Page 1 of 270

2023

GRADE 12

MATHEMATICAL
LITTERACY
 Page 2 of 270

ASSESSMENT 2023

TERM 2

MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
PAPER 1
100 MARKS: 2 HOURS
Question 1: 20% (level 1)
Question 2: Finance
Question 3: Data Handling
Question 4 – 5:
Integration of Finance, Data Handling and Probability

TERM 3

PREPARATORY EXAMINATION

PAPER 1
150 MARKS: 3 HOURS
Question 1: 20% (Level 1)
Question 2: Finance
Question 3: Data Handling
Question 4 – 5:
Integration of Finance, Data Handling and Probability
 Page 3 of 270

PAPER I
INDEX
A. FINANCE

1. PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

2. TAXATION
• Personal income tax,
• Taxable & non-taxable income,
• Rebates
• UIF (maximum amount)
• VAT (15%)

3. TARIFF SYSTEMS
• (Compare 2 or more)
• Electricity tariffs
• Telephone tariffs
• Municipal tariffs
• Bank tariffs
• Transport tariffs
• Tables
• Graphs
• Formulae

4. INCOME, EXPENDITURE, PROFIT/LOSS

• (Large organizations and fundraising projects)
• A comparison of income/ expenditure/ profit values over two years
• Budgets showing a comparison of projected vs actual, expenditure and
profit/loss values.

5. COST PRICE & SELLING PRICE

• Cost of producing/ manufacturing
• Appropriate selling price
• Percentage profit
• Break-even analysis:
• (Determine break- even values from formulae and graphs)

6. INTEREST AND BANKING

• Hire Purchase/ residual/balloon.
• Loans
• Interest rate, interest, repayment
 Page 4 of 270

7. BANKING
• Investments
• Insurance Plans
• (Interest, interest rate, charges, monthly payment)

• Inflation
• Buying power over time
• Prices of items over time
• (Interpret and analyze graphs
• Exchange rates
• Currency relationships, buying power.

B. DATA HANDLING

1. DEVELOPING QUESTIONS
• National and global issues
• Collecting data:
• Develop and use data collection instruments. (e.g., interview questions,
questionnaires, recording sheets, etc.)
• Classifying & Organising Data:
• Sort numerical and categorical data.
• Using categories and class intervals, tallies and frequency tables

2. SUMMARISING DATA
• Quartiles
• Inter-quartile range
• Calculate and analyze measures of central Tendency and spread.
• Percentiles

3. REPRESENTING, INTERPRETING AND ANALYSING DATA

• Pie charts
• Histograms, bar graphs
• Line& broken line graphs
• Scatter plots
• Box and whisker plots
 Page 5 of 270

C. PROPABILITY

• Probability of simple events

• (dice/coin games, national lotteries,
• Gambling, insurance risk assessment, etc.)
• Relative frequency and theoretical probability
• Compound events
• Tree diagrams and two-way tables

D. REVISION
 Page 6 of 270

Work that will appear in question 1

Page 7 of 270
Page 8 of 270
Page 9 of 270
Page 10 of 270
Page 11 of 270
 Page 12 of 270

Taxation
Terms

VAT
Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax placed on a product when value is added at each
stage of the supply chain, from production to the point of sale. The amount of VAT paid by the
user is based on the cost of the product, minus any of the costs of materials used in the
product that have already been taxed.

INCOME TAX
 Page 13 of 270

Income tax is an amount deducted by the government from your earnings. This money
is used to run the country. The amount of tax you pay depends on the amount you
earn.
There are different steps involved in calculating a person's income tax, so you need to
make sure you understand the key terminology and can perform the correct steps.
This is a tax on all sources of income (e.g. salary, interest income,rental income, etc.).
It is calculated on the taxable income.
DEFINITIONS
Gross Salary The total amount earned in a month. This includes all types of salary(e.g.
(Income) salary, overtime, bonuses, etc.)
Deductions These are amounts that need to be subtracted from the gross salary
before money is deposited into the employee's bank account. These
include items such as UIF, Pension, Medical Aid, Trade Union Fees, Loan
repayments, Tax, etc.
Net Salary Also known as 'take home pay'. This is the amount that is depositedinto
an employee's bank account. It is calculated as follows:
Net Salary = Gross Salary - Deductions
Non-taxable “Non-Taxable Income” is term that is most commonly used, but the
income more correct term is “Exempt Income”. This is income which you
receive which you are allowed to exclude from your Gross income and
in so doing you do not get taxed on it.

• Dividends received from a South African source.

• South African interest received by non-resident.
• Foreign pensions
• Workmen’s compensation benefits
• Unemployment (UIF) benefits
• Alimony and Maintenance benefits
• Uniform Allowance – provided that the uniform as a condition of
employment and clearly distinguishable
• Bona fide scholarships or bursaries granted to assist someone to
study at a recognized institution.
• Levies received by Body Corporates, club fees by Recreational clubs,

Taxable What is total taxable income?

Income
The term taxable income refers to any gross income earned that is used to
calculate the amount of tax you owe. Put simply, it is your adjusted gross
income less any deductions. This includes any wages, tips, salaries, and
bonuses from employers.
 Page 14 of 270

This is different from Net Salary although the calculation looks similar.
Taxable Income = Gross Income — Tax-deductible Deductions
Gross Income This is different from gross salary (above) because it includes all formsof
income, e.g. salary, rental income, textbook royalties, etc.
Income Tax This is a tax on all sources of income (e.g. salary, interest income,rental
income, etc.). It is calculated on the taxable income.
Pension fund Is pension a tax deductible?
One of the biggest advantages of pension saving is that you can pay into a
pension to reduce tax. All the money you pay into a pension qualifies for
tax relief, which provides an instant boost to your savings and helps the
fund to grow faster than other kinds of investment
How much of your pension is tax free in South Africa?
If you withdraw, the first R22 500 is not taxed. The balance up to R600 000
is taxed at 18%, the balance up to R900 000 at 27%, and the remainder at
36%.
Pension contributions are free of income tax, which means you are
refunded the income tax that you initially paid on this money.
UIF Unemployment insurance fund – employees have to contribute 1% oftheir
gross salary.
Donations What type of donations are tax deductible?
You may deduct charitable contributions of money or property made to
qualified organizations if you itemize your deductions.
Tax- These are specific deductions that are subtracted from the gross
deductible income before tax is calculated.
Deductions INDIVIDUAL Deductions
Pension fund contributions.
Retirement annuity fund contributions.
Provident fund contributions (only from 1 March 2016)
Legal costs – under certain qualifying circumstances.
Wear–and-tear – in respect of certain assets.
Donations – to approved bodies
Subsidy: financial assistance

The ABC of Income Tax

How long and when is a tax year?
 Page 15 of 270

Tax is calculated over a period of 12 months, from 1 March to 28 February of the following
year.

Who must pay income tax?

Every individual who earns more than R10 000 per month must pay income tax to the
government

After the tax has been calculated, you may deduct the following:
• Tax rebate according to age
• Medical fund credits

Tax rebate:
Is an amount of money that is deducted after the annual tax is calculated. It is a credit or
subsidy that the state provides to reduce the total amount of tax that one has to pay.
Remember this is deducted at the end of the tax calculated. Age
determine whether it includes Primary, Secondary or Tertiary rebate.

If a person is 75 years or older, the person gets all 3 of the discounts.

Medical fund credits:

These values are usually given to you in a table.
E.g. Taxpayer: R230
First dependent: R230
Each further dependent: R154

A quick way to determine how much tax should be deducted from your salary
for taxes.
Calculate income tax:

Remember the deduction table is something completely different from the income tax table.
Here only salary and monthly tax according to age are on.
 Page 16 of 270

Exercise 2 p 225
 Page 17 of 270

Calculation of personal tax with a given table

 Page 18 of 270

Two questions are asked namely:

A. Calculate the personal tax if the taxable income is
given to you.
B. Calculate the personal tax if the taxable income is
not given.

A. What you need:

 Page 19 of 270

How does it work?

Page 20 of 270
 Page 21 of 270

Tax threshold: shows the minimum salary that a person must earn before tax is charged. If a
person earns a salary below the tax threshold, then they will not have to pay tax.
Ex. If a 25-year-old person earns a yearly salary of R63 556,00 then that person’s tax will be
calculated in the following way:
𝟏𝟖
× 𝑹𝟔𝟑 𝟓𝟓𝟔 This tells you that everything
𝟏𝟎𝟎 is already deducted and you
= R11 440,00
must go to the tax table with
Primary rebate: R11 440,00
this annual amount.
∴ 𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎 − 𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟎, 𝟎 = 𝟎
The person pays no tax.

Example
25-year-old person with a monthly Taxable income of R25 000,00.
Calculate his monthly tax.
1. Change the monthly salary to an annual salary.
R25 000,00 x 12 = R300 000 per year

2. Determine the correct tax bracket.

3. Bracket 3
Annual tax =
• Write down the formula: R51 300 + (30% x [salary – R250 000])
• Calculate the difference between your salary and the amount given in the table:
• R300 000 – R250 000 = R50 000
• Calculate the given percentage of that amount:
𝟑𝟎
• 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝑹𝟓𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝑹𝟏𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎
• Calculate the annual tax by adding the amount in the table and the calculated
amount together.
 Page 22 of 270

• Annual tax = R51 300 + R15 000 = R66 300,00

4. Now deduct the discount.
For someone younger than 65 years it is R11 440 - Primary rebate
• R66 300 – R11 440 = R54 860,00 per year
• If you are told that the person belongs to a medical aid fund
then deduct the credits now after calculating it.
5. If they ask for the monthly tax calculate it.
R54 860 ÷ 12 = R4571,67 per month

Exercise 3 p229
Page 23 of 270
Page 24 of 270
Page 25 of 270
Page 26 of 270
Page 27 of 270
 Page 28 of 270

Extra exercise:
1.
 Page 29 of 270

2.
Page 30 of 270
 Page 31 of 270

3.
 Page 32 of 270

3.

B. Calculate the personal tax if the taxable income is

not given.
What is taxable income?

It is that part of the salary on which tax is calculated. This is not calculated on your Gross
salary.

Taxable income = gross income – taxable deductions

 Page 33 of 270

What can I deduct and when?

What can I deduct from my Gross Salary before tax is calculated:

• UIF
• Pension fund – only 7.5% of the gross salary
• Retirement annuities
Donation to a registered charity - may not exceed 10% of taxable income.
This then gives me the taxable income which I then need to calculate the person's personal
tax.

Remember
After calculating the tax payable you can deduct the following:
• Tax rebate according to age
• Medical aid credits

Medical aid credits:

These values will be given usually in a table.
Ex. Taxpayer: R230
First dependant: R230
Every other dependant: R154

REMEMBER: This must be deducted after the calculation of tax up to the age of 64. For those
65 and older it is deducted from their gross salary.

What is UIF
Unemployment Insurance Fund
When your employer terminates your service, you can apply to the Unemployment
Insurance Fund (UIF) for benefits.

The benefits are only available to you if you have been contributing to the UIF while you
worked. You cannot claim if you have resigned, been suspended or absconded from work.

To qualify for benefits, you must register as a work seeker. You must apply for the UIF
benefits as soon as you become unemployed or within six months of the termination of your
employment.

Determine “take -home” pay

Net salary (take-home pay): The amount of money the employee is paid at the end of the
month.
Net Salary = Gross salary – Total deductions
Page 34 of 270
Page 35 of 270
Page 36 of 270
 Page 37 of 270

Example 3 p 233
Mr Tsimso, aged 42 years, earns R21 000 a month. His monthly deductions are:
Remember these deductions are deducted from his salary it does not have anything to do
with his tax.
• R1 575 a month for pension
• R3 000 a month for medical aid for himself, his wife and 2 children
 Page 38 of 270

UIF: 1% of his gross salary

Taxable income: Most important part of the sum without this you cannot
calculate the personal tax.

Taxable income = Gross salary – Pension fund – UIF

Gross salary per month = R21 000,00

7,5
Pension fund − = R1575,00 × 𝑅21 000,00
100
= R1575,00
UIF − = R210,00
___________ 1
× 𝑅21 000,00
100

Monthly Taxable income = R19 215,00 = R210,00

Yearly taxable income = (12 x R19 215,00) Remember there is a ceiling for this amount. A
= R230 580,00 salary of R14 872 per month or R148,72 from
employer and the employee. A total of
This amount is then the amount that you use R297,00 paid over to the fund. For tax
in the tax table. purposes we only look at the employee’s
contribution.

Calculate tax: Now you need your tax table

 Page 39 of 270

R230 580,00
It falls in this tax bracket.
The amount that this person must pay in tax is then calculated with the following formula:
You must calculate 25% of your salary that is
28 800 + 25% of the amount above 160 000
more (above) than R160 000,00
• R230 580,00 – R160 000
= R70 580,00
𝟐𝟓
• 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝑹𝟕𝟎 𝟓𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎
= R17 645,00
This is the tax that this person must pay to the
• R28 800 + R17 645,00
= R46 445,00 government.

Now you must deduct the rebate that must be given to this person according to his age:

R46 445,00 – 𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎

= R35 005,00

Now only can we deduct the medical aid credits:!!!!!!!!!!

Remember you will be given a table to read this from:

Main member: R230,00

 Page 40 of 270

1 st dependant: R230,00
2 nd dependant:R154,00
3 rd dependant: R154,00 = Total: R768,00 per month.
The tax table works with per year amounts: R768,00 x 12 = R9 216,00

Annual tax payable = R35 005,00 − R9 216,00

= R25 789,00

You cannot pay all the money in one instalment we pay it per month:

R25 789,00 ÷ 𝟏𝟐
= R2 149,08 per month

Net Salary: Remember this is on your salary slip and does not have anything to do with your
Tax:
Gross salary = R21 000,00
Less monthly pension = − R1 575,00
Less UIF =− R210,00
Less Medical aid = − R3 000,00
Less monthly tax = − R2 149,08
Salary banked: = R14 065,92

Taxable income = Gross salary – Pension fund – UIF

Gross salary per month = R21 000,00 1

Pension fund − = R1575,00 × 𝑅21 000,00
100
UIF − = R148,72
___________ = R210,00
Monthly Taxable income = R19 276,28 Remember there is a ceiling for this amount. A
Yearly taxable income = (12 x R19 276,28)
salary of R14 872 per month or R148,72 from
= R231 315,36 employer and the employee. A total of
R297,00 paid over to the fund. For tax
This amount is then the amount that you use purposes we only look at the employee’s
in the tax table. contribution.

Calculate tax: Now you need your tax table

 Page 41 of 270

R231 315,36 It falls in this tax bracket.

The amount that this person must pay in tax is then calculated with the following formula:
You must calculate 25% of your salary that is
28 800 + 25% of the amount above 160 000
more (above) than R160 000,00
• R231 315,36 – R160 000
= R71 315,36
𝟐𝟓
• 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝑹𝟕𝟏 𝟑𝟏𝟓, 𝟑𝟔
= R17 828,84
This is the tax that this person must pay to the
• R28 800 + R17 828,84
= R46 628,84 government.

Now you must deduct the rebate that must be given to this person according to his age:

R46 628,84 – 𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎

= R35 188,84

Now only can we deduct the medical aid credits:!!!!!!!!!!

 Page 42 of 270

Remember you will be given a table to read this from:

Main member: R230,00
1st dependant: R230,00
2nd dependant: R154,00
3rd dependant: R154,00 = Total: R768,00 per month.
The tax table works with per year amounts: R768,00 x 12 = R9 216,00
Annual tax payable = R35 188,84 − R9 216,00
= R25 972,84

You cannot pay all the money in one instalment you pay it per month:

R25 972,84÷ 𝟏𝟐
= R2 164,40 per month

Net Salary: Remember this is on your salary slip and does not have anything to do with your
Tax:
Gross salary = R21 000,00
Less monthly pension = − R1 575,00
Less UIF =− R210,00
Less Medical aid = − R3 000,00
Less monthly tax = − R2 164,40
Salary banked: = R14 050,60
Page 43 of 270
Page 44 of 270
Page 45 of 270
Page 46 of 270
Page 47 of 270
 Page 48 of 270

Tariff systems
A tariff is the amount at which a single unit is charged for a service e.g.
• Mobile phone – per minute or per second
• Electricity – per kilowatt-hour Water – per kilolitre
The following types of rates will be focused on:
• Water,
• Electricity,
• Mobile phone Data,
• Banking Fees
• Transportation Rates (Taxi)

REQUIRED TERMINOLOGY:

• Tariffs – it is a cost per measuring unit for a specific service, examples are;
Water tariff – R/kl, Electricity – R/kWh, Telephone/Cellphone – R/minute or
c/second.

• Sliding scale/Stepped tariff system – Water and electricity tariffs are usually
calculated in steps, the more you use/consume the more expensive the rate of
charge becomes. You pay a certain rate for a fixed amount and then the rate
increases again for a fixed amount.

• Prepaid tariff system – System where you pay as you use the service, usually a
constant rate of charge.

• Contract tariff system – Usually involves a fixed cost (subscription fee/contract

fee) plus charges you pay as you use the service. Will usually have a fixed cost
irrespective whether you use the service or not.

• Subscription fees – Usually includes the cost of a product (cellphone) as well as

administrative services included.

• Return trip – Refers to a trip where it is a “there and back” trip and not just a
one-way trip.

1 kilolitre = 1000 litre

MUNICIPAL TARIFFS – Water & Electricity

 Page 49 of 270

WATER:
Water usage is measured in kiloliters (1 000 liters). The rate of charge for water consumption is
charged on a sliding scale/stepped tariff system. Hence, the more you use the higher the rate
of charge becomes.

Example 1
The Modise family used 20 kiloliters of water during the month of June. Calculate the cost of
their water consumption.

STEPS WATER CONSUMPTION USAGE PER STEP RATE (R/kl)

1 0 ≤ 6 𝑘𝑙 6 kl R 17,51
2 > 6 ≤ 10,5 𝑘𝑙 10,5 – 6 = 4,5 kl R 24,39
3 > 10,5 ≤ 35 𝑘𝑙 35 – 10,5 = 24,5 kl R 34,63
4 > 35 𝑘𝑙 EVERYTHING THAT IS LEFT R 76,04

20 kl used
You pay for each portion available on each step before you can move on to the next step.

Number of units used per step Payment per step

• 20kl – 6 kl = 14 kl 6 kl × R17,51 = R 105,06
• 14 kl – 4,5 kl =9,5 kl 4,5 kl × R24,39 = R 109,755
• 9,5 kl – there is 24.5 kl available on this 9,5 kl × R34,63 = R 328,985
step but they only used 9,5 kl so they
only pay for 9,5 kl.
Total cost: R 543,80

Example 2

STEPS WATER CONSUMPTION USAGE PER STEP RATE (R/kl)

1 0 ≤ 6 𝑘𝑙 6 kl R 17,51
2 > 6 ≤ 10,5 𝑘𝑙 10,5 – 6 = 4,5 kl R 24,39
3 > 10,5 ≤ 35 𝑘𝑙 35 – 10,5 = 24,5 kl R 34,63
4 > 35 𝑘𝑙 EVERYTHING THAT IS LEFT R 76,04

100 kl used
You pay for each portion available on each tier before you can move on to the next tier.
 Page 50 of 270

Number of units used per step Payment per step

• 100kl – 6 kl = 94 kl 6 kl × R17,51 = R 105,06
• 94 kl – 4,5 kl =89,5 kl 4,5 kl × R24,39 = R 109,755
• 89,5 – 24,5 kl = 65 24,5 kl × R34,63 = R 848,435
• 65 kl 65 kl × R76,04 = R 4 942,60
• Total cost: R 6 005,85

ELECTRICITY:

Electricity tariffs works on the same principles as the water tariff system with a stepped tariff
system.

The ranges within the electricity tariffs are just bigger than the ranges in the water tariffs.
Electricity consumption is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) which is more commonly known
as “units”.

1kWh = 1 unit.

There is a lot of different tariffs structures available with electricity with regards
to “free” units and dependent on the value of your property etc. With some of
these structures a household will have to pay a fixed monthly service charge as
well as a tariff per kWh.
• The most popular method of paying for electricity is buying prepaid electricity,
like you would for airtime on your cell phone, when your units run out your
electricity goes off.
• There are still some areas where there is a meter in your house and you only pay
for the electricity used at the end of the month. With this option you will receive
an account for the electricity used like your water and sanitation account.
Electricity purchase blocks for 20 Amp Traiffs Tariff (cent / kWh)

2017 2018
Block 1 0 – 350 kWh 104,26 106,56
Block 2 More than 350 kWh (>350) 118.00 120,60

1.1 Calculate in Rand the electricity costs for the following monthly consumption:
1.2 140 kWh in 2018
1.3 380 kWh in 2017
1.4 Calculate the percentage increase in electricity charges for Block 2
tariffs from 2017 to 2018.

2. A local municipality charges 124.5c / kWh (VAT included) for prepaid

electricity. Calculate how many units in kWh a household will get if R500
prepaid electricity is purchased.
 Page 51 of 270

3. Use the following TABLE to answer the following question

Residential consumption
All rates are exclusive of 15% VAT
Block 1 0–50kWh R0,9015 per kWh
Block 2 51–350kWh R1,0161 per kWh
Block 3 351–600kWh R1,3594 per kWh
Block 4 More than 600 kWh R1,6314 per kWh

Calculate the amount, including VAT, that must be paid for the consumption of 400 kWh.

6. The cost for electricity in one of the cities consists of a fixed rate of R55 per
month, plus a rate of R0.80 per kWh.
6.1 Calculate the monthly cost if a household used 243 kWh for a month.
6.2 Write down a formula to determine the monthly cost in the form:
Monthly cost (in rand) =…:

MOBILE PHONE DATA RATES:

John needs data to do research. He finds that one of the providers offers data at the
following rates:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
500 MB (megabytes) 1 GB (gigabyte, 1 000 MB = 1
 Page 52 of 270

GB)

Fixed monthly cost R150 R200

Additional 50c for every MB used over 500 50c for every MB used over 1 GB
monthly cost MB

John must choose between OPTION 1 and OPTION 2

1. OPTION 1 can be represented by the following formula:
Cost (in Rand) = 150 + 0.5 × (number of megabytes used - 500)
Calculate the cost of using 900 MB on OPTION 1.

2. The following table shows the monthly costs for OPTION 2.

Monthly cost for OPTION 2:

Number of MB 0 600 800 1 000 1100 1500 180
used each month 0
Cost (In Rand) 200 200 200 200 250 450 A

2.1 Calculate the value of A.

2.2 Write down a formula that can be used in OPTION 2 in the form: Cost (in rand) =…
2.3 The graph of OPTION 1 is drawn. Draw the graph of OPTION 2 on the same axis system.
 Page 53 of 270

2.4 Use the graphs in 2.3 to determine which of the two options you would advise John to
take if he only wants to spend R350 on data. Motivate you antwoord.

BANK FEES:

The following TABLE shows the bank charges / charges for certain transactions from Bank
A and Bank B. Use it to answer the questions that follow:

Transaction BANK A fees BANK B fees

R7 per R1 000 or part
Withdrawal at Banks Own ATM R8 per R1 000 or part
thereof
thereof
R10 + R2 per R100 or
Withdrawal at another bank’s R12 per R1 000 or part
part thereof
ATM thereof
R30 + R2 per R100 or R80 + R2.50 per R100 or
Cash deposit at branch
part thereof part thereof
Cash deposit at own ATM R1 per R100 R1.10 per R100

Cash withdrawal at till point R2 R1.20

1. Identify the place where you will pay the cheapest for withdrawals.
2. Calculate the fee that must be paid if R3 800 is withdrawn from Bank B's ATM.
3. Calculate the amount to be paid if R4 000 is withdrawn from another ATM and the bank
account is with Bank A.
4. If R9 500 is to be deposited, calculate the difference in fees between Bank A and Bank B
if this is done at a branch.

TRANSPORT RATES:

• The most common transport in South Africa is train, taxi / bus and coach.
• Other means of transport that are more business related or for holidays are air travel
(planes).
• Single fares (one-way only) and return fares (there-and-back)
• Fares are mostly based on distance travelled, the cost of fuel, wear and tear and the type
of transport.

RENTAL CAR/TAXI - COSTS:

Jackie is the driver of a rental car with a meter. The company he works for
charges the following fee for a one-way trip:
• A minimum call-out fee of R50 per trip with the first three kilometers free Then R12,00 for
each additional kilometer or part thereof.
John's- taxi industry charges a fixed rate of R14.50 per km.
 Page 54 of 270

1. The distance for a single trip is 80 km. Francois makes the statement that John's taxi
business will be the cheapest. Verify, by showing all your calculations of his
statement is valid.
2. Write down an equation that Jackie can use to calculate the total cost (in rand) of a
one-way trip, in the form: Total cost (in rand) per one-way trip = ...
3. A customer pays Rafique R1 214 for a one-way trip. Determine the distance traveled
during this trip
4. Ms Majola hires a rental car from this company to take her to a meeting 5 km from her
home. The meeting is scheduled to last exactly ONE hour and she requests that the
rental car will be waiting for her to take her back home.
The company charges an extra R100 per hour if the rental car has to wait for a customer
and the trip will be calculated as a single trip.
Calculate the total rental car fee that mrs. Mkhize will pay for this trip.
Page 55 of 270
Page 56 of 270
Page 57 of 270
Page 58 of 270
Page 59 of 270
Page 60 of 270
Page 61 of 270
Page 62 of 270
Page 63 of 270
Page 64 of 270
Page 65 of 270
Page 66 of 270
Page 67 of 270
Page 68 of 270
Page 69 of 270
Page 70 of 270
Page 71 of 270
Page 72 of 270
Page 73 of 270
Page 74 of 270
Page 75 of 270
Page 76 of 270
Page 77 of 270
Page 78 of 270
Page 79 of 270
Page 80 of 270
Page 81 of 270
Page 82 of 270
Page 83 of 270
Page 84 of 270
Page 85 of 270
Page 86 of 270
Page 87 of 270
Page 88 of 270
Page 89 of 270
Page 90 of 270
Page 91 of 270
Page 92 of 270
Page 93 of 270
Page 94 of 270
Page 95 of 270
Page 96 of 270
Page 97 of 270
Page 98 of 270
Page 99 of 270
Page 100 of 270
Page 101 of 270
Page 102 of 270
Page 103 of 270
Page 104 of 270
Page 105 of 270
Page 106 of 270
Page 107 of 270
Page 108 of 270
Page 109 of 270
Page 110 of 270
Page 111 of 270
 Page 112 of 270

6. INTEREST AND BANKING

Revision p102
Page 113 of 270
 Page 114 of 270

Interest and banking

Loans
Extra costs when buying a house.
Page 115 of 270
Page 116 of 270
 Page 117 of 270

Deposit

Loans often come with a requirement for a deposit. A deposit is an amount

that must be paid upfront before the loan is guarenteed. It is often
stipulated as a percentage of the loan amount. This deposit is almost like a
promise to repay the rest of the loan.

𝟏𝟎
Deposit amount = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝑹𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎
= R38 500,00

The amount must be paid in cash by anybody who whants to by the house.
The deposit is paid to the bank.

.:Loan amount required = R385 000,00 – R38 500,00

= R346 500,00
The deposit makes the amount borrowed from the bank smaller.
 Page 118 of 270

Interest rates and loan lengths. p105

Interest rates

Interest is always charged on loans. This means the total paid back for the
loan is always more than the original loan amount.

Loan length

It refers to how much time a person has to pay back the loan. For home
loans it is much longer than for car loans. Home loans can be up to 30 years.

Monthly repayments
 Page 119 of 270

Remember the table must be provided to

you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Determine the real cost and interest paid on a loan.

Real cost of a loan

Interest paid on a loan

 Page 120 of 270

25 years x 12 =
300 months
Page 121 of 270
Page 122 of 270
Page 123 of 270
Page 124 of 270
 Page 125 of 270

Modelling a loan scenario in a table.

Page 126 of 270
Page 127 of 270
Page 128 of 270
Page 129 of 270
Page 130 of 270
Page 131 of 270
 Page 132 of 270

Reducing the cost of a loan p111

Page 133 of 270
Page 134 of 270
 Page 135 of 270

The effect of changes in the interest rate p113

Page 136 of 270
Page 137 of 270
Page 138 of 270
 Page 139 of 270

7. BANKING

Investments p115
Retirement investment (annuity)
Page 140 of 270
Page 141 of 270
Page 142 of 270
Page 143 of 270
 Page 144 of 270

Stokvel investment scheme p119

Page 145 of 270
Page 146 of 270
Page 147 of 270
 Page 148 of 270

Inflation

What is inflation?
 Page 149 of 270

Remember inflation determine the buying power of your money.

Page 150 of 270
Page 151 of 270
 Page 152 of 270

Determine the impact of inflation through calculation

New price = old price + inflation

𝟖
= R8,85 + (𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝑹𝟖, 𝟖𝟓)
= R8,85 + R0,708
= R9,56

Determine the inflation rate through calculations:

𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
Inflation rate = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆
(𝑹𝟐𝟔,𝟖𝟎 −𝑹𝟐𝟑,𝟗𝟗)
= 𝑹𝟐𝟑,𝟗𝟗
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 Page 153 of 270

𝑹𝟐,𝟖𝟏
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑹𝟐𝟑,𝟗𝟗
= 11,713….
= 11,71
= 11,7%
 Page 154 of 270

Inflation rates inform salary negotiations p124

 Page 155 of 270

Notes
 Page 156 of 270

Summary and questions p126, 127

Page 157 of 270
Page 158 of 270
Page 159 of 270
Page 160 of 270
 Page 161 of 270

Answers: Extra exercise

 Page 162 of 270

Exchange rates
Revision
Page 163 of 270
Page 164 of 270
Page 165 of 270
Page 166 of 270
Page 167 of 270
Page 168 of 270
Page 169 of 270
 Page 170 of 270

Buying and selling currency

Page 171 of 270
Page 172 of 270
Page 173 of 270
Page 174 of 270
Page 175 of 270
Page 176 of 270
Page 177 of 270
 Page 178 of 270

Summary and questions

Page 179 of 270
Page 180 of 270
Page 181 of 270
Page 182 of 270
Page 183 of 270
 Page 184 of 270

B. DATA HANDLING

Word bank

dependent Is determined by the data you collect and is always indicated

variable on the vertical axis of a bar graph.

A point or value on a graph or table that gives me specific or

data point individual information.

The average value of the data is determined by adding up all

mean the data points and then dividing it by the total number of
data points.

median The number that occurs in the middle of an ordered data set.

mode The number or item that occurs most often in the data set

This is determined when you set up your questions before you

independent
collect your data; it is always indicated on the horizontal axis
variable
of a bar graph.
 Page 185 of 270

population The large group being investigated or studied.

Numbers that describe what is average, or typical, within a

central tendency
distribution of data. The three main measures used are mean,
statistic
mode and median.

Keys are used to explain what a symbol or color on a chart

key
means or represents.

A smaller group selected from the population to represent the

sample
entire population.

Dashes that appear on a frequency table to facilitate the

counting dashes counting process during the data organization process, for
example IIII used to indicate five.

The largest value minus the smallest value in your data set
equals the range of variation. A large variation width indicates
range
data that is widely distributed, versus a small variation width
that indicates data that is close together.

Revision p62
Page 186 of 270
 Page 187 of 270

Understand national and world statistics

Data handling involves the collection, organization, presentation and analysis

of data.
The data cycle consists of the following steps:

• Collect data
• Organize the data
• Graph the data before
• Analyze the data
• Make inferences or predictions

What is a population and a sample?

We can get data in various places. Sometimes the data comes from nature, for
example when you want to know how many of each kind of flower there is in the
 Page 188 of 270

garden, and sometimes you need to get the data from people, for example when
you want to know in which subject the learners in your school are the best
achieve. To collect this data you must first decide which population group your
data will come from.

The population is the entire group about which you want to collect data. 2 This
will be, for example, all your school's learners. A sample is a group of people
that represents the entire population, and it is usually used when the population
is very large. 2

For example, you may decide to only collect data from one class from each
grade; these learners are then your sample, and they will represent the whole
school.

It is important to remember that your sample must be chosen fairly. For

example, you cannot select only girls to be part of your sample when there are
also boys in the school, unless you only want to determine how girls or boys are
doing specifically. The learners who are part of the sample must therefore be
able to represent the whole school fairly and equally. It will also depend on what
you are collecting data about. For example, if you want to know what the
average mark is for Mathematics in the school, your sample cannot only consist
of 7th grade learners. It is also not always necessary to use a sample. If your
population group is small enough, you can use everyone in your population's
data.

Collect data

The first step of the data cycle is to collect data, aka data collection.

We may collect data in various ways, including using the following

methods:

• Hand out questionnaires : These questionnaires contain questions

that help you get the data you need.
• Observe : During observation you collect the data by making notes while
observing a situation. For example, you can count how many of each
type of sandwich is sold during break by ticking off each time a certain
type of sandwich is sold.
• Ask and record : This method works much like observation, but instead
of observing, you ask people questions and make notes of their answers.
For example, you can ask your classmates what their favorite sandwich
is.
 Page 189 of 270

Organize the data

Now that we have collected data, we need to organize the data. It's important to
organize data before presenting it to make sure you don't miss any data. When
data is unorganized , it is too difficult to represent it without making a mistake. 1
Therefore, we use frequency tables (sometimes we call them score tables ) to
help us organize this data. 2

Frequency tables consist of three columns: In the first column you write down
what you have collected data about; in the second column you make score lines
; and in the third column you write down the frequency of your score streaks .
Frequency refers to the 'total' or 'how often something occurs'. Below is an
example of a frequency table.

Grade 6 learners' favourites colour pet

Color Score Frequency

Green III 3

Blue IIII IIII II 12

Red IIII 5

Yellow IIII IIII IIII 15

Pink IIII IIII III 14

Press II 2

Total 51

DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONS
Collect data

Statistics South Africa holds a national census every five years.

The purpose of a census is to obtain information about every household in the
country, to determine how many people live in the country, their sex, age, living
conditions, income, etc.
 Page 190 of 270

This information will help planners, inside and outside government, to plan what
resources people need.

In a national survey it is impossible to include all the people in the country, ie

the (population).
In such a case, a sample is selected from the population.
To prevent bias, the sample must be representative of the population.
In a national census, however, the entire population must be reached, so that
data on the country's inhabitants can be obtained.

Activity 1 p66
 Page 191 of 270

3. PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Organising data
 Page 192 of 270

Activity 2 p67
 Page 193 of 270

Exercise 1 p68
 Page 194 of 270

Displaying data p69

Graphs are used to display and compare different data sets, or components within a data
set, and to identify trends.
• Multiple bar graphs
• Histograms
 Page 195 of 270

• Vertical stack graphs

• Pie charts
• Bar-of-pie charts
• Line graphs
• Scatter plot graphs

Multiple bar graphs

Repetition rates per grade and per gender

• For each category on the horizontal axis there are three bars showing the total
males and females
• Only percentages of learners are shown because it would be too difficult to
show actual numbers.
• Percentages provide a common unit of measurement, and this makes
comparison easier.

Activity 3 p70
 Page 196 of 270

Histogram

We usually use a histogram to represent continuous data values.

With continuous data it is possible for the data values to overlap between categories.
Example: A person with a weight of 2,98 kg could be classified as having a weight that
falls below 3 kg, or because 2,98 kg is so close to 3 kg, they could be classified in the
3 kg range of weights.
Because of this possibility of overlap of data values, the bars on a histogram always
touch to allow for overlap between categories

• The following histogram shows numbers of people in the South African

population that fall within different age group categories. Notice how the bars
touch to indicate possible overlap of ages from one age category to another.

South Africa’s population structure is skewed towards the young. 37% of the
population is below 18 years of age.

Number of males and females by age group, 1996-2010

Activity 4 p71
Page 197 of 270
 Page 198 of 270

In a stack graph the bars that represent the different components of each category are
combined into one bar. This makes it visually easier to compare components.

Multiple stack graphs are also useful for comparisons when there are different
components within the categories in a data set.

Horizontal multiple stack graph

 Page 199 of 270

In this figure we see that the largest percentage of children living with both biological
parents was in Western Cape, followed by Gauteng.

Activity 5 p73
Page 200 of 270
 Page 201 of 270

Pie chart

A pie chart consists of sectors. Each sector represents a category of the data (e.g. a
day of the week)
The relative size of each sector gives an indication of the relative size of that category.
Unlike multiple bar graphs and multiple stack graphs, a pie chart cannot display
components within the categories. For this, we need bar-of-pie or pie-of-pie chart
A bar-of-pie chart uses a bar graph to display a specific component or sector of a pie
chart.
A pie-of-pie chart uses a pie chart to display a specific sector of a pie chart.

/
 Page 202 of 270

Activity 6 p75
 Page 203 of 270

Line graph

Activity 7 p76
 Page 204 of 270

Scatterplot graphs

Are used to show either the relationship between two different variables or categories in the
data or to show more clearly how the data values in a data set are clustered in relation to all
of the other values in the data.
 Page 205 of 270

Activity 8 p77
 Page 206 of 270

2. Summarising data

Summarising data using mean, median and mode

Measures of central tendency:

• Mean
• Median
• Mode

Measures of spread
• Range
• Quartiles
• Percentiles

• Remember: If you start with a data handling problem

you must make sure that the data is in order from
small to big (Ascending order).
• You have to write it out because you get marks for it
even if it is not stated in the question.

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡

Mean =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡
The median is the middle-most value in a data set when the values are arranged in
ascending (from small to big) or decending (from big to small) order.
The mode is the value or object that occurs the most in the data set.

These measures of central tendency give as an average for a data set.

Classification of data
• Data classification
 Page 207 of 270

Data can be classified into two main categories:

1.Qualitative

2. Quantitative

1. Qualitative data

It is a categorical measurement recorded in words by means of a natural language

description and not in terms of numbers.

In general:

• Involves descriptions

• Data can be observed but not measured.

• Qualitative → Quality

Some examples of categories that would be qualitative are colours, textures, smells, tastes,
appearance, gender, religious preference, socio-economic status, etc.

It is better to use this kind of data for answering how and why questions and it does not
work well with what, when and who questions.

Qualitative data provides detailed information to explain complex issues, but it is difficult to
analyse. The information can be gathered using open-ended questionnaires, unstructured
interviews and unstructured observations.

Qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level, and for finding out in depth
how people think or feel (e.g. case studies).

2. Quantitative data

Quantitative data is data recorded by numbers.

• Work with numbers

• Data that can be measured

• Quantitative → Quantity

Some examples of quantitative data are:

Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, moisture content, sound
levels, cost, members, ages, etc.

It is better to use this kind of data for answering what, when and who questions.

Quantitative data can be categorized, or ranked, or measured in units of measure. This

type of data can be used to compile graphs and tables with raw data. It is easy to analyse.
 Page 208 of 270

Quantitative data are usually collected using surveys, questionnaires, or existing databases.

Example comparing qualitative and quantitative data:

Take a cup of coffee.

The qualitative data would be:

• smells very nice

• looks frothy

• strong taste

• purple cup

The quantitative data would be:

• 250 ml liquid

• Serve at a temperature of 65ºC.

• cup is 12cm high

• costs R18

Quantitative data is further divided into 2 groups: discrete and continuous data.

1. Discrete data

Discrete data is data that is counted. This type of data has definite, specific values or
quantities and can only be integers.

Examples:

• the number of motorcycles on the road

• the number of people who drive different types of cars

• the number of boys and girls in a class

In none of these cases is it possible to have a fraction of a value, i.e., you cannot have half a
motorcycle or half a person.

2. Continuous data
Continuous data is measured data. This type of data is obtained by measurement and can assume
any values within a range, i.e., you can get fractions or decimals.
 Page 209 of 270

Examples:

• Ages of learners in a school, such as 17 years 6 months (17.5 years old)

• A person's height: can be any value (within the scope of human

lengths), not just certain fixed lengths

• Time in a race: it is measured in fractions of a second

• A dog's weight
Example 9 p78

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

The mean number of learners per province = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
12 227 963
= 9
= 1 358 663
 Page 210 of 270

Since most learners are I KwaZulu-Natal, we can say that KwaZulu-Natal is the modal
province
The number of learners in the table is the median value for each province.

Activity 9 p79
Page 211 of 270
 Page 212 of 270

Summarising data using quartile and percentile values and interpreting box-
and-whisker diagrams

The need for measures of spread

If the measures of tendency alone do not give us the full picture of a data set, we use
measures of spread to get the full picture

Both of these measures helps us to understand the data better.

Range as a measure of spread

Range = highest value in a data set – lowest value in the same data set

Limitations of the range

• The range only measures the spread between the highest and lowest values in
the data set.
• It does not consider how the rest of the values, are spread.
• The range can create a misleading impression of the data, especially if the data
set contains outliers.

Quartiles as a measure of spread

• One way of overcoming the limitations of the range is to break up the data into
more groups.
• This way we can get a better picture of what is happening at more points than
only the end points.

Example 2
 Page 213 of 270

Girls

1 40
2 40 Quartile 1 is the
middle of the first half
3 42 𝟒𝟔+𝟒𝟗 𝟗𝟓
Q1 = 𝟐 = 𝟐
= 𝟒𝟕, 𝟓

4 46 The first half consists of 8 numbers

5 49
6 53
7 58
Quartile 2 is the
median
8 61 The middle is between2 numbers Q2 = 62,5
These numbers must
be rounded off to 1
decimal.
9 64 𝟔𝟏+𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Median = = = 𝟔𝟐, 𝟓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
10 65 Quartile 3 the
middle of the second
half
11 68 𝟕𝟎+𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟐
Q3 = = = 𝟕𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
12 70 The second half concists of 8 numbers
13 72
14 79
15 83 This is not quartile 4
we do not have a
quartile 4
16 84

𝟒𝟎+𝟒𝟎+𝟒𝟐+𝟒𝟔+𝟒𝟗+𝟓𝟑+𝟓𝟖+𝟔𝟏+𝟔𝟒+𝟔𝟓+𝟔𝟖+𝟕𝟎+𝟕𝟐+𝟕𝟗+𝟖𝟑+𝟖𝟒
Mean = 𝟏𝟔
𝟗𝟕𝟒
= = 60,875 = 60,88 = 60,9 = 61
𝟏𝟔

Range = 84 – 40 = 44

Mode =40
Median = 62,5

Q1 = 47,5 Q2 = 62,5 Q3 = 71
 Page 214 of 270

Boys

1 12
2 31 Quartile 1 is the
middle of the first half
3 39 𝟒𝟓+𝟒𝟗 𝟗𝟓
Q1 = 𝟐 = 𝟐
= 𝟒𝟕

4 45 The first half consists of 8 numbers

5 49
6 54
7 55
Quartile 2 is the
median
8 55 The middle is now on number 9 Q2 = 57
These numbers must
be rounded off to 1
decimal.
9 57 Median = 57 Q2
10 67 Quartile 3 the
middle of the second
half
11 68 𝟕𝟎+𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟐
Q3 = = 𝟐
𝟐
= 𝟕𝟕, 𝟓
12 73 The second half concists of 8
numbers
13 76
14 79
15 88 This is not quartile 4
we do not have a
quartile 4
16 91
17 96

𝟏𝟐+𝟑𝟏+𝟑𝟗+𝟒𝟓+𝟒𝟗+𝟓𝟒+𝟓𝟓+𝟓𝟓+𝟓𝟕+𝟔𝟕+𝟔𝟖+𝟕𝟑+𝟕𝟔+𝟕𝟗+𝟖𝟖+𝟗𝟏+𝟗𝟔
Mean = 𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟓
= = 60,882 = 60,88 = 60,9 = 61
𝟏𝟕

Range = 96 – 12 = 84

Mode =55
Median = 57

Q1 = 47 Q2 = 57 Q3 = 77,5
 Page 215 of 270

Analysing the quartile values: You have to study this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

This is the order that w do the annalysis in.

• We do the annalysis in 25% incrimints.
• First 25% of data.
• Median and 50% of data.
• The third 25% of data.
• Top 25% of the data.
• 75% of the data

First 25% of data.

• 25% of the girls score between 40 and 47,5, while 25% of the boys scored
between 12 and 47.
.: The lower 25% of the boys scored lower marks than the girls did.

Median and 50% of data.

• The median mark for the girls is 62,5 and for the boys it is 57.
.: This shows that 50% of the boys scored 57 or less, while 50% of the girls
scored 62,5 or less.
This is an indication that the lower 50% of the girls scored better than the lower
50% of the boys.

The third 25% of data.

• 25% between median and Q3
• 25% of the girls scored between 62,5 and 71, while 25% of the boys scored
between 57 and 77,5.
.: In this case the boys performed better than the girls.

Top 25% of the data.

• In the top 25% the boys outperformed the girls

75% of the data

• Since 75% of the marks lie below Q3 we see that 75% of the girls scored less
than 71, while 75% of the boys scored less than 77,5

We can now see that using quartiles we can analyse and compare much more
accurately than when using only the range.

Inter-quartile range
Inter-quartile range (IQR) = Q3 – Q2

Girls: Inter-quartile range (IQR) = Q3 – Q2

= 71 – 47,5
= 23,5
Boys: Inter-quartile range (IQR) = Q3 – Q2
= 77,5 – 47
= 30,5
 Page 216 of 270

This tells us that the middle 50% of the boys marks are more spread out than middle
50% of the girls.

Exercise 2 p84
 Page 217 of 270

Box-and-whisker plots p85

Information neede to draw the box-and-whisker plot

Girls:

Minimum = 40 Maximum = 84
Median = 62,5
Q1 = 47,5 Q2 = 62,5 Q3 = 71

Boys:
Minimum = 12 Maximum = 96
Median = 57
Q1 = 47 Q2 = 57 Q3 = 77,5
 Page 218 of 270

• Choose a scale for the line at the bottom of the diagram.

The test was out of 100 marks that is why the values that you choose must
represent the spectrum of all possible marks.
• First draw the min and max values in for the boys and then the quartiles
according to the chosen scale.
• Then draw a box for the quartiles.
• Now connect the min and max with the box.
• Now do exactly the same for the girls just above the diagram for the boys on
the same scale.

Analysing the box-and-whisker plot

• The longer the box-and-whisker plot the more spread out the values are.
The plot for the boys’ marks is much longer than the plot for the girls’ marks
and this tells us that the range of the boys marks is much larger than the girls.

• The length of the boys plot from min to Q1 is much longer than the girls.
The bottom 25% of the boys marks are much more spread out than the bottom
25% of the girls marks.

• The 3rd quartile for the boys is higher than for the girls. This tells us that the
middle 50% of the boys marks are more widely spread out than the girls.

• The girls scored similar or consistent marks in each sub-range but the boys
marks varied much more widely.
These differences are clearly identifiable by the different lengths of these sections of
the box-and-whiskers plot.
 Page 219 of 270

Exercise 3 p86
Page 220 of 270
 Page 221 of 270

Percentiles as a measure of spread p87

Exercise 4 p88
Page 222 of 270
Page 223 of 270
 Page 224 of 270

Developing opposing arguments using the same summarised and / or represented data
 Page 225 of 270

Activity 11 p92
Page 226 of 270
 Page 227 of 270

Summery and questions p96,97

Page 228 of 270
Page 229 of 270
 Page 230 of 270

Extra exercise.
Page 231 of 270
Page 232 of 270
Page 233 of 270
Page 234 of 270
Page 235 of 270
Page 236 of 270
Page 237 of 270
Page 238 of 270
Page 239 of 270
Page 240 of 270
Page 241 of 270
Page 242 of 270
Page 243 of 270
Page 244 of 270
Page 245 of 270
Page 246 of 270
 Page 247 of 270

Answer
Page 248 of 270
Page 249 of 270
Page 250 of 270
Page 251 of 270
 Page 252 of 270

Answers
Page 253 of 270
Page 254 of 270
Page 255 of 270
Page 256 of 270
Page 257 of 270
Page 258 of 270
 Page 259 of 270

Answers
Page 260 of 270
Page 261 of 270
 Page 262 of 270

Answer
 Page 263 of 270

Summary and questions

Page 264 of 270
 Page 265 of 270

Answers
Page 266 of 270
Page 267 of 270
Page 268 of 270
Page 269 of 270
Page 270 of 270