Technologies de Visualisation

Philippe Coni
Thales Avionics – Display Expert
SID – Program committee
[email protected]
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2 Programme des cours

Module 1 : Les écrans de Cockpits

 Introduction aux systèmes de cockpits
 Panorama des produits de visualisation
 Généralités sur les contraintes avioniques
Module 2 : Système Avionique et spécifications
 Système: Suite avionique
 Produit (LRU): Visualisation
 Sous ensemble (SRU): Module affichage
Module 3 : Les conditions d’environnement
 Contraintes d’installation et d’utilisation
 Conditions d’environnement: DO160
Module 4 : Performances optique
 Performances & Mesures optiques
 Recommandations avionique: ARP4256
Module 5 : Performance tactile
 Rappel des technologies tactiles
 Performances des ecrans capacitifs
 Recommandation avionique: ARP 60494
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3 Architecture système
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4 Architecture système

Suite Avionique TopDeck S76D

◆ Haut niveau d’intégration

◆ Interactivité
◆ Reduction de la charge de pilotage
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5 Architecture système

TopDeck Advanced suite:

◆ Primary Flight Display and Navigation Display (PFD-ND)

◆ Flight Management System (FMS)
◆ Automatic Flight Control (AFC)
◆ Synthetic Vision System (SVS)
◆ Radio Communication and Navigation
◆ Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS)
◆ Charts function
◆ Digital Map
◆ Engine and Vehicle control
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6 Architecture système
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7 Architecture système
System Description

◆ Display
 Smart MFD

 XGA-Portrait

 Compatible NVG

 Bus numérique ARINC 429, Ethernet

 Video numérique ARINC 818

 Mémoire de masse-base de donnée cartographique

 Interface radar météo (WXR-AR)I)NC 453)

◆ Standby Instrument
 Unité de mesure inertielle et anemobarometrique intégrée
 Fonction standby Altimètre, Variomètre, Anémomètre, Horizon artificiel
 Backup ILS
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8 Architecture système
System Description

◆ AFCS (Automatic Flight Control System)

 Dual channel fail-safe

 Dual flight control module

 Smart actuators

◆ IMA (Integrated Modular Avionics

 ARINC 653 operating system – DAL A

 Power PC RISC Processors

 Compact module – 2MCU ARINC 600

◆ VMM (Vehicle Monitoring Module)

 Discrete & Analogue interface to multiple sensors
 ARINC 429 in/out interface

 Enregistrement des données de vol – ARINC717

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9 Product Description

Housing
IO
Processing
AMLCD

Power Supply
Graphic

Backlight

Bezel
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10 Product Description

Interactive Avionics Display

◆ Une plateforme de calcul
◆ Un affichage multifonction
◆ Des fonctions avioniques integrées
 PFD
 ND
 TAWS
 SVS
 IFMS
 DMAP
 VCP

◆ Un haut niveau d’integrité jusqu’à DAL A

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11 Product description

Caractéristiques principales
 Ecran de 10.4’’
 Résolution XGA (1024x768) – 16 M couleurs
 Backlight LED RGB
 Brightness 0.03 à 600 Cd/m² - Compatible NVG
 Processeur Power PC G4 à 1 Ghz
 Processeur graphique 3D ATI
 Mémoire de masse > 4Gb

Caracteristiques physiques
 Alimentation 28V – 80W
 Masse: 6.3 Kg
 Dimensions: (WxHxD) 8.25x10.32x6.5
 Environnements: DO160E

Interfaces
 Bus avion: ARINC 429 (35 )
 Arinc 453 (2)
 Ethernet 10/100 (3), RS422 (3)
 Video: PAL,NTSC, STANAG 3350 B/C
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12 Technical standards

TSO: Standard définissant

les performances minimales
à atteindre pour utilisation
dans un porteur civil

TSO IAD68:

C2d, C3e, C4c, C5f, C6d,

C8e, C9c, C10b, C34e,
C35d, C36e, 2C37e*,
2c38e*, C40c, C41d, C43c,
C44c, C46a, C47a, C49b,
C52b, C63c, C66c, C87,
C101, C102, C105, C109,
C110a, C112, C113, C115b,
C118, C129a class A1,
C151b.
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13 PIDS

Prime Item Development Specification

◆ Document de spécification d’un produit
en vue d’en faire son développement
◆ Architecture du document
 Description fonctionnelle générale
 Description technique des sous-ensembles
 Exigences de design
⚫ Performances
⚫ Caractéristiques physiques
⚫ Installation
⚫ Safety
⚫ Reliability
Exemple sur un produit fictif: MFD86
⚫ Maintainability/Testability La spécification a été mise en forme
 Exigences de fabrication pour présentation en cours
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14 Description fonctionnelle générale

Digital Vidéo
Interface (DVI) Video and Backlight
2 2 LCD
F Processing display
L
T
P
28V Aircraft
6 LCD
S
backlight
M
Display function
I/O Processing
A429 Keyboard
Discrete
s
Command function

Unités fonctionnelles (UF)

◆ Display function : this function consists of a LCD color display and a LCD backlighting module.

◆ Command function : this function is made by a keyboard.

◆ I/O Processing function : This function consists of a logic device which make the interface between the
I/O Processing and the video and backlight processing.

◆ Video and backlight processing function : This function performs the video signal acquisition and the
backlight and LCD driving

◆ Power Supply function : this function generates internal power supplies for the others functions.
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15 Description fonctionnelle générale

IOM HSG
VIM

BLM
LAM

BZL

Shop Replaceable Unit (SRU)

◆ SRU Bezel (BZL) which include a control panel
◆ SRU LCD Assembled Module (LAM)
◆ SRU Lighting Module (BLM)
◆ SRU Video Module (VIM)
◆ SRU Housing (HSG)
◆ SRU IO Module (IOM)
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16 Description technique des sous-ensembles

Keyboard (Bezel)
◆ The keyboard is installed on a bezel around the display useful area.
◆ The keyboard is back lighted according to 0/5V dimming commands generated by the
aircraft.
◆ The light sensors provides illumination data to the driving computer in order to adjust the
brightness command for the display-backlighting module.

◆ The keyboard consists in:

- 6 upper soft keys
- 6 right soft keys
- 6 left soft keys
- 9 lower hard keys
- 1 rocker switch with 3 positions
o Upper right: Norm, Repeat, Test
- 1 rocker switch with 4 positions
o Upper left: OFF, Night, Day, Auto
- 2 +/- keys
o Lower left: brightness
o Lower right: contrast
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17 Description technique des sous-ensembles

Lcd Assembled Module (LAM)

◆ The LCD cell is a 6.17’’x8.22’’ 1024x768 XGA Stripe display.

BackLight Module (BLM)

◆ The BLM is composed of:
- Dimming electronics, located on a dedicated board, to control the oscillators.
- The lamps, organized in 1 arrays of day lamp and 1 NVG lightpipe,
- A lighting module including the mechanical and optical parts,
◆ The backlight is NVG compatible per MIL-L-85762A.

VIdeo Module (VIM)

◆ The video module includes the following functions:
- Power supply
- I/O processing ( Discretes input/output, Arinc 429)
- Video and backlight processing

Housing (HSG)
◆ The housing of the display is the rear mechanical part that holds the electronic boards, the
connectors.

IO MODULE (IOM)
◆ This module provides electronics filtering function of filtering for all input/ output signals.
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18 Exigences de design: Performances

Conformément aux objectifs du cours, nous allons aborder

uniquement les exigences relatives aux performances
d’affichage (SRU LAM+BLM)
Useful Image Size
◆ The useful image size is at least 6.17’’ x 8.22 ’’
◆ This useful screen is defined for any angle of view within the specified limits.

Resolution
◆ Each multicolor pixel is configured in a red, green, blue (RGB) stripe configuration. Each of the three
elements in a single multicolor pixel is independently addressable.
◆ The resolution is 1024x768 pixels.
◆ The MFD86 display horizontal and vertical resolution of not less 120 pixels per inch.

Display Refresh Rate

◆ The nominal display refresh rate is 60Hz typical (sufficient to preclude the perception of flicker when
viewing the display under any cockpit ambient illumination condition, day or night or under any
viewing angle).
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19 Exigences de design: Performances

Response time
◆ When a pixel transitions from off to on, or on to off, the 10% to 90% (or 90% to 10%) luminance
response time is less than or equal to 30 milliseconds.

Brightness Control
◆ The continuous control of the brightness is provided to the pilots through a lower left +/- key located
on the front face bezel.
◆ The light sensor provides illumination data to the processing module in order to adjust the brightness
command for the display backlighting module.
◆ Mechanisms is implemented within the display in order to forbid a spurious transition to Day mode
when NIGHT mode is activated.

Display Panel NVG Mode

◆ NVIS radiance (NRb) characteristics is in accordance with table IX of MIL-L-85762A Type 1 classB
for “White” and MAX of MultiColor displays at 0,5L.
◆ In NVG Mode, the full scale brightness controls is scaled to the 3cd/m² maximum brightness level.
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20 Exigences de design: Performances

Viewing angles
◆ The cross cockpit viewing envelope is defined by the following viewing angles, calculated from the
displays and pilots locations.
Horizontal : -58° / +58°
Vertical : -10° / +35°

Luminance
◆ Luminance is defined as the luminance value of the white color (with R,G and B dots at full
transmission ).
◆ The here below requirements are given for a backlight lifetime of 20 000 hours in the VE.
◆ The Display has two backlighting stages for NVG and non-NVG conditions.
◆ It is possible to switch from one stage to the other, depending on one or two discrete provided by the
A/C.
◆ The MFD86 is able to give the following performances during all its lifetime*.

Conditions Luminance values

Maximum luminance Day mode 200 Fl**
Minimum luminance Day mode 10 Fl
Maximum luminance Night mode 10Fl
Minimum luminance Night mode 2Fl
Maximum luminance NVG compatible 2 Fl
Minimum luminance NVG compatible 0.05 Fl **1 Fl=3,426 Cd/m²

*Nota: In beginning of life the luminance value is 275 Fl Max.

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21 Exigences de design: Performances

Luminance Uniformity
◆ The luminance uniformity of the screen shall be less than 0.5 in the DEP (According to Aerospace
Recommended Practice :ARP 4256 ).
◆ Luminance uniformity is defined with the following formula

Where:
L −L LMax : Maximum luminance of the display surface for a White background,
U = max min Lmin : Minimum luminance of the display surface for a White background
Lmean Lmean : Average luminance of the display surface for a White background.

Contrast
◆ The MFD86 provides a minimum 8:1 contrast ratio during in ambient light of 10,000Fc.
◆ Low ambient illumination : C > 20 for the whole viewing envelope

LOn Where :
C= LOn : Total luminance of a White pattern,
LOff
LOff : Total luminance of a Black pattern.

Specular Reflections (Glare)

◆ For the global cell, the specular reflections coefficient is lower than 1% when measured at a 30°
viewing angle from display normal.
◆ This requirement is compliant with ARP 4256.
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22 Exigences de design: Performances

Color Definition and tolerances

Chromaticity Coordinates
◆ The acceptable limits of chromaticity coordinates of basic colors (Red, Green, Blue) is defined as
follows ( at a normal incidence for day mode ) :

Primary colors u’ref v’ref

Red 0.39 0.52
Green 0.15 0.55
Blue 0.14 0.33

VE Chroma Tolerance

◆ The VE chroma tolerance is less than 0.05

Background Uniformity

◆ The background uniformity is less than 12 (According to ARP4256 ).

Background Chroma
◆ The background chroma is less than 26 (According to ARP4256 ).
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23 Exigences de design: Performances

Gray scales
◆ The Display Unit is capable of displaying each of the red, green, and blue primary colors as follows :

Primary colors Number of gray shade levels

Red 256
Green 256
Blue 256

Jitter
◆ There is not discernible display jitter for all sources, if they have no intrinsic jitter, in the usable viewing
envelope.
◆ The Jitter is lower than 0,0002 inch per inch of viewing distance.

Flicker
◆ The flicker is not readily discernible or distracting under day, twilight or night conditions. The flicker
frequency requirement is limited to frequencies under 60Hz.
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24 Exigences de design: Performances

Failed elements
◆ No line failure is allowed on the display.
◆ Pixel defects refers to both fail on and fail off defects and also pixel addressing defects. A
defect in one or more of the primary color subpixel results in one defective multicolor pixel
for the purpose of counting defect levels. Two or more adjacent multicolor pixels which are
defective is counted as a cluster defect and each is included in the total pixel defect count.
◆ There is no more than 8 failed-On ( lighted ) elements in the display area
◆ There is no more than 2 N2 White cluster ( where a White failed element indicates a pixel
with his 3 subpixel failed-On ).
◆ No more than 2 per square inch of the pixels is defective in the display area.
◆ No more than 0,0005% of the total pixel is defective in the display area
Smear
◆ The objective smear is in accordance with 4 gray shade transitions in 66 mS
Moire
◆ No moire is discernable on the MFD86.
Light leakage out of the VE
◆ The pilot is not disturbed by the screens when using NVG. The light leakage is not
discernable.
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25 Exigences de design: Caractéristiques physiques

Display Overall dimensions

◆ The overall outside dimensions of the display unit does not exceed :
◆ 208,3 mm(Height) x 259,1 mm (width) x 216,154 mm

Weight
◆ The weight of the display is less than 5,4kg.

Center positional accuracy

◆ The absolute center positional accuracy of the MFD86 falls within 0,08 inch radius circle
concentric with the MFD86 face center.
Cooling
◆ The DMU cooling is performed with an internal fan.
◆ The display is fitted with temperature sensors which allows to manage heater, over-
temperature detection (Backlighting brightness limitation).
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26 Exigences de design: Installation

Connection and accessibility

◆ All screws and moving hardware used for maintenance purposes are of captive type.
◆ All equipment is removable even with power applied.

Packaging
◆ Each equipment is packed in accordance with ATA300.
◆ Packaging ensures the storage conditions and storage
life time.
Labelling
◆ Each module (LRU, SRU) has a marking plate with at least
the following information :
Designation
- Part Number
- Serial Number
- Supplier logo
- Manufacturing date-code.
◆ The equipment labelling is visible without removal, except for cockpit equipment.
◆ The labelling of each LRU/LRM enables the maintenance operators to identify easily and quickly the
LRU/SRU to be replaced. As a consequence, the mention displayed during maintenance and appearing in
maintenance documentation is consistent with "Designation" on marking plate.
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27 Exigences de design: Safety

Safety requirements
Mechanisms and safeties are implemented in the MFD86 display unit in order to
meet the following requirements:

Probability of:

◆ - Unexpected Day transition in NVG mode : < 10-9 / Flight Hour.

◆ - Loss of power supply input segregation : < 10-9 / Flight Hour.

◆ No single failure lead to an undetected frozen display.

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28 Exigences de design: Reliability

Hypothesis for computation

◆ Reliability shall be computed in accordance with MIL-HDK 217F customised with service
experience.

MTBF
◆ The MTBF estimated value is:
MTBF = 7.000h in ARW* conditions

Nota: The MTBF calculation is made for a temperature

of 50°C:

50°C= 35°C (incoming air) + 15°C (elevation due to operating component’s heat)

* ARW: Aircraft Rotary Wing

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29 Exigences de design: Maintainability

The MFD is designed to comply with maintenance requirements at Organisation level (O level)
and Depot level (D level) of maintenance.

The O level maintenance consists of exchanging the faulty equipment on aircraft.

The Built In Tests (BIT) provide maintenance checks for the isolation of a faulty equipment.

The results of the different tests are summed up in the single GO/NOGO discrete signal.

The unit is functionally interchangeable with the same reference without any adjustment or
calibration.

The Depot maintenance consists in identifying and replacing components on SRU.

This maintenance depends on the technologies used on each kind of SRU.

The repair is not possible for the LCD assembly (All optical component bonded)

For the Lighting module (Very High Voltage components, the reparation is only faisable by the
equipment manufacturer)

Some wiring connections are made by rigid flex printed circuits for which the number of repair
actions are limited
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30 Exigences de design: Maintainability

MTTE* objectives:
◆ OLM MTTE = 6 minutes (excluding access).

The following qualitative maintenability requirements is applied :

◆ The equipment shall not require any preventive maintenance to maintain the specified
basic MTBF. No scheduled maintenance tasks shall be required unless justified for safety,
technical or economic reasons ( concerned items could be batteries, electrochimic
capacitors, EEPROM ).
◆ The use of maintenance tools (Special To Type Equipment or Automatic Test Equipment)
shall be avoided for OLM.

*MTTE: Mean Time To Exchange

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31 Exigences de design: Testability

Built In Test
◆ The Buit-In-Test of the display unit will include :
 - an automatic Power-On Self Test ( PBIT )
 - automatic continuous monitoring tests ( CBIT ) and in-flight initiated tests if needed
◆ PBIT shall perform self-tests allowing to check equipment status. Its duration will not
exceed 3s
◆ CBIT shall perform self-tests involved in critical/essential functions and derived from safety
analysis. It will be performed in operational mode, without interfering with it. Its cycle shall
not exceed 60 s

Testability objectives
 95% of all predetermined failures are detected by BITE (including visual observation),
 85% of detected failures are isolated on a single LRU,
 90% of detected failures are isolated on a two LRU,
 99% of detected failures are isolated on a three LRU.
 BIT false alarm are less than 2%
 BIT circuitry increases the equipment failure rate by no more than 5% and increases the power
consumption by no more than 10%.
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32 Environements

Le prochain cours sera dédié aux conditions d’environnements

Il existe deux normes couramment utilisée
◆ RTCA DO160 pour les porteurs civils
◆ MIL STD 810 - 461 - 462 pour les porteurs militaires
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33 TRS LAM

Technical Requirement Specification

◆ Il s’agit d’une spécification de bas niveau dont
le but est de concevoir le sous-ensemble
◆ Elle reprend les exigences du PIDS et les
déclinent de façon bien plus détaillée

LAM: Lcd Assembly Module

◆ Inclus le LCD et son backlight

Le cours ne portera pas sur ce document, réservé aux spécialistes métier