I.

T Definition (Information Technology)

The information about any technology is called IT. Technology is the branch of knowledge that
deals with the creation and use of the technical mean and their interrelation with life, society, and
environment.

However IT is applied to computer and computer based system. IT involves the processing of
information by computer. Usually this means the use of hardware, software, services, and the
supporting infrastructure of mange and delivers information.

IT is combination of two technologies 1. Computer technology 2. Communication technology

(Radio. TV, Fax).

Importance: IT has changed our daily personal lives over recent year. The use of IT

 Mobile phone

 Website

 ATM

 The use of internet for retrieving information

 Management

 Business

 Health

 Education

 Science & Technology

 Manufacturing

IT System/Elements of IT

People/end user Procedure Data/information

Data/information Har

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Computer Definition
What is a computer?

Computer Compute
Simply we can say computer is a problem solving machine
Computer is an electronic data processing device which is capable to receive, store, process and
analyze the data and is able to provide the result according to our instruction. OR
Computer is an electronic device, which is can accept the input data, processes the data, and
gives the result of the process data according to instructions.
Data & information:
Data: - The collection of fact and figure in raw form is called data.
Type of data:
i. Alphabetic data: - it consist letter from A-Z capital or small e.g Pakistan.
ii. Numeric data: - It consist of digit from 0-9 e.g 12, 44 etc.
iii. Alphanumeric data: - It consist alphabetic letter, numeric digit, as well as symbols. E.g
street # 123
iv. Graphic data: - It consist tables, charts and statements.
v. Audio data: - It consist only sounds. For example radio news.
vi. Video data: - It consist photos, images, and moving pictures. Such as TV.
vii. Mixed data: - It consist more than one type of data. Such as the combination of audio
and video.
Information:
To organize the Data in meaningful form upon which people can take necessary decision is
called information. E.g 2,1,4,3 when sorted it become 1,2,3,4
Different between Data and Information

Data Information
Data is the set of raw facts Information is processed form of data
Data is used as input in the computer Information is the output of computer
Data is not meaningful Information is meaningful
Data is an independent entity Information depend on data
Information is very important for decision-
Data is not used in decision making
making
Data is used rarely Information is use frequently

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Data Processed usefully Information
e.g 2,3,4,1 sorted 1,2,3,4

Data Processing Cycle:

Input Processing Output Storage

Computer systems have two major divisions.

 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software.
Hardware: - All physical / real components or parts of the computer which can be touched are
called hardware. OR Hardware is the collection of all those parts of computer system, which are
actually working during the processing of data to get information.

Software: - Software is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the
instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do. A computer cannot think about
what to do with data and how to process it. All these defined steps for a particular job will be
known as software.
OR Software is the set of instructions (program), which is responsible for monitoring the
different task of the computer hardware during the processing of data into information.

Parts of Computer
1. Key board Input device
2 Mouse
3 Monitor Output device
4. Printer
5. System unit Processing device

6. CD room Storage device

7. USB
8. Hard Disk

Type of Input:-
 Data means the raw facts given to the computer.
 Programs are the sets of instructions that direct the computer.

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  Commands are special codes or key words that the user inputs to perform a task,
like RUN "ACCOUNTS". These can be selected from a menu of commands like "Open"
on the File menu. They may also be chosen by clicking on a command button.
 User response is the user's answer to the computer's question, such as choosing OK,
YES, or NO or by typing in text, for example the name of a file.
Hardware:
Input is the process of entering and translating incoming data into machine readable form
so that the computer processes it. An input device is a device through which data are entered and
transformed into machine readable form.
Input Hardware:
KEY BOARD
Keyboard is the primary input device for inputting information to the computer. It operated
by converting the key process to electronic signals in binary digital form. In standard key board
four key pads.
1. Alpha numeric or alphabet keypad
2. Function keypad
3. Arrows keypad
4. Numeric keypad

Function keypad

Backspace

Tab Numeric
Keypad
Cap lick on/off

Shift key
Arrows
keypad
Alt or Spacebar Enter
Ctrl or Alternate key
Control key Alpha numeric keypad
Or alphabetic key

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 :
Mouse - It is the input device and also known as pointing device. It lets you point to objects on
the screen.

Right click

Mouse
Mouse Pointer
Left click
To properly use the mouse:
 Click. Select an object on the screen by pressing the left mouse button down with your
index finger and then release the button.
 Drag an object on the screen by pressing and holding down the left mouse button with
your index finger while moving the mouse. When the object is where you want it, release
the button.
 To double-click, rapidly press and release the left mouse button with your index finger.

 To right-click, press and release the right mouse button with your middle finger.

Output Definition:
Output is the process of translating data from machine readable form into form understandable
to human. And output device is a device that allows a computer to communicate information to
human by accepting data from the computer and transforming them into a useable form.
Categories of Output:

 Text Documents including reports, letters, etc

 Graphics charts, graphs, pictures
 Multimedia combination of text, graphics, video, audio
1. Hard copy:
Printed on paper or other permanent media.

Soft copy:
Displayed on screen or by other non-permanent means.
2. Output Hardware:

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Monitor/LCD: - It is the output device. It provides the visual report of computer operation. It
can display 25 x 80 characters at a time. 25 lines and 80 columns. It is also called display unit or
screen. There is two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid
crystal display) monitors. Monitor provide the soft copy

Monitor LCD

Printer:- It is also the output device. It provides the computer operation in written form. Printer
provides the hard copy. The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers.

Projector:
Projector can be used to display anything a monitor can do but to a larger group of people.

Speakers
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

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System Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit.
It is the brain of computer. The system unit is the core of a computer system. It is the
combination of different components that process information.

Storage devices
(1) Hard disk drive
It is fixed device which store the date. Computer’s hard disk drive stores information on a
hard disk.

Hard disk drive

(2). CD and DVD drives

Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on
the front of the system unit.

CD
(3). USB Universal Serial Bus
It is also the storage device and removable device.

System software:
System software is programs, which hold instructions related with the working of the software
and hardware of the computer system. System software behaves like an interchange and perform
the responsibility of overall supervision of the input, processing and output data.

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What is operating system?
Operating system is the most important type of system software and can be defined as a set of
programs which coordinate and controls computer operation. It is a series of programs, which
communication between the user and the computer hardware. Operation system is the first
software we seen when we turn on the computer and the last software we seen the computer is
turned off. It enables all the programs that we use. The operating system is the most important
program that runs on a computer. Every general purpose computer must have an operating
system to run other programs.
Function of the Operating System
Main functions are:
 Job control
 Memory management
 Keep track of computer resources
 Produce error messages
 Multiprogramming
 supervisor
Operating systems control the functions performed by a computer. For example, the operating
system on your computer controls the input from the keyboard and mouse to your computer, the
opening and closing of programs, the transfer of information to a printer, the organization of the
files on your computer, and the screen display.
Different operation systems are:
Windows XP, Windows7, Linux…

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