, 7,
57]. Later, Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood thinks that centralized
services cause a lot of corporate monopolies, and thus the next Web flood
will completely change the status of Web 2.0 [71]. He believes that the next
generation of the Web will be an identity-based pseudonymous low-level
messaging system. In order to make it distinct from traditional Web 3.0, he
renamed it Web3. Web3 architecture achieves decentralization via blockchain
technologies, whereas Web 3.0 may not require blockchain. Today, Web 3.0
is a broad but borderless concept. It has integrated powerful and large-scale
Web applications. We suppose Web 3.0 is a powerful, generic, and measurable
architecture. Table 1 summarizes the differences between four types of Webs.
Web 1.0 is the informational internet. It only offers a reading expe- rience
for users; there is no interaction or dynamic content. Web 2.0 is
synonymous with identity and a centralized Web. Users be- come content
creators and are willing to communicate with others through
Internet tools. However, it is hard to break down the infor- mation
blockade between platforms. Web 3.0 and Web3 are both user-generated
content and user-generated authority. That is, users can determine what and how
much information other people and platforms can view. This allows users to truly
own their data. There are some reviews of literature related to Web 3.0 [27, 38, 40,
47, 55, 69). Most of them had not clearly distinguished between Web 3.0 and
Web3. For instance, because blockchain is known for implementing a new
organization governance model (i.e., decentral- ization), it is easy to take it for
granted that blockchain technology is the most suitable tool within Web 3.0
architecture. However, cur- rent blockchain technology is not mature,
and its financial
hype is concerning (see [19]). Though Web 3.0 is a buzzword, most people
are still unclear about it, especially its definition. Web 3.0 will fa- cilitate a
worldwide data reform, which may trigger opportunities and risks. There is no
doubt that providing a detailed illustration (what, how, and when) is valuable.

Table 1: Differences among different stages of webs

Web Architecture Representative products Characteristics Benefit distribution
Web 1.0 centralized Yahoo, Sina, Netscape host-generated content,
host-generated authority platform monopoly
Web 2.0 centralized Baidu, Google, Facebook user-generated content,
host-generated authority
profit-sharing (platforms
and netizens)
Web 3.0 distributed,
decentralized Tor, Twine user-generated content,
user-generated authority peer-to-peer
Web3 distributed,
decentralized Ethereum, Binance user-generated content,
user-generated authority smart contract

2.LITERATURE SURVEY:

The Web 3.0, often referred to as the Semantic Web, is the proposed next
iteration of the World Wide Web. It envisions a web that is more intelligent,
decentralized, and user-centric compared to the current Web 2.0 model. This
literature survey aims to explore the key characteristics, underlying technologies,
and potential applications of Web 3.0.

Key Characteristics of Web 3.0:

• Decentralization: Web 3.0 strives to move away from centralized

control by leveraging
Decentralization: Web 3.0
strives to move away
from centralized control
by leveraging
Decentralization: Web 3.0
strives to move away
from centralized control
by leveraging
 Decentralization: Web 3.0 strives to move away from centralized control by
leveraging technologies like blockchain to distribute data and applications
across a peer-to-peer network.
 Semantic Web: Semantic Web technologies like ontologies aim to add
meaning to data, enabling machines to understand and internet information
like humans do.
 Artificial Intelligence(AI): AI plays crucial role in web 3.0 by enabling intelligent
user interfaces, personalized experiences, and data analysis.

 Underlying Technologies of Web 3.0:

 Blockchain: Blockchain technology forms the backbone of decentralization in

Web 3.0 providing secure and transparent data storage and transactions.

 Semantic Web Technologies: These technologies, including ontologies RDF

(Resources Description Framework), and SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and
RDF Query Language) enable machines to understand the relationships and
meaning behind data.

 Artificial Intelligence: Machine learning, natural language processing, and

other AI techniques contribute to intelligent applications and personalized
experiences.
Potential Applications of Web 3.0:

 Decentralized Applications (dApps): Web 3.0 facilitates the development of

dApps, which operate on a decentralized network, offering greater user control
and transparency.
 The Future of the Web 3.0 has the potential to revolutionize various sectors,
including finance (DeFi), healthcare (electronic health records), and social
media (decentralized social networks).