2 MARKS – unit 1

1.Draw a neat sketch of basic functional units of computer.

2.Write down the role of abstraction?

 Simplification of complex system
 Separation of concepts
 Encapsulation of Details
 Enabling Flexibility and Portability
 Facilitating Optimization and Efficiency
 Support for concurrent and parallel processing
 Improving maintainability and scalability
 Design flexibility
3.Differentiate between floating point and decimal arithmetic operation.

S.No Floating point Decimal arithmetic operation

operation
1 Based on binary (base-2) Based on decimal (base-10)
representation representation
2 Faster and hardware- Slower, because it’s software-based
optimized

3 Preferred for scientific Used in finance, accounting, or

computing, machine anywhere exact decimal representation
learning, and graphics matters

4 Approximate (due to binary Exact for decimal digits

rounding)
5 Complex floating-point unit Requires BCD logic circuits
4.Define Moore’s law.
Moore's Law refers to the observation made by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, in 1965.
It states that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every
two years, leading to an exponential increase in computing power and performance while
reducing cost.

5.Write note on basic operational concepts.

 Input Unit
 Memory Unit
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 Output Unit
 Control Unit
6.State program counter.
In computer architecture, the program counter (PC), also known as the instruction pointer
(IP), is a special register in the CPU that stores the memory address of the next instruction
to be executed, ensuring the program's instructions are fetched and executed in the correct
order.
7.ist out the attributes in computer organization.
 Instruction set
 Data representation
 I/O mechanisms
 Addressing techniques

8.Mention the ways of representing the data.

 Number system
 Text Encoding System
 Bits and Bytes
9.Write note on IA-32 pentium.
The Intel architecture (IA) processors operate with 32-bit memory address and 32-bit data
operands. They are referred to as IA-32 processors, and the most recent Pentium series. The
first IA-32 processor was 80386 then 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,
Pentium III, Pentium 4 has been implemented. Theses processors has increasing level of
performance, achieved through a number of architectural and microelectronic technology
improvements. The latest members of the family have specialized instructions for handling
multimedia information and for vector data processing
10. Draw the structure of Von Neumann Architecture

11.Write about benchmark mechanism

A benchmark mechanism involves using standardized tests or programs to assess and
compare the performance of different systems or components, allowing for objective
evaluation and identification of strengths and weaknesses.
12. Convert decimal 41.6875 into binary

13. Mention the ways of representing data.

o Data types
o Complement
o Floating point representation data
o Fixed point representation
o Other binary codes
o Error detection codes

14. Define memory access time.

The time required to access one word is called the memory access time .
15.State error detection code
This code is a binary code that detects digital errors during transmission . The detected errors
cannot be corrected but retransmitted. The most common one is a parity bit. The parity bit is
an extra bit included with a binary message to make total no. Of 1’s either odd (or) even.
16.Draw a neat sketch of basic functional units of a computer?

17. Write the basic functional units of a computer.

- Input Unit
- Output Unit
- Memory Unit
- Control Unit
- Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
- Registers
18. What is a bus? What are the different buses in a CPU?**
A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components of a computer.
Types of buses:
 Data Bus: Transfers actual data.
 Address Bus: Carries memory addresses.
 Control Bus: Carries control signals.
19. What is instruction format?
An instruction format defines the layout of bits in an instruction. It usually consists of:
 Opcode (operation code)
 Source operand(s)
 Destination operand
 Addressing mode info
20. Write down the basic performance equation.
Performance = 1 / Execution Time
Or
Execution Time = (Instruction Count) × (CPI) × (Clock Cycle Time)
21. What is a pointer? How is it used in indirect addressing mode?
A pointer is a variable that holds the address of another variable.
In indirect addressing, the address of the operand is found in a register or memory location
pointed to by the instruction.
22. What is meant by software interface?
A software interface defines how different software components interact. It includes APIs,
protocols, and interaction standards between OS and applications.
23. Give the different types of addressing modes.
1. Immediate Addressing
2. Direct Addressing
3. Indirect Addressing
4. Register Addressing
5. Register Indirect Addressing
6. Indexed Addressing
7. Relative Addressing
24. What is a register? What are the two registers that facilitate communication with the
main memory?
A register is a small, fast memory location in the CPU.
Two key registers:
 Memory Address Register (MAR)
 Memory Data Register (MDR)
25. Define elapsed time.
In computing, elapsed real time, real time, wall-clock time, wall time, or walltime is the
actual time taken from the start of a computer program to the end, including CPU time, I/O
time, and wait time.
26. What Is An Input-Output Unit?
An Input-Output (I/O) Unit allows communication between the computer and the external
environment through input devices (keyboard, mouse) and output devices (monitor, printer).
27. What is a bus? Draw the single bus structure.
A bus is a set of parallel wires used for data transfer.
Single Bus Structure:

28. State the use of Computer.

A computer is used for data processing, storing, retrieving information, communication, and
control in various fields like education, business, and science.
29. List the input and output devices.
Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone
Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker
31. What is meant by execution?
Execution in computer and software engineering is the process by which a computer or
virtual machine interprets and acts on the instructions of a computer program.
31. Write the use of instruction.
Instructions direct the CPU to perform specific operations like data movement, arithmetic,
logic, or control.