OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016-2019 Batch

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SYLLABUS
Semester III

L T P C
16CCU302 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WTIH C++ 4 - - 4

Course Objective

 To understand the basic principles of Object Oriented Programming with C++ ,

Tokens , Expressions and Control Structures, Classes and Objects, Operator
Overloading and Pointers and Virtual Functions .

Learning Outcomes

 To enriches the knowledge of students on the applicability of oops concepts

 To understand compilation process for the real time Applications.

UNIT I

Principles of Object- Oriented Programming – A Look at Procedure and Object - Oriented

Paradigm – Basic Concepts of Object – Oriented Programming – Benefits of Oop – Object-
Oriented Languages – Applications of Oop . Beginning with C++ - What is C++? –
Applications of C++ - C++ Statements – Structure of C++ Program.

UNIT II

Tokens, Expressions and Control Structures – Tokens – Keywords – Identifiers – Basic &
User – Defined Data Types – Operators in C++ - Operator Over Loading – Operator
Precedence – Control Structures – Functions in C++ - The Main Function – Function

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016-2019 Batch

Prototyping – Call By Reference – Return By Reference – In Line Functions – Function Over

Loading – Friend and Virtual Functions.

UNIT III

Classes and Objects – Introduction – Specifying a Class – Defining Member Function –

Nesting of Member Functions – Private Member Functions – Arrays within a Class- Static
Data Members – Static Member Functions – Array of Objects – Objects as Function
Arguments – Friendly Functions – Pointers to Members. Constructors & Destructors –
Constructors – Copy Constructors – Dynamic Constructors – Construction Two- Dimensional
Arrays – Destructors.

UNIT IV

Operator Over Loading -Type Conversion – Introduction – Defining Operator Over

Loading – Over Loading Unary & Binary Operators – Over Loading Binary Operators using
Friends – Manipulation of String Using Operators – Rules for Over Loading Operators –
Types – Conversions – Inheritance – Extending Classes – Defining Derived Classes – Single,
Multi Level Multiple, Hierarchical & Hybrid Inheritance – Virtual Base Classes – Abstract
Classes.

UNIT V

Pointers, Virtual Functions & Polymorphism – Pointers to Object - Pointers to Derived

Classes – Virtual Functions .Working with Files – Classes for File Stream Operations –
Opening and Closing a File – File Pointers & their Manipulations - Sequential I/O
Operations.

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016-2019 Batch

Suggested Readings:

Text Book:

1. Balagurusamy, E. (2013). Object Oriented Programming With C++, 6th edition, New
Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.

Reference Books :

1. BjarneStroustroup. (2014). Programming -- Principles and Practice using C++, 2nd

Edition, Addison-Wesley .
2. BjarneStroustrup,. (2013). The C++ Programming Language, 4th Edition, Addison-
Wesley.
3. Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel. (2011). C++ How to Program, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall,.
4. D.Ravichandran. (2010). Programming with C++.3rd Edition.. New Delhi: Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.

Website

 W1: http://www.hscripts.com
 W2: http://www3.ntu.edu
 W3: http://www.bcanotes.com
 W4: http://www.ddegjust.ac.in

Prepared by Department of Commerce (Computer Application), KAHE 3/3

 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIETNED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA

UNIT-I

Lecture
Sl Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hour)
PRINCIPLES OF OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING T:4-7
1 1
 Introduction and Evolution of OOP’s R2:1-3

 Procedure oriented and object oriented

2 1
paradigm
Basic concepts of OOP’s T:7-15
3 1

Benefits of OOPs
 Objects
4 1  Classes
 Data abstraction and Encapsulation
 Inheritance R2:6-11

Benefits of OOPs
 Polymorphism
5 1  Dynamic binding
 Message passing

6 1  Object Oriented Languages W1,W2

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 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

7 1 Applications of Oops W1,W2

Beginning with C++ R3:36-55
8 1
 Introduction to C++ T:19-30
 Applications of C++
9 1
R2:13-15
10 1  C++ Statements
11 1  Structure of C++ Program W1,W2
Recapitulation
12 1
Important Questions Discussion
Total No .Of Hours 12 HOURS

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KAHE 2/8
 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

UNIT – II

Lecture
Sl Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hour)
Tokens ,Expressions and Control Structures T:35-49
1 1
 Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers
Basic and User Defined Data Types R2:32-38
2 1  Variable Declaration W3
 Variable Initialization
Operators
 Operators in C++ T:49-64
3 1
 Operator Overloading R2:46-66
W2
Operators
4 1
 Operator Precedence
Control Structures Decision
5 1  If & If-Else Statements T:64-69
 Jump Statements R2:112-159
R1:124-138
Control Structures Decision
6 1  Goto Statements
 Break Statements
Looping R!:185-210
 Switch case Statements W1
7 1
 Do-While Statements

8 1 For Statements W3
Functions in C++ T:77-90
 The main Function R2:179-185
9 1
 Function Prototyping

Functions in C++
10 1
 Call by Reference, Return by Reference
R3:273-275
 Inline Functions
11 1

12 1 Functions in C++

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 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

 Function Overloading
 Recapitulation Important Questions
Discussion
Total No .Of Hours 12 HOURS

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 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

UNIT – III

Lecture
Sl Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hour)
CLASSES AND OBJECTS
1 1  Introduction
 Specifying a Class T:96-119
2 1  Defining Member Functions
 Nesting of Member Functions R2:298-423
3 1
W2
4 1  Arrays within a Class
W3
 Static Data Members R3:326-362
5 1
 Static Member Function W2
6 1  Private Member Functions
 Array of Objects T:119-135
7 1
 Objects as Function Arguments
 Friendly Functions R!:185-210
8 1
 Pointers to Members W1
Constructors and Destructors T:144-164
9 1
 Constructors
 Copy Constructor R2:455-476
10 1  Dynamic Constructor W4

11 1  Constructor two-dimensional Arrays

R3:499-502
 Destructor
12 1
Recapitulation Important Questions Discussion
Total No .Of Hours 12 HOURS

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 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

UNIT – IV

Lecture
Sl Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hour)
Operator overloading T:171-186
1 1 R3:571-669
 Type Conversion –Introduction
2 1  Defining Operator Overloading W2
 Overloading unary and binary operator
3 1
 Overloading binary operator using friends
4  Manipulation String using Operators T:186-195
1
R2:518-524
W3
 Rules for Operator Overloading
5 1
 Type Conversions
Inheritance: T:202-232
1
6  Extending Classes
 Defining Derived Classes
1  Single Inheritance R2:538-548
7

8 1  Multilevel Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance W3
9 1
 Hierarchical Inheritance W4
10 1  Hybrid Inheritance
 Virtual Base Classes R3:708
11 1
 Abstract Classes W4
Recapitulation
12 1
Important Questions Discussion
Total No .Of Hours 12 HOURS

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 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

UNIT – V

Lecture
Sl Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hour)
Pointers, Virtual Functions and Polymorphism
1 1
 Pointers- Introduction
2 1 Pointers to Objects
T:251-343
 Pointers to Derived Classes
3 1

4 1  Virtual Functions
Working with Files R3:841-856
5
1  Introduction
 Classes for File Stream Operations
6 1 Opening and Closing File
R2: 638-645
1  File Pointers
7 W2

8 1  File Pointers Manipulations

1  Sequential I/O Operations W3
9

Recapitulation
10 1 Important Questions Discussion
ESE Question Paper Discussions
11 1 Previous ESE Question Paper Discussions
12 1 Previous ESE Question Paper Discussions
Total No .Of Hours 12 HOURS

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KAHE 7/8
 Lesson Plan 2016 – 2019 Batch

Suggested Readings:
TEXT BOOK
1. Balagurusamy, E. (2013). Object Oriented Programming With C++, 6th edition,
New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. BjarneStroustroup. (2014). Programming -- Principles and Practice using
C++, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley.
2. BjarneStroustrup,. (2013). The C++ Programming Language, 4th Edition,
Addison- Wesley.
3. Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel. (2011). C++ How to Program, 8th Edition,
Prentice Hall.
4. D.Ravichandran. (2010). Programming with C++.3rd Edition.. New Delhi:
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.

Website
 W1: http://www.hscripts.com
 W2: http://www3.ntu.edu
 W3: http://www.bcanotes.com
 W4: http://www.ddegjust.ac.in

Prepared by Dr.S.Hemalatha, Department of Commerce (Computer Application),

KAHE 8/8
 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA

UNIT I

Principles of Object- Oriented Programming – A Look at Procedure and Object - Oriented

Paradigm – Basic Concepts of Object – Oriented Programming – Benefits of Oop – Object-
Oriented Languages – Applications of Oop . Beginning with C++ - What is C++? – Applications
of C++ - C++ Statements – Structure of C++ Program.

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Unit 1

Introduction
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is the term used to describe a
programming approach based on objects and classes. The object-oriented
paradigm allows us to organize software as a collection of objects that consist
of both data and behaviour. This is in contrast to conventional functional
programming practice that only loosely connects data and behaviour.

The object-oriented programming approach encourages:

 Modularization: where the application can be decomposed into modules.

 Software re-use: where an application can be composed from existing
and new modules.

Procedure-Oriented Programming

High level languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN and C, is commonly known

as procedure oriented programming (POP). In the procedure oriented
programming, program is divided into sub programs or modules and then
assembled to form a complete program. These modules are called functions.

In a multi-function program, many important data items are placed as global

so that they may be accessed by all functions. Each function may have its own
local data. If a function made any changes to global data, these changes will
reflect in other functions. Global data are more unsafe to an accidental change
by a function. In a large program it is very difficult to identify what data is
used by which function.

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Characteristics by procedure-oriented programming are:

Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).
Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
Most of the functions share global data.
Data move openly around the system from function to function.
Functions transform data from one form to another.
Employs top-down approach in program design.

Features of POP
1. Mainly focused on writing the algorithms.

2. Most function uses Global data for sharing which are accessed freely
from function to function in the system.
3. POP follows the top down approach in program design.
4. It does not have data hiding options.
5. Functions transform data from one form to another.
6. Data can be moved openly from one function to another around the
system.
7. Sub-division of large program into smaller programs called functions.
8. Overloading process is not applicable in POP.

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

Difference Between Procedure Oriented Programming (POP) & Object

Oriented Programming (OOP)
Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming
Divided In POP, program is divided into In OOP, program is divided into
Into small parts called functions. parts called objects.
Importance In POP,Importance is not given In OOP, Importance
to data but to functions as well is given to the data
as sequence of actions to be rather than
done. procedures or
functions because it
works as a real
world.
Approach POP follows Top Down OOP follows Bottom Up
approach. approach.
Access POP does not have any access OOP has access specifiers
Specifiers specifier. named Public, Private,
Protected, etc.
Data In POP, Data can move freely In OOP, objects can move and
Moving from function to function in the communicate with each other
system. through member functions.
Expansion To add new data and function in OOP provides an easy way to
POP is not so easy. add new data and function.
Data Access In POP, Most function uses In OOP, data cannot move
Global data for sharing that can easily from function to
be accessed freely from function function, it can be kept public
to function in the system. or private so we can control the
access of data.
Data Hiding OOP provides Data Hiding so
POP does not have any proper provides more security.
way for hiding data so it is less
secure.
Overloading In OOP, overloading is possible
In POP, Overloading is not in the form of Function
possible. Overloading and Operator
Overloading.
Examples Example of POP are : C, VB, Example of OOP are : C++,
FORTRAN, Pascal. JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

Principles of Object Oriented Programming: Basic concepts of Object

Oriented Programming

 Objects
 Classes
 Data abstraction and Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding
 Message passing
Objects:

 An object can be considered a "thing" that can perform a set of related

activities.

 The set of activities that the object performs defines the object's behavior.

 For example, the hand can grip something or a Student (object) can give
the name or address.

 Objects are run time entity or real world entity.

Classes:

 A class is simply a representation of a type of object.

 It is the blueprint/ plan/ template that describe the details of an object.

 A class is the blueprint from which the individual objects are created.

 Class is composed of three things: a name, attributes, and operations.

 For example Student is an object has name, age, course, etc as

attributes. Read, write, etc as operations

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Data abstraction and Encapsulation

 The encapsulation is the inclusion within a program object of all the

resources need for the object to function - basically, the methods and the
data.

 In OOP the encapsulation is mainly achieved by creating classes, the

classes expose public methods and properties.

 The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell, which encapsulate

the set of methods, attribute and properties to provide its indented
functionalities to other classes.

 In that sense, encapsulation also allows a class to change its internal

implementation without hurting the overall functioning of the system.

 That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does it but to allow

requesting what to do.

 Abstraction is an emphasis on the idea, qualities and properties rather

than the particulars.

 The importance of abstraction is derived from its ability to hide irrelevant

details and from the use of names to reference objects.

 Abstraction is essential in the construction of programs.

 It places the emphasis on what an object is or does rather than how it is

represented or how it works.

Inheritance

 Ability of a new class to be created, from an existing class by extending

it, is called inheritance.

 Different kinds of objects often have a certain amount in common with

each other.

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

 Object-oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly used

state and behavior from other classes.

 In this example, Bicycle now becomes the super class of MountainBike,

RoadBike, and TandemBike. In the Java programming language, each
class is allowed to have one direct super class, and each super class has
the potential for an unlimited number of subclasses:

 The new class created is called as derived class

 The existing class is called as base class.

 The base class provides the property the derived class receives the
property.

 It reduces the complexity of the programming.

 This is the most common and most natural and widely accepted way of
implement this relationship.

Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is the process taking more then one form.
 More precisely Polymorphisms mean the ability to request that the same
operations be performed by a wide range of different types of things.

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

 In OOP the polymorphisms is achieved by using many different

techniques named method overloading, operator overloading and method
overriding,

 The method overloading is the ability to define several methods all with
the same name.

 The operator overloading (less commonly known as ad-hoc

polymorphisms) is a specific case of polymorphisms in which some or all
of operators like +, - or == are treated as polymorphic functions and as
such have different behaviors depending on the types of its arguments.

Dynamic binding
 Dynamic binding is the process of resolving the function to be associated
with the respective functions calls during their runtime rather than
compile time.
Message passing
 Every data in an object in oops that is capable of processing request
known as message.
 All objects can communicate with each other by sending message to each
other
 Message passing, also known as interfacing, describes the
communication between objects using their public interfaces.

Benefits of OOP

1. Reusability: In OOP’s programs functions and modules that are written by

a user can be reused by other users without any modification.
2. Inheritance: Through this we can eliminate redundant code and extend the
use of existing classes.
3. Data Hiding: The programmer can hide the data and functions in a class
from other classes. It helps the programmer to build the secure programs.
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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

4. Reduced complexity of a problem: The given problem can be viewed as a

collection of different objects. Each object is responsible for a specific task.
The problem is solved by interfacing the objects. This technique reduces the
complexity of the program design.
5. Easy to maintain and Upgrade: OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify
existing code as new objects can be created with small differences to
existing ones.
6. Message Passing: The technique of message communication between
objects makes the interface with external systems easier.
7. Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data representation
or the procedures in an OO program. Changes inside a class do not affect
any other part of a program, since the only public interface that the external
world has to a class is through the use of methods.

Object Oriented Language

Object-oriented programming is not the right of any particular languages.
Like structured programming, OOP concepts can be implemented using
languages such as C and Pascal. It is specially designed to support the OOP
concepts makes it easier to implement them.
Object Oriented Languages has two categories:
1. Object-based programming languages
2. Object-oriented programming languages
Object-based programming is the style of programming that primarily supports
encapsulation and object identity.
Major feature that are required for object based programming are:
 Data encapsulation
 Data hiding and access mechanisms
 Automatic initialization and clear-up of objects
 Operator overloading Languages that support programming with objects
are said to the objects-based programming languages. They do not support

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

inheritance and dynamic binding. Ada is a typical object-based programming

language.
Object-Oriented programming language incorporates all of object-based
programming features along with two additional features, namely, inheritance
and dynamic binding.
Object-oriented programming can therefore be characterized by the following
statements:
Object-based features + inheritance + dynamic binding

Applications of OOPs
 For Develop Graphical related application like computer and mobile
games.
 To evaluate any kind of mathematical equation use C++ language.
 C++ Language are also used for design OS. Like window xp.
 Google also use C++ for Indexing
 Few parts of apple OS X are written in C++ programming language.
 Internet browser Firefox are written in C++ programming language
 All major applications of adobe systems are developed in C++
programming language. Like Photoshop, ImageReady, Illustrator and
Adobe Premier.
 Some of the Google applications are also written in C++, including Google
file system and Google Chromium.
 C++ are used for design database like MySQL.

Beginning with C++

What is C++: C++ is a general-purpose object-oriented programming
(OOP) language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, and is an extension of the C
language. It is therefore possible to code C++ in a "C style" or "object-oriented
style.".C++ is one of the most versatile languages in the world. It is used nearly

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

everywhere for everything… systems programming (operating systems, device

drivers, database engines, embedded, Internet of Things, etc.)
Applications of C++
 Client-Server System
 Object Oriented Database
 Object Oriented Distributed Database
 Real Time Systems Design
 Simulation and Modeling System
 Hypertext, Hypermedia
 Neural Networking and Parallel Programming
 Decision Support and Office Automation Systems
 CIM/CAD/CAM Systems
 AI and Expert Systems

C++ Statements
Preprocessor directives
A preprocessor directive begins with the character #. This must either be the
first character of the line or the first character of the line after some leading
whitespace.

Comments
Comments may be of the form:
// Comment \n
(Or)
/* comment */
 The first form allows a trailing comment on a single line, while the second
form allows comments that span multiple lines.
 Comments may appear anywhere.

Declarations
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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

 Declarations give the compiler information about the types, storage

requirements and initial values of identifiers.
 General form: void type identifier intializer;

Function Declarations
void type identifier (formal_argument_list )
{
function_body
}
Executable statements

while ( expression ) statement

do statement while ( expression )

for ( expression_1; expression_2; expression_3 ) statement

equivalent to:

expression_1; while ( expression_2 ) { statement expression_3 }

switch ( expression )

declarations

case constant_expression: statement

...

default: statement

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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

break;

continue;

return;

return expression;

goto statement_label;

statement_label: executable_statement

Structure of C++ program

 Include section
 Class declaration
 Member function definition
 Main function program
Output Operator:
cout<<
 Syntax:
cout<<argument;
 Example:
cout<<“Welcome to C++”;
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout<<“Welcome to C++”;
}
Compiling and Linking:
 Create the source code.
 Save the code with extension .cpp
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 Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 2016 – 2019 Batch

 Compile the program with

Alt + F9 (or)
Select Compile option from Compile menu
 Run the program with
Ctrl + F9 (or)
Select Run option from Run menu
Input Operator:
Cin>>
 Syntax:
cin<<argument;
 Example:
cin>>a;
a is a variable.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
float n1,n2,sum,avg;
cout<<"Enter the two No:";
cin>>n1>>n2;
sum=n1+n2;
avg=sum/2;
cout<<"Sum:"<<sum;
cout<<"\nAverage:"<<avg;
}

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act
1956)
Coimbatore – 21
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

_____________________________________________________________

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS – UNIT I

PART A (1 Mark)

(Online Examination)

PART B (2 Marks)

1. Define Objects
2. What is C++ Statements
3. List out the Basic Concepts of Oops
4. Specify object Oriented Languages
5. List out Applications of Oops
6. List out Applications of OOPs
7. What is Structure of C++ Program
8. Differentiate between POP and OOPs
9. What is Procedure Oriented Programming
10. What is Object Oriented Programming
11. What is C++ statements
12. What is data abstraction
13. Write any four features of OOPS

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016

PART C (6 Marks)

1. Describe about Procedure Oriented Programming

2. Explain Object Oriented Programming
3. Write a Program for Structure of C++ Program
4. List out Benefits of Oops
5. Explain in detail about basic concepts of Object
Oriented Programming.
6. Write a program to find average of two numbers
7. Differentiate between POP and OOPs.
8. Enumerate History of C++
9. Write a program to find largest of three given numbers.
10. Write in about object oriented languages

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KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA

UNIT II

Tokens, Expressions and Control Structures – Tokens – Keywords – Identifiers – Basic &
User – Defined Data Types – Operators in C++ - Operator Over Loading – Operator Precedence
– Control Structures – Functions in C++ - The Main Function – Function Prototyping – Call By
Reference – Return By Reference – In Line Functions – Function Over Loading – Friend and
Virtual Functions.

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Unit – II

Tokens:
Smallest unit of a Program is called Token.
 Keywords
 Identifiers
 Constants
 Strings
 Operators
 Special Symbols
Keywords
 Keywords are reserved words.
 Has its predefine meaning.
 C++ consist of c keywords and additional keywords of its own
Keyword List:
asm auto bool break
case catch char Class
const const_cast continue Default
delete do double dynamic_cast
else enum explicit Export
extern false float For
friend goto if Inline
int long mutable Namespace
new operator private Protected
public register reinterpret_cast Return
Short signed sizeof static
static_cast struct switch template
This throw true try
typedef typeid typename Union
unsigned using virtual Void

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volatile wchar_t while

Data Types:

Data Type

User define Built in Derived

structure Integer Arrays

union Float Function
class Void Pointer
Character
enumeration
Boolean

Integer Type : Integer data type are like whole numbers, they also include
negative numbers but does not support decimal numbers.

Storage
Type Value range
size

-32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to

int 2 or 4 bytes
2,147,483,647

unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295

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short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned
2 bytes 0 to 65,535
short

long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295

Float-point Type : Float data type allows user to store decimal values in a
variable.

Type Storage size Value range Precision

float 4 byte 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 6 decimal places

double 8 byte 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 15 decimal places

long double 10 byte 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 19 decimal places

Character Type : Character data type is used to store only one letter, digit,
symbol at a time.

Type Storage size Value range

char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255

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unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255

signed char 1 byte -128 to 127

Reference Types

Array : Array is a collection of similar data type. A single variable can hold only
one value at a time, If we want a variable to store more than one value of same
type we use array.

Pointers : A normal variable is used to store value. A pointer variable is used

to store address / reference of another variable.

Variables

Variables are used to store values. variable name is the name of memory
location where value is stored. It must be alphanumeric, only underscore is
allowed in a variable name. It is composed of letters, digits and only
underscore. It must begin with alphabet or underscore. It cannot be begin with
numeric.

Declaration of Variable

Declaration will allocate memory for specified variable with garbage value.

Syntax :

Data-Type Variable-name;

Examples :

int a;

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float b;

char c;

Variable (Identifiers):
 Identifiers are user define name space
 It change its value during the execution of the program
 It refers the names of variables, functions, arrays, classes, etc

Rules:
1. Only alphabetic characters, digits and underscores are permitted.
2. Cannot start with digits.
3. Uppercase and lowercase are distinct
4. Keyword should not be as a variable name.
Example:
A, welcome
Initialization of Variable

Initialization means assigning value to declared variable. Every value will

overwrite the previous value.

Examples :

a = 10;

b = 4.5;

c = 'a';

Character value must be enclosed with single quotes.

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Constants:
 It does not change its value during the execution of the program
Example:
5,’a’,”welcome”
C++ Constants

Primary Constant Secondary Constant

Integer Real Character Array

Pointer
Structure
Decimal Float Single Union
Octal Exponential String Enum,etc.
Hexadecimal

Operators:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Increment/Decrement
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Bitwise operators

Assignment operator is used to copy value from right to left variable.

Operator Name Description Example

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X = Y, Now both
= Equal sign Copy value from right to left.
X and Y have 5

Plus Equal to operator will return X += Y is similar

Plus Equal
+= the addition of right operand and to X = X + Y, now
to
left operand. X is 7

Minus Equal to operator will return X -= Y is similar

Minus Equal
-= the subtraction of right operand to X = X - Y, now
to
from left operand. X is 3

Multiply Equal to operator will X *= Y is similar

Multiply
*= return the product of right operand to X = X * Y, now
Equal to
and left operand. X is 10

Division Equal to operator will X /= Y is similar

Division
/= divide right operand by left operand to X = X / Y, now
Equal to
and return the quotient. X is 2.5

Modulus or Modulus Equal to operator will X %= Y is similar

%= Mod Equal divide right operand by left operand to X = X % Y, now
to and return the mod ( Remainder ). X is 1

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Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical operations.

Operator Name Description Example

Return the addition of left

+ Plus (X + Y) will return 7
and right operands.

Return the difference b/w

- Minus right operand from left (X - Y) will return 3
operand.

Return the product of left

* Multiply (X * Y) will return 10
and right operands.

(X / Y) will return
Return the Quetiont from
2(both are int, int
/ Division left operand by right
doesn't support
operand.
decimal)

Return the Modulus (

Modulus
% Remainder ) from left (X % Y) will return 1
or Mod
operand by right operand.

Relational Operators

Relational operators are used for checking conditions whether the given
condition is true or false. If the condition is true, it will return non-zero value,
if the condition is false, it will return 0.

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Oper
Name Description Example
ator

Check whether the left operand is (X > Y) will

> Greater then
greater then right operand or not. return true

Check whether the left operand is (X < Y) will

< Smaller then
smaller then right operand or not. return false

Check whether the left operand is

Greater then (X >= Y) will
>= greater or equal to right operand or
or Equal to return true
not.

Check whether the left operand is

Smaller then (X <= Y) will
<= smaller or equal to right operand or
or Equal to return false
not.

Check whether the both operands (X == Y) will

== Equal to
are equal or not. return false

Check whether the both operands (X != Y) will

!= Not Equal to
are equal or not. return true

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used in situation when we have more then one
condition in a single if statement.

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Operator Name Description Example

Return true if all conditions are

if(X > Y && Y < X)
&& AND true, return false if any of the
will return true
condition is false.

Return false if all conditions are

if(X > Y || X < Y)
|| OR false, return true if any of the
will return true
condition is true.

Return true if condition if false, if(!(X>y)) will

! NOT
return false if condition is true. return false

Conditional

The conditional operator is also known as ternary operator. It is called ternary

operator because it takes three arguments. First is condition, second and third
is value. The conditional operator check the condition, if condition is true, it
will return second value, if condition is false, it will return third value.

Syntax :

val = condition ? val1 : val2;

Example :

void main()

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int X=5,Y=2,lrg;

lrg = (X>Y) ? X : Y;

cout << "\nLargest number is : " << lrg;

Output :

Largest number is : 5

Binary operator

Binary operators are those operators that works with at least two operands
such as (Arithmetic operators) +, -, *, /, %.

Unary operators are those operators that works with singal operands such as
(Increment or Decrement operators) ++ and --.

Special Operators:
 ::- Scope resolution operator
 >>-Insertion Operator
 <<-Extraction Operator
 ::*- Pointer-to-member decelerator
 ->*- Pointer-to-member operator
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 .*- Pointer to member operator

 new-Memory management operator
 delete- Memory release operator
 endl- Line feed operator
 sew- Memory allocation operator
 setw- Field width operator

Scope Resolution Operator:

:: - Used to access values or methods.
Syntax:
::variable name;
:: function name;
Examples:
::a;
::add();
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
int m=10;
void main()
{
int m=20;
{
int m=40;
cout<<"Value of m in inner block:"<<m;
cout<<"Value of m in outter block:"<<::m;
}
cout<<"Value of m in inner block:"<<m;
cout<<"Value of m in outter block:"<<::m;
}

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Manipulator:
endl:
used instead of ”\n”.
Example:
cout<<“welcome to csc”<<endl;
setw:
used for neat alignment during display.
Syntax:
setw (int value)
Example:
cout<<setw(5);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int m1=50,m2=500,m3=5000;
clrscr();
cout<<setw(5)<<"m1:"<<setw(5)<<m1<<endl;
cout<<setw(5)<<"m2:"<<setw(5)<<m2<<endl;
cout<<setw(5)<<"m3:"<<setw(5)<<m3<<endl;
}
Output:
m1: 50
m2: 500
m3: 5000

Type Cast:

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 Convert the data type of a variable to some other data type variable
Syntax:
(type name) expression //c
type name (expression) //c++
Example:
float (i);
Decision making statements
if ..else, jump, goto, break, continue- switch case statements

Control Structure:
 Sequence structure
 Selection structure
 Loop structure
Selection Structure:
 if statement
 if…else
 Nested if
 if… else ladder
 switch statement

if Statement:

if statement takes condition in parenthesis and a block of statements within

braces. If condition is true, it will return non-zero value, and statements given
in if block will get execute.

Syntax:
if(condition)
{
True Block;
}
Next Statement;

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Example:
if(i>10)
cout<<”i greater than 10”;
if …else Statement

if statement takes condition in parenthesis and a block of statements within

braces. If condition is true, it will return non-zero value, and statements given
in if block will get execute. If condition is false, it will returns zero, and
statements given in else block will get execute.

Syntax:
if(condition)
{
True Block;
}
else
{
False Block;
}
Next Statement;
Example:
if(i>10)
cout<<”i greater than 10”;
else
cout<<”i less than 10”;
Nested if Statement:

In nested if-else, one if-else statement contains another if-else statement.

Syntax:
if(condition 1)
{

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if(condition 2)
{
True block
}
else
{
False block condition 2;
}
}
else
{
False block condition 1;
}
Next Statement;
Example:
if(m1>40)
{
if(m2>40)
{
cout<<”pass”;
}
else
{
cout<<”Fail”;
}
}
else
{
cout<<”Fail”;

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}
if… else ladder:

if-else ladder is used for checking multiple conditions, if the first condition will
not satisfy, compiler will jump to else block and check the next condition,
whether it is true or not and so on.

Syntax:
if(condition 1)
{
True block-1
}
else if(condition 2)
{
True block -2;
}
else
{
False block;
}
Next Statement;
Example:
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
cout<<”A is Greatest”;
}
else
{
cout<<”C is Greatest”;

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}
}
else
if(b>c)
{
cout<<”B is Greatest”;
}
else
{
cout<<”C is Greatest”;
}
Switch Case:
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case exp1:
Statements
case exp2:
Statements
………………
………………
default:
Statements
}
Example
i=4;
switch(i)
{
case 1:

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cout<<”one”;
case 2:
cout<<”two”;
case 3:
cout<<”three”;
default:
cout<<”Wrong Choice”;
}

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do-while – while statement, for statement

Loop Structure
Entry control:
Entry control Structure checks the condition First and the Statement is
executed
 while loop
 for loop

Exit control:
Exit control Structure First the Statement is Executed and then
checks the condition
 do… while

While Loop:

While loop is also called entry control loop because, in while loop, compiler will
1st check the condition, whether it is true or false, if condition is true then
execute the statements.

Syntax:
while(Condition)
{
Statement Block
}
Example:
while(i<5)
{
cout<<”Welcome”;
i++;
}

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For Loop:

In for loop has initialization, condition and increment/decrement all together.

Initialization will be done once at the beginning of loop. Then, the condition is
checked by the compiler. If the condition is false, for loop is terminated. But,
if condition is true then, the statements are executed until condition is false.

Syntax:
for(initialization ; condition checking ; Increment/Decrement)
{
Statement Block
}
Example:
for(i=1;i<5;i++)
{
cout<<”Welcome”;
}
Do..While

The do-while loop is also called exit control loop because, in do-while loop,
compiler will 1st execute the statements, then check the condition, whether it
is true or false.

Syntax:
do
{
}while(condition);
Example:
do
{
cout<<”Welcome”;
i++;
}while(i<5);

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Difference b/w while loop and do-while loop

while loop do-while loop

It is entry control loop. It is exit control loop.

In this loop condition is checked In this loop condition is checked at the

before loop execution. end of loop.

It will never execute loop if It will executes loop at least once when the
condition is false. initial condition is false.

There is no semicolon at the end of There is semicolon at the end of while

while statement statement.

Jump Statements in C++

Jump statements are used to interrupt the normal flow of program.

Types of Jump Statements

 Break
 Continue
 GoTo

Break Statement
The break statement is used inside loop or switch statement. When compiler
finds the break statement inside a loop, compiler will abort the loop and
continue to execute statements followed by loop.

Example of break statement

#include<iostream.h>

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void main()
{
int a=1;

while(a<=10)
{
if(a==5)
break;

cout << "\nStatement " << a;

a++;
}
cout << "\nEnd of Program.";
}

Output :

Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Statement 4
End of Program.

Continue Statement
The continue statement is also used inside loop. When compiler finds the
break statement inside a loop, compiler will skip all the followling statements
in the loop and resume the loop.

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Example of continue statement

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
int a=0;

while(a<10)
{

a++;

if(a==5)
continue;

cout << "\nStatement " << a;

}
cout << "\nEnd of Program.";
}

Output :

Statement 1
Statement 2
Statemnet 3
Statement 4

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Statement 6
Statement 7
Statement 8
Statement 9
Statement 10
End of Program.

Goto Statement
The goto statement is a jump statement which jumps from one point to
another point within a function.

Syntax of goto statement

goto label;
----------
----------
label:
----------
----------

In the above syntax, label is an identifier. When, the control of program

reaches to goto statement, the control of the program will jump to the label:
and executes the code after it.

Example of goto statement

#include<iostream.h>

void main()

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{
cout << "\nStatement 1.";
cout << "\nStatement 2.";
cout << "\nStatement 3.";

goto last;

cout << "\nStatement 4.";

cout << "\nStatement 5.";

last:

cout << "\nEnd of Program.";

}

Output :

Statement 1.
Statement 2.
Statement 3.
End of Program.

Function in C++
A function is a block of codes that performs a specific task and may return
value. The main() function is the first user defined function invoked by the
compiler. While it is possible to write any code within main function, it leads
number of problems. The program may become too large and complex and it is
difficult to test, debugg and maintain the complex code. For that reason, We
use function to place independent code in separate modules called function or

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subprogram. In order to make a program using function, we need to perform

the followling three steps.

 Function declaration
 Function definition
 Function call

Function declaration
Like variables, all the functions must be declared. Function declaration
statement includes function name, what function will take and what function
will return.

Syntax :

return-type function-name(argument list);

return-type : type of value function will return.

function-name : any valid C++ identifier.

argument list : represents the type and number of value function will take,
values are sent by the calling statement.

Example for declaration of function

If we want to return the sum of two integer numbers and function will take
two numbers as argument then the function declaration statement will be:

int Add(int, int);

Function definition
Function definition includes the actual working or implementation.

Syntax for defining function

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return-type function-name(argument list)

{
----------
body of function
----------
}

The body of function contains the number of statements to perform specific

task.

Example for definition of function

The body of function for calculating sum of two integer numbers.

int Add(int x,int y)

{
int sum;

sum = x + y;

return sum;
}

Function call or Function invoke

To execute function we must call it. A function can be called or invoked by
using function name followed by list of arguments (values) that function
definition will recieve to perform task.

Syntax for calling or invoke function

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var = function-name(val1,val2...n);

var can be any variable that will recieve value returning from function
definition.

Example for calling or invoke function

Considering the above example, function calling statement should be :

int rs;
rs = Add(10,20); //calling statement
cout << "\nThe sum is : " << rs;

Passing argument to a function

Like normal variable, pointer variable can be passed as function argument
and it can return from function.

There are two approaches to passing argument to a function:

 Call by Value
 Call by Reference/Address

Call by Value
In this approach, the values are passed as function argument to the definition
of function.

Example of call by value

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
int A=10,B=20;

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cout << "\nValues before calling";

cout << "\nA : " << A;
cout << "\nB : " << B;

fun(A,B); //Statement 1

cout << "\nValues after calling";

cout << "\nA : " << A;
cout << "\nB : " << B;

void fun(int X,int Y) //Statement 2

{
X=11;
Y=22;
}

Output :

Values before calling

A : 10
B : 20
Values after calling
A : 10
B : 20

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In the above example, statement 1 is passing the values of A and B to the

calling function fun(). fun() will recieve the value of A and B and put it into X
and Y respectively. X and Y are value type variables and are local to fun(). Any
changes made by value type variables X and Y will not effect the values of A
and B.

Call by Reference
In this approach, the references/addresses are passed as function argument
to the definition of function.

Example of call by reference

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
int A=10,B=20;

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cout << "\nValues before calling";

cout << "\nA : " << A;
cout << "\nB : " << B;

fun(&A,&B); //Statement 1

cout << "\nValues after calling";

cout << "\nA : " << A;
cout << "\nB : " << B;

void fun(int *X,int *Y) //Statement 2

{
*X=11;
*Y=22;
}

Output :

Values before calling

A : 10
B : 20
Values after calling
A : 11
B : 22

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In the above example, statement 1 is passing the reference of A and B to the

calling function fun(). fun() must have pointer formal arguments to recieve the
reference of A and B. In statement 2 *X and *Y is recieving the reference A and
B. *X and *Y are reference type variables and are local to fun(). Any changes
made by reference
nce type variables *X and *Y will change the values of A and B
respectively.

Difference between Call by Value and Call by Reference.

Call by Value Call by Reference

The actual arguments can be variable The actual arguments can only be
or constant. variable.

The values of actual argument are The reference of actual argument are
sent to formal argument which are sent to formal argument which are
normal variables. pointer variables.

Any changes made by formal Any changes made by formal

arguments will not reflect to actual arguments will reflect to actual

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arguments. arguments.

Inline functions

One of the advantages of using function is to save memory space by making

common block for the code we need to execute many times. When compiler
invoke / call a function, it takes extra time to execute such as jumping to the
function definition, saving registers, passing value to argument and returning
value to calling function. This extra time can be avoidable for large functions
but for small functions we use inline function to save extra time.

When we make an inline function, compiler will replace all the calling
statements with the function definition at run-time.

 Expand itself code during the execution of the program.

 Keyword: inline

Syntax:
inline function
{
function body
}

Example of inline function

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
inline int add(int a,int b)
{
return(a+b);
}

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void main()
{
int m1,m2;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the first number:";
cin>>m1;
cout<<"Enter the Second number:";
cin>>m2;
cout<<"Addition Result:"<<add(m1,m2)<<endl;
}
Function overloading

More than one function with same name, with different signature in a class or
in a same scope is called function overloading. Signature of function includes:

 Number of arguments
 Type of arguments
 Sequence of arguments

Example of function overloading

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class CalculateArea

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public:

void Area(int r) //Overloaded Function 1

cout<<"\n\tArea of Circle is : "<<3.14*r*r;

void Area(int l,int b) //Overloaded Function 2

cout<<"\n\tArea of Rectangle is : "<<l*b;

void Area(float l,int b) //Overloaded Function 3

cout<<"\n\tArea of Rectangle is : "<<l*b;

void Area(int l,float b) //Overloaded Function 4

cout<<"\n\tArea of Rectangle is : "<<l*b;

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};

void main()

CalculateArea C;

C.Area(5); //Statement 1

C.Area(5,3); //Statement 2

C.Area(7,2.1f); //Statement 3

C.Area(4.7f,2); //Statement 4

Output :

Area of Circle is : 78.5

Area of Rectangle is : 15

Area of Rectangle is : 14.7

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Area of Rectangle is : 29.4

Example Program 2:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int volume(int);
double volume(double,int);
long volume(long,int,int);
void main()
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Function with one argument:"<<volume(10)<<"\n";
cout<<"Function with two argument:"<<volume(5.6,10)<<endl;
cout<<"Function with three argument:"<<volume(56l,67,89)<<endl;
}
int volume(int s)
{
return(s*s*s);
}
double volume(double r,int h)
{
return(3.14*r*r*h);
}
long volume(long l,int b,int h)
{
return(l*b*h);
}

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 Classes and Objects 2016 – 2019 Batch

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA
UNIT III
Classes and Objects – Introduction – Specifying a Class – Defining Member Function –
Nesting of Member Functions – Private Member Functions – Arrays within a Class-
Static Data Members – Static Member Functions – Array of Objects – Objects as
Function Arguments – Friendly Functions – Pointers to Members. Constructors &
Destructors – Constructors – Copy Constructors – Dynamic Constructors – Construction
Two- Dimensional Arrays – Destructors.

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Unit – III

Classes and objects : Specifying a class

 Class is composed of three things: a name, attributes, and

operations.
 Class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions
together
Class specification has 2 parts:
Class Declaration.
Class function definitions
Access Specifies:
 The Status of the accessibility of the data members are
determined by the Access Specifies
 There are 3 access specifies
 Public
 Private
 Protected
Public:
It allows functions and data to be accessible to any part of the
program.
Private:
It allows functions and data cannot be accessible to any part of the
program except the class where it is declared.
Protected
It allows functions and data to be accessible to only the derived
classes.
Class Declaration:
Syntax:

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class class_name
{
private:
variable declaration;
function declaration;
public:
variable declaration;
function declaration;
}
Example:
class book
{
int pgno;
public:
void getpage();
}

Creation of Objects:

Once the class is created, one or more objects can be created from the
class as objects are instance of the class.

Just as we declare a variable of data type int as:

int x;

Objects are also declared as:

class_name followed_by object_name;

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Example:

exforsys e1;

This declares e1 to be an object of class exforsys.

Accessing Class Members:

Creating Object:
Syntax:
classname object_name;
Example:
book i;
Accessing Methods:
Syntax:
object.function_name(argument)
Example:
i.getpage();

Defining member functions

Defining a Member
 Definition in 2 places
Outside the class definition.
Inside the class definition.
Outside the Class Definition
Syntax:

return_type class_name :: function_name(argument list)

{
----------
body of function
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----------
}

return_type Type of value function will return.

class_name:: A program may contain more than one class and these
classes may have similar member functions. Class_name:: tells the
compiler which class the function belongs to and the scope of the
member function is restricted to the class_name.

function_name Can be any valid C++ identifier.

argument list Represents the type and number of value function will
take, values are sent by the calling statement.

Example of defining member function outside class

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class Employee
{
int Id;
char Name[25];
int Age;
long Salary;

public:
void GetData();
void PutData();

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};

void Employee :: GetData() //Statement 1 : Defining GetData()

{
cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Id : ";
cin>>Id;

cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Name : ";

cin>>Name;

cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Age : ";

cin>>Age;

cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Salary : ";

cin>>Salary;
}

void Employee :: PutData() //Statement 2 : Defining PutData()

{
cout<<"\n\nEmployee Id : "<<Id;
cout<<"\nEmployee Name : "<<Name;
cout<<"\nEmployee Age : "<<Age;
cout<<"\nEmployee Salary : "<<Salary;
}

void main()
{

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Employee E; //Statement 3 : Creating Object

E.GetData(); //Statement 4 : Calling GetData()

E.PutData(); //Statement 5 : Calling PutData()

Output :

Enter Employee Id : 1
Enter Employee Name : Kumar
Enter Employee Age : 29
Enter Employee Salary : 45000

Employee Id : 1
Employee Name : Kumar
Employee Age : 29

Employee Salary : 45000

Inside the Class Definition:
Syntax:

return_type function_name(argument list)

{
----------
body of function
----------
}

return_type Type of value function will return.

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function_name Can be any valid C++ identifier.

argument list Represents the type and number of value function will
take, values are sent by the calling statement.

Definition of member function inside class is similar to defining normal

function. There is no need to tell compiler about the class the function
belongs to because the definition of member function is already in the
class.

Example of defining member function inside class

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class Employee
{
int Id;
char Name[25];
int Age;
long Salary;

public:
void GetData() //Statement 1 : Defining GetData()
{
cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Id : ";
cin>>Id;

cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Name : ";

cin>>Name;

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cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Age : ";

cin>>Age;

cout<<"\n\tEnter Employee Salary : ";

cin>>Salary;
}

void PutData() //Statement 2 : Defining PutData()

{
cout<<"\n\nEmployee Id : "<<Id;
cout<<"\nEmployee Name : "<<Name;
cout<<"\nEmployee Age : "<<Age;
cout<<"\nEmployee Salary : "<<Salary;
}

};

void main()
{

Employee E; //Statement 3 : Creating Object

E.GetData(); //Statement 4 : Calling GetData()

E.PutData(); //Statement 5 : Calling PutData()

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Output :

Enter Employee Id : 1
Enter Employee Name : Kumar
Enter Employee Age : 29
Enter Employee Salary : 45000

Employee Id : 1
Employee Name : Kumar
Employee Age : 29

Employee Salary : 45000

Static data members

Static Variables (Static Data members):

 By default it is initialized to zero
 Only one copy of that variable is created for entire class
 It is visible only within the class, but lifetime is the entire program
 static is the keyword used to declare static data members
Syntax:
static datatype variable=value
Example:
static int i=5;
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
static int i=3;
while(i)

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{
cout<<i<<"\n";
i--;
main();
}
}
Static member functions

Static Member Functions:

 A static function can have access to only other static members
declared in the class
 A static member function can be called using the class name
Syntax:
classname::functionname
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class test
{
int code;
static int cn;
public:
void set()
{
code=++cn;
}
void showcode()
{
cout<<"\nObject number:"<<code<<"\n";
}

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static void showcount()

{
cout<<"\ncount:"<<cn;
}
};
int test::cn;
void main()
{
test t1,t2;
t1.set();
t2.set();
test::showcount();
test t3;
t3.set();
test::showcount();
t1.showcode();
t2.showcode();
t3.showcode();
}
Array of objects

 An object of class represents a single record in memory,

 an array is a collection of similar type, therefore an array can be a
collection of class type..
Syntax:
Class name object[size];
Example:
Item i[50];
Program:

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#include<iostream.h>
class employee
{
char name[30];
float age;
public:
void get();
void put();
};
void employee::get()
{
cout<<"Enter name:";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter age:";
cin>>age;
}
void employee::put()
{
cout<<"Name:"<<name<<"\n";
cout<<"Age:"<<age<<"\n";
}
void main()
{
employee e[50];
int n;
cout<<"Enter the No of Employees:";
cin>>n;
cout<<"Enter the Details:";
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
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e[i].get();
cout<<"\nDetails of"<<n<<"Employees";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"\nEmployee"<<i+1<<"\n";
e[i].put();
}
}
Friendly functions

Private members are accessed only within the class they are declared.
Friend function is used to access the private and protected members of
different classes. It works as bridge between classes.

 Friend function must be declared with friend keyword.

 Friend function must be declare in all the classes from which we
need to access private or protected members.
 Friend function will be defined outside the class without specifying
the class name.
 Friend function will be invoked like normal function, without any
object.

Syntax:
friend returntype functionname(Arg list)
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class second;
class first
{

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int a;
public:
void set(int x)
{
a=x;
}
friend void max(first,second);
};
class second
{
int b;
public :
void set(int y)
{
b=y;
}
friend void max(first,second);
};
void max(first m,second n)
{
if(m.a>=n.b)
cout<<m.a;
else
cout<<n.b;
}
void main()
{
first f;
f.set(10);
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second s;
s.set(20);
max(f,s);
}
Constructors and destructors: Constructors

Constructors:

Constructor is a special function used to initialize class data members

or we can say constructor is used to initialize the object of class.

 Constructor name class name must be same.

 Constructor doesn't return value.
 Constructor is invoked automatically, when the object of class is
created.

Characteristics
 Should be in the public section
 Invoked automatically
 Do not have any return value
 Cannot be inherited
 Can have arguments
 Cannot be virtual
 Cannot refer to their address
 Make implicit calls to the operators new and delete.
Types of Constructor

 Default Constructor
 Parameterize Constructor
 Copy Constructoronstructor

Construct without parameter is called default constructor.

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Example of C++ default constructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>

class Student
{

int Roll;
char Name[25];
float Marks;

public:

Student() //Default Constructor

{
Roll = 1;
strcpy(Name,"Kumar");
Marks = 78.42;
}

void Display()
{
cout<<"\n\tRoll : "<<Roll;
cout<<"\n\tName : "<<Name;
cout<<"\n\tMarks : "<<Marks;
}
};

void main()
{

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Student S; //Creating Object

S.Display(); //Displaying Student

Details

Output :

Roll : 1
Name : Kumar
Marks : 78.42

Default Constructor
Construct without parameter is called default constructor.

Example of C++ default constructor

#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>

class Student
{

int Roll;
char Name[25];
float Marks;

public:

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Student() //Default
Constructor
{
Roll = 1;
strcpy(Name,"Kumar");
Marks = 78.42;
}

void Display()
{
cout<<"\n\tRoll : "<<Roll;
cout<<"\n\tName : "<<Name;
cout<<"\n\tMarks : "<<Marks;
}
};

void main()
{

Student S; //Creating Object

S.Display(); //Displaying
Student Details

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Output :

Roll : 1
Name : Kumar
Marks : 78.42

Parameterized Constructors
 Parameters are arguments to the Constructor
 This can be done in 2 ways
By calling the Constructor explicitly
 Class-name obj=constructorname(arg list);
By calling the Constructor implicitly
 Class-name obj(arg list);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class assign
{
int a,b;
public:
assign(int x,int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"\nNumber1:"<<a;
cout<<"\nNumber2:"<<b;
}

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};
void main()
{
assign f(34,35);
f.show();
assign s=assign(75,76);
s.show();
}
Copy Constructor

 A reference variable is used as an argument to copy constructor

 Constructor contains the address value of another object or a
variable as its argument.
Program
#include<iostream.h>
class copy
{
int y;
public:
copy()
{
cout<<"\nNo Arguments";
}
copy(int i)
{
y=i;
}
copy(copy &x)
{

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y=x.y;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"\nValues:"<<y;
}
};
void main()
{
copy a(111);
copy b(a);
copy c=a;
copy d; d=a;
cout<<"\nValue of a:";
a.display();
cout<<"\nValue of b:";
b.display();
cout<<"\nValue of c:";
c.display();
cout<<"\nValue of d:";
d.display();
}

Multiple constructors in a class

 More than one Constructor with in a class is called Multiple

Constructor
 It is also known as Constructor Overloading
Program

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#include<iostream.h>
class Method
{
public:
Method()
{
cout<<"\nNo Arguments";
}
Method(int i)
{
cout<<"\nInteger Argument:"<<i;
}
Method(double i)
{
cout<<"\nDouble Argument:"<<i;
}

Method(char i)
{
cout<<"\nCharacter Argument:"<<i;
}
};
void main()
{
Method b;
Method b1(5);
Method b2(6.5);
Method b3('c');
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}
Dynamic Constructor
Basically, it's a way of constructing an object based on the run-time type
of some existing object. It basically uses standard virtual
functions/polymorphism.
class base
{
public:
virtual base* create() = 0;
virtual base* clone() = 0;
protected:
base();
base(const base&);
};
virtual der1 : public base
{
public:
base* create() { return new der1; }
base* clone() { return new der1(*this); }
};
virtual der2 : public base
{
public:
base* create() { return new der2; }
base* clone() { return new der2(*this); }
};
int main()
{
base* b = new der1;
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base* b1 = b->create();
base* b2 = b->clone();
}
Destructor

Constructor allocates the memory for an object.

Destructor deallocate the memory occupied by an object. Like
constructor, destructor name and class name must be same, preceded
by a tilde(~) sign. Destructor take no argument and have no return
value.

Constructor is invoked automatically when the object created.

Destructor is invoked when the object goes out of scope. In other words,
Destructor is invoked, when compiler comes out form the function
where an object is created.

 Destructor destroys the objects that have been created by a

constructor
 It is also a special member function
 Its also same name as the class name preceded by a tilde
Syntax:
~class-name();
 It never takes any arguments and have no return value
 Automatically invoked by compiler at the end of program
 delete is used for free memory
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
int count=0;
class copy
{
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int y;
public:
copy()
{
count++;
cout<<"\nNo Objects Created:"<<count;
}
~copy()
{ cout<<"\nNo Objects Deleted:"<<count;
count--;
}
};
void main()
{
copy a,b,c,d;
}

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore – 21
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)
_____________________________________________________________

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS – UNIT III

PART A (1 Mark)

(Online Examinations)

PART B ( 2 Marks)
1. Define Class.
2. Define Object.
3. How will you Specify a class
4. How will you define member functions
5. What is pointers to Members
6. Define Constructor
7. Define Destructor
8. How many types of Constructor
9. Define Static data members
10. What is Static Member Function
11. What is Nesting of Member Functions
12. What is Jump Students
13. What is Goto Statements

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016

PART C (6 Marks)
1. Explain Member functions in a class
2. Explain Static Data members with example.
3. Explain Static Member functions with example
4. Describe Constructor and Destructor
5. Discuss Private Member Functions
6. Write a program to subtract two numbers (member functions
should be define outside the class)
7. Elucidate dynamic destructor with example.
8. Explain member function and nesting of member function
9. What is constructor? Explain the types of constructor with an
suitable example
10. Engrave on friend function with suitable example.

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KAHE 2/2
 Operator Overloading and Inheritance 2016 – 2019 Batch

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA
UNIT IV
Operator Over Loading -Type Conversion – Introduction – Defining Operator Over
Loading – Over Loading Unary & Binary Operators – Over Loading Binary Operators
using Friends – Manipulation of String Using Operators – Rules for Over Loading
Operators – Types – Conversions – Inheritance – Extending Classes – Defining Derived
Classes – Single, Multi Level Multiple, Hierarchical & Hybrid Inheritance – Virtual Base
Classes – Abstract Classes.

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Unit – IV

Operator overloading: Defining operator overloading

 The process of giving special meaning to a method or an operator is

called Operator Overloading
 Overloading is the process of adding an extra or additional
operation to an existing operation
 Overloading consist of same name but differ in their argument list,
Number of argument or both.
 There are two types of overloading
 Function overloading
 Operator overloading
Method Overloading
• Change the meaning of a function
• The name of the function is same but differ in their operation differ
in their arguments list
• Function overloading is done by using various number arguments
to a function
• Function perform different operation based on the requirements
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class over
{
public:
void add(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"\nAddition of integer:"<<a+b;
}
void add(double a,double b)

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{
cout<<"\nAddition of double:"<<a+b;
}

void add(int a,double b)

{
cout<<"\nAddition of integer & double:"<<a+b;
}
void add(double a,int b)
{
cout<<"\nAddition of double and integer:"<<a+b;
}
void add(int a)
{
cout<<"\nOne Argument:"<<a;
}
};
void main()
{
over b;
b.add(5,6);
b.add(8.2,7.8);
b.add(7,8.3);
b.add(8.3,7);
b.add(111);
}
Operator Overloading
• Mechanism of giving special meaning to an operator
• It creates a new definition for most c++ operators

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• Semantics of an operator is extended

• It does not change the meaning of the operator
Rules for Overloading Operators:
1. Only existing operators can be overloaded. New operators
cannot be created
2. The overloaded operator must have at least one operand that
is of user-defined type
3. Can not be able to change the predefined meaning of the
Operator.
4. An overloaded operator follows the syntax rules of the original
operators. They can not be overridden
5. Some Operators that can not be overloaded.
6. Certain Operators can not be overloaded using the friend
Function.
Operators Cannot be Overloaded
• Membership operators (.)
• Pointer-to-member operator (.*)
• Scope resolution operator (::)
• Size of operator ( sizeof )
• Conditional operator (?:)
Operators Cannot be Overloaded Using friend Function
• Assignment operator (=)
• Function call operator ( () )
• Subscripting operator ([])
• Class member access operator ( ->)
Defining Operator Overloading
• Done with the help of a special function, operator function, which
describes the task
Syntax:

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• Declaration:
RT operator operatorsymbol( argument list)
• Definition:
RT classname :: operator(op-arglist)
{
function body
}
Example:
void operator –()
• Operator function must be either member functions or friend
function
• Difference: a friend function will have only 1 argument for unary
operators and 2 arguments for binary operator
Steps:
• Create a class that defines the data type that is to be used in the
overloading operation
• Declare the operator function operator op() in the public part of the
class
• Define the operator function to implement the required operations
Example
#include<iostream.h>
class Add
{
int lat,log;
public:
Add(){}
Add(int l,int lt)
{
lat=l;

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log=lt;
}
void show()
{
cout<<lat<<" ";
cout<<log<<" ";
}
Add operator -(Add o);
};
Add Add::operator -(Add o)
{
Add t;
t.lat=o.lat+lat;
t.log=o.log+log;
return t;
}

void main()
{
Add a(10,20),b(30,50);
a.show();
b.show();
a=a-b;
a.show();
}

Overloading unary operators

Overloading Unary Operators:

 The operator has only one Operand.
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 Unary operators are unary +, unary –,++,--, this operator changes

the sign of the operand.
Program
#include<iostreams.h>
class space
{
int x;
int y;
int z;
public:
void get(int a,int b,int c);
void display(void);
void operator -();
};
void space::get(int a,int b,int c)
{
x=a;
y=b;
z=c;
}
void space::display(void)
{
cout<<x<<"\n";
cout<<y<<"\n";
cout<<z<<"\n";
}
void space::operator -()
{
x=-x;

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y=-y;
z=-z;
}
void main()
{
space s;
s.getdata(10,-20,30);
cout<<"\nValues before Call Operator Overloading\n";
s.display();
-s;
cout<<"\nValues After Call Operator Overloading\n";
s.display();
}
Overloading binary operators

 The operator has two Operand.

Program:
#include<iostreams.h>
class Time
{
int h,m;
public:
Time(){}

Time(int hr,int min)

{
h=hr;
m=min;
}
void display(void);

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Time operator+(Time);
};
void Time::display(void)
{
cout<<h<<"hours and"<<m<<" Min\n";
}
Time Time::operator+(Time t)
{
Time t1;
t1.m=m+t.m;
int bal=t1.m/60;
t1.m=t1.m%60;
t1.h=h+t.h+bal;
return(t1);
}
void main()
{
Time h1,h2,h3;
h1=Time(2,50);
h2=Time(2,50);
h3=h1+h2;
cout<<"\nTime t1:";
h1.display();
cout<<"\nTime t2:";
h2.display();
cout<<"\nTime t3:";
h3.display();
}

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Overloading binary operators using friends

 Non member function of a class can be able to access the private

members of a class through friend function
 Friend Function are created with the keyword friend
 A friend function requires two arguments to be explicitly passed to
it.
Program:
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
class Point
{
int x, y;
public:
Point()
{}
Point(int px, int py)
{
x = px;
y = py;
}
void show()
{
cout << x << " ";
cout << y << "\n";
}
friend Point operator+(Point op1, Point op2); // now a friend
Point operator=(Point op2);
};

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// Now, + is overloaded using friend function.

Point operator+(Point op1, Point op2)
{
Point temp;
temp.x = op1.x + op2.x;
temp.y = op1.y + op2.y;
return temp;
}
// Overload assignment for Point.
Point Point::operator=(Point op2)
{
x = op2.x;
y = op2.y;
return op2; // i.e., return object that generated call
}
int main()
{
clrscr();
Point ob1(10, 20), ob2( 5, 30);
ob1 = ob1 + ob2;
ob1.show();
return 0;
}

type conversions

 Type Conversion is the process of change the data type of variable.

 When constants and variables of different types are mixed in an
expression, C applies automatic type conversion to the operand as per
certain rules.

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 In the Assignment Operation the type of data to the right of an

assignment operator is automatically converted to the type of the variable
on the left.
Example: int m;
float x=5.89;
m=x;
The value of m is 5 since the fraction part is truncated.
 The Compiler does not support automatic type conversion for user
defined data types. Since the type conversion should be performed
explicitly.
 Three types of situations arises in the data conversion between
incompatible types:
 Conversion from basic type to class type
 Conversion from class type to basic type
 Conversion from one class type to another class type.
Conversion from basic type to class type
 In this left hand operand of = operator is always a class object.
Example:
String s1,s2;
char *name1=”C++ Programming”;
char *name2=”C Programming”;
s1=String(name1);
s2=name2;
String is the class, name1 is char variable which is converted explicitly in
the statement
s1=String(name1);
name2 is char variable which is converted implicitly by call the
constructor in the statement
s2=name2;

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The constructor used for type conversion takes a single argument whose
type is to be converted. This conversion is done by overloaded = operator.
Conversion from class type to basic type
 In this left hand operand of = operator is always a variable type or
basic type.
 The constructor performs a fine job in conversion from basic to
class type.
 The conversion of class to basic model is done by overloaded
casting operator.
 The general form of an overloaded casting operator function is
operator typename()
{
………..
………..//function statement
}
Example:
String :: operator double()
{
double d=0;
d=s[0]+s[1];
return(d);
}
String is a class converted to basic type double, where s is a String class
object
String s1,s2;
float c1,c2;
c1=float(s1);
c2=s2;

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c1 is float variable , String is the class which is converted explicitly in the

statement
c1=float(s1);
c2 is float variable , String is the class which is converted implicitly in
the statement
c2=s2;
The casting operator function should satisfy the following conditions:
 It must be a class member
 It must not specify a return type
 It must not have any arguments.
Conversion from one class type to another class type.
Example:
S1= S2 // objects of different types
 S1 and S2 are the object of two different classes class X and class
Y.
 The class Y type is converted into X type.
 Y is known as the source class and X is known as the designation
class.
 This type of conversion is performed using either a contractor or a
conversion function
 Casting function is of the form
operator typename()
Type Conversion Table
Conversion takes place in
Conversions Required Designation
Source class
class
Basic class Not applicable Constructor
ClassBasic Casting operator Not applicable
Classclass Casting operator Constructor

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Inheritance :- Inheritance

 Sharing the properties of one class by the other.

 Ability of a new class to be created, from an existing class by

extending it, is called inheritance.

 Different kinds of objects often have a certain amount in common

with each other.

 Object-oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly

used state and behavior from other classes.

 A class which provides the data is called Base class

 A class receives the data is called Derived class
 No changes are made to the base class

Advantage of Inheritance:
 Reusability of code
 Save a lot of time and efforts, retyping the same
 Data and methods of super class are physically available to its
subclasses

Forms of Inheritance
In C++ there are 5 forms of inheritance.
 Single Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Multilevel Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance
Defining derived classes

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 Derived class can be defined by specifying the relationship with the

base class in addition to its own details.
 : (colon) operator is used for inheritance.
Syntax:
class derived-class-name : visibility-mode base-class-name
{
……………
……………. //derived class member functions
…………….
};
 The colon indicates that the derived-class-name is derived from the
base-class-name.
 The visibility-mode is optional, if presents private or public or
protected access specifies can be specified
 By default visibility-mode is private.
 The visibility-mode specifies whether the features of the base class
are privately derived or publicly derived.

Example:
class ABC
{
…………..
…………..// base class members
}
class der : private ABC //Privately inherited from class ABC
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}

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class der : public ABC //Publicly inherited from class ABC

{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}
class der : ABC //Privately inherited from class ABC by default
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}

Single, multilevel, multiple, hierarchical inheritance

 Single inheritance consist of single base class and single derived

class

Base Class

Derived Class

Syntax:

class derived-class-name : visibility-mode base-class-name

{
…………..

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…………..// derived class members

}
The colon (:), indicates that the class derived-class-name is derived from
the class base-class-name.

Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class Rectangle
{
private:
float length ; // This can't be inherited
public:
float breadth ; // The data and member functions are inheritable
void Enter_lb(void)
{
cout << "\n Enter the length of the rectangle : ";
cin >> length ;
cout << "\n Enter the breadth of the rectangle : ";
cin >> breadth ;
}
float Enter_l(void)
{
return length ;
}
}; // End of the class definition
class Rectangle1 : public Rectangle
{
private:
float area ;

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public:
void Rec_area(void)
{
area = Enter_l( ) * breadth ;
}
void Display(void)
{
cout << "\n Length = " << Enter_l( ) ;
cout << "\n Breadth = " << breadth ;
cout << "\n Area = " << area ;
}
};
void main(void)
{
Rectangle1 r1 ;
r1.Enter_lb( );
r1.Rec_area( );
r1.Display( );
}
Visibility of Inherited Members

Derived class visibility

Base class
public private protected
visibility
derivation derivation derivation
private Not Inherited Not Inherited Not Inherited
protected protected private protected
public public private protected

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Multilevel Inheritance:
 C++ also provides the facility of multilevel inheritance, according to
which the derived class can also be derived by another class, which in
turn can further be inherited by another and so on.

Base Class

Derived Class 1

Derived Class 2

Syntax:

class derived-class-name1 : visibility-mode base-class-name

{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}
class derived-class-name2 : visibility-mode derived-class-name1
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}

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derived-class-name1 is inherited from base-class-name then the derived-

class-name2 is inherited from derived-class-name1.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class Base
{
protected:
int b;
public:
void EnterData( )
{
cout << "\n Enter the value of b: ";
cin >> b;
}
void DisplayData( )
{
cout << "\n b = " << b;
}
};
class Derive1 : public Base
{
protected:
int d1;
public:
void EnterData( )
{
Base:: EnterData( );
cout << "\n Enter the value of d1: ";
cin >> d1;

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}
void DisplayData( )
{
Base::DisplayData();
cout << "\n d1 = " << d1;
}
};
class Derive2 : public Derive1
{
private:
int d2;
public:
void EnterData( )
{
Derive1::EnterData( );
cout << "\n Enter the value of d2: "; cin >> d2;
}
void DisplayData( )
{
Derive1::DisplayData( );

cout << "\n d2 = " << d2;

}
};
int main( )
{
Derive2 objd2;
objd2.EnterData( );
objd2.DisplayData( );

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return 0;
}
Multiple Inheritance
When a class is inherited from more than one base class, it is known as
multiple inheritance.
Base Class 1 Base Class 2

Derived Class

Syntax:

class derived-class-name : visibility-mode base-class-name1, visibility-

mode base-class-name2
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}
derived-class-name is derived from two base classes namely base-class-
name1 and base-class-name1
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class Circle // First base class
{
protected:
float radius ;
public:

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void Enter_r(void)
{
cout << "\n\t Enter the radius: "; cin >> radius ;
}
void Display_ca(void)
{
cout << "\t The area = " << (22/7 * radius*radius) ;
}
};
class Rectangle // Second base class
{
protected:
float length, breadth ;
public:
void Enter_lb(void)
{
cout << "\t Enter the length : ";
cin >> length ;
cout <<"\t Enter the breadth : " ;
cin >> breadth ;
}
void Display_ar(void)
{
cout << "\t The area = " << (length * breadth);
}
};
class Cylinder : public Circle, public Rectangle // Derived class,
inherited
{ // from classes Circle & Rectangle

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public:
void volume_cy(void)
{
cout << "\t The volume of the cylinder is: "<< (22/7*
radius*radius*length) ;
}
};
void main(void)
{
Circle c ;
cout << "\n Getting the radius of the circle\n" ;
c.Enter_r( );
c.Display_ca( );
Rectangle r ;
cout << "\n\n Getting the length and breadth of the rectangle\n\n";
r.Enter_lb( );
r.Display_ar( );
Cylinder cy ;
cout << "\n\n Getting the height and radius of the cylinder\n";
cy.Enter_r( );
cy.Enter_lb( );
cy.volume_cy( );
}
Hierarchical Inheritance:
 When two or more classes are derived from a single base class,
then Inheritance is called the hierarchical inheritance.
 In this type there exists a hierarchical relation in the inheritance.

Base Class
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Syntax:

class derived-class-name1 : visibility-mode base-class-name

{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}
class derived-class-name2 : visibility-mode base-class-name
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}

derived-class-name1, derived-class-name2 are two derived class derived

from the class base-class-name.

Example:
#include<iostream.h>
const int len = 20 ;
class student
{
private:
char F_name[len] , L_name[len] ;
int age,roll_no ;
public:
void Enter_data(void)
{
cout << "\n\t Enter the first name: " ; cin >> F_name ;
cout << "\t Enter the second name: "; cin >> L_name ;

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cout << "\t Enter the age: " ; cin >> age ;
cout << "\t Enter the roll_no: " ; cin >> roll_no ;
}
void Display_data(void)
{
cout << "\n\t First Name = " << F_name ;
cout << "\n\t Last Name = " << L_name ;
cout << "\n\t Age = " << age ;
cout << "\n\t Roll Number = " << roll_no ;
}
};
class arts : public student
{
private:
char asub1[len] ;
char asub2[len] ;
char asub3[len] ;
public:
void Enter_data(void)
{
student :: Enter_data( );
cout << "\t Enter the subject1 of the arts student: ";
cin >> asub1 ;
cout << "\t Enter the subject2 of the arts student: ";
cin >> asub2 ;
cout << "\t Enter the subject3 of the arts student: ";
cin >> asub3 ;
}
void Display_data(void)

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{
student :: Display_data( );
cout << "\n\t Subject1 of the arts student = " << asub1 ;
cout << "\n\t Subject2 of the arts student = " << asub2 ;
cout << "\n\t Subject3 of the arts student = " << asub3 ;
}
};
class science : public student
{
private:
char csub1[len], csub2[len], csub3[len] ;
public:
void Enter_data(void)
{
student :: Enter_data( );
cout << "\t Enter the subject1 of the science student: ";
cin >> csub1;
cout << "\t Enter the subject2 of the science student: ";
cin >> csub2 ;
cout << "\t Enter the subject3 of the science student: ";
cin >> csub3 ;
}
void Display_data(void)
{
student :: Display_data( );
cout << "\n\t Subject1 of the science student = " << csub1 ;
cout << "\n\t Subject2 of the science student = " << csub2 ;
cout << "\n\t Subject3 of the science student = " << csub3 ;
}

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};
void main(void)
{
arts a ;
cout << "\n Entering details of the arts student\n" ;
a.Enter_data( );
cout << "\n Displaying the details of the arts student\n" ;
a.Display_data( );
science s ;
cout << "\n\n Entering details of the science student\n" ;
s.Enter_data( );
cout << "\n Displaying the details of the science student\n" ;
s.Display_data( );
}
Hybrid inheritance

 Combination of multiple and multilevel inheritance is called hybrid

inheritance.

Syntax:

class derived-class-name1 : visibility-mode base-class-name

{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}
class derived-class-name2 : visibility-mode base-class-name
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members

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}
class derived-class-name3 : visibility-mode derived-class-name1,
visibility-mode derived-class-name2
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members
}
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class stu
{
protected:
int rno;
public:
void get_no(int a)
{
rno=a;
}
void put_no(void)
{
cout<<"Roll no"<<rno<<"\n";
}
};
class test:public stu
{
protected:
float part1,part2;
public:

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void get_mark(float x,float y)

{
part1=x;
part2=y;
}
void put_marks()
{
cout<<"Marks
obtained:"<<"part1="<<part1<<"\n"<<"part2="<<part2<<"\n";
}
};
class sports
{
protected:
float score;
public:
void getscore(float s)
{
score=s;
}
void putscore(void)
{
cout<<"sports:"<<score<<"\n";
}
};
class result: public test, public sports
{
float total;
public:

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void display(void);
};
void result::display(void)
{
total=part1+part2+score;
put_no();
put_marks();
putscore();
cout<<"Total Score="<<total<<"\n";
}
int main()
{
clrscr();
result stu;
stu.get_no(111);
stu.get_mark(27.5,33.0);
stu.getscore(10.0);
stu.display();
return 0;
}
Virtual base classes

Grand Parents

Parent 1 Parent 2

Child

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 In some situations which requires the use of both multiple and

multilevel inheritance
 Consider a situation where all three kinds if inheritance, namely
multiple, multilevel and hierarchical inheritance are involved.
 In the above figure ‘Child’ has two base classes ‘Parent1’ and
‘Parent2’ which themselves have common base class ‘Grand Parents’.
 The ‘Child’ inherits the traits of ‘Grand Parent’ via two separate
paths.
 It can also inherit directly as shown by broken line.
 The ‘Grand Parents’ is sometimes referred as indirect base class.
 In the above case there exist a problem all the public and protected
members of ‘Grand Parents’ are inherited into ‘Child’ twice, first via
‘Parent 1’ and again via ‘Parent 2’. This introduces ambiguity and should
be avoided.
 The duplication of inherited members due to these multiple paths
can be avoided by making the common base class as virtual base class
while declaring the direct or intermediate base class.
Syntax:

class base-class-name
{
…………..
…………..// base class members Grand Parents

}
class derived-class-name1 : virtual visibility-mode base-class-name
{
…………..

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…………..// derived class members Parent1

}
class derived-class-name2 : visibility-mode virtual base-class-name
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members Parent2
}
class derived-class-name3 : visibility-mode derived-class-name1,
visibility-mode derived-class-name2
{
…………..
…………..// derived class members Child
}
 When a class is made ‘virtual’ base class, c++ takes necessary care
to see that only one copy of that class is inherited, regardless of how
many inheritance paths exist between the virtual base class and a
derived class.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class stu
{
protected:
int rno;
public:
void get_no(int a)
{
rno=a;
}

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void put_no(void)
{
cout<<"Roll no"<<rno<<"\n";
}
};
class test:virtual public stu//Virtually inherited
{
protected:
float part1,part2;
public:
void get_mark(float x,float y)
{
part1=x;
part2=y;
}
void put_marks()
{
cout<<"Marks
obtained:\npart1="<<part1<<"\n"<<"part2="<<part2<<"\n";
}
};
class sports: public virtual stu
{
protected:
float score;
public:
void getscore(float s)
{
score=s;

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}
void putscore(void)
{
cout<<"sports:"<<score<<"\n";
}
};
class result: public test, public sports
{
float total;
public:
void display(void);
};
void result::display(void)
{
total=part1+part2+score;
put_no();
put_marks();
putscore();
cout<<"Total Score="<<total<<"\n";
}
int main()
{
clrscr();
result stu;
stu.get_no(123);
stu.get_mark(27.5,33.0);
stu.getscore(6.0);
stu.display();
return 0;

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Abstract classes

 abstract keyword is used to create abstract class.

 An abstract class is one that is not used to create object
 An abstract class is designed only to act as a base class.

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KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore - 641021.
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA
UNIT V
Pointers, Virtual Functions & Polymorphism – Pointers to Object - Pointers to
Derived Classes – Virtual Functions .Working with Files – Classes for File Stream
Operations – Opening and Closing a File – File Pointers & their Manipulations -
Sequential I/O Operations.

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Unit – V

Pointers: Pointers to objects

 Object pointers are useful in creating objects at run time.

 Pointer objects are useful to access the public members of an
object.
Syntax:
classname *ptr-variable;
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
int code;
float price;
public:
void getdata(int a, float b)
{
code=a;
price=b;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"Code:"<<code;
cout<<"\nPrice:"<<price;
}
};
void main()
{
item *p=new item[3];
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item *d=p;
int x,i;
float y;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
cout<<"Input Code and Price for Item"<<i+1;
cin>>x>>y;
p->getdata(x,y);
p++;
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
cout<<"Item"<<i+1<<endl;
d->show();
d++;
}
}

this pointer

 this is used to represent current object.

 this is a keyword.
 this is an object that invokes a member function.
 This unique pointer is automatically passed to a member function
when it is called.
 The pointer this acts as an implicit argument to all the member
functions.

Syntax:
this - > variable or function name;
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Example:
this->a;
return this;
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class person
{
char name[20];
float age;
public:
person(char *s, float a)
{
strcpy(name,s);
age=a;
}
person &person :: greater(person &x)
{
if(x.age>=age)
return x;
else
return *this;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"Name : "<<name;
cout<<"\nAge : "<<age;
}
};
void main()

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{
person p1("Raja",42.78),p2("Ram",35.8),p3("Arun",45.3);
person p=p1.greater(p3);
cout<<"Elder Person is :\n ";
p.display();
p=p1.greater(p2);
cout<<"Elder Person is :\n ";
p.display();
}

Pointers to derived classes

 Pointers are used not only to base class but also to derived class.
 Pointers to objects of a base class are type-compatible with
pointers to objects of derived class.
 A single pointer variable can be made to point to object belonging
to different classes.
Example:
B *ptr;
B b;
D d;
ptr=&b;
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class BC
{
public :
int b;
void show()
{
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cout<<"b = "<<b<<endl;
}
};
class DC: public BC
{
public:
int d;
void show()
{
cout<<"b = "<<b<<endl;
cout<<"d = "<<d<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
BC *ptr;
BC base;
cout<<"Base Class Pointer Call"<<endl;
ptr=&base;
ptr->b=100;
ptr->show();
cout<<"Base Class Pointer Call using Derived Class"<<endl;
DC dc;
ptr=&dc;
ptr->b=200;
ptr->show();
cout<<"Derived Class Pointer Call"<<endl;
DC *dptr;
dptr=&dc;

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dptr->d=100;
dptr->show();
cout<<"Using (DC*)bptr)\n";
((DC *)ptr)->d=200;
((DC *)ptr)->show();
}

Virtual functions

 The appropriate member function could be selected while the

program is running. This is known as runtime Polymorphism
 Runtime Polymorphism is achieving through virtual function.
 Virtual function is created using the keyword virtual.
 When the function made virtual, C++ determines which function to
use at run time based on the type of the object pointed to by the base
pointer, rather than the type of the pointer.
 By making the base class pointer to point to different objects, can
execute different versions of the virtual function.
Syntax:
virtual RT function-name(arg list)
{
…….
…….
}
Example:
virtual void show()
{
……..
……..
}
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Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class Base
{
public :
void display()
{
cout<<"\nDisplay Base Class";
}
virtual void show()
{
cout<<"Base Class Show";
}
};
class Derived: public Base
{
public :
void display()
{
cout<<"\nDisplay Derived Class";
}
virtual void show()
{
cout<<"Derived Class Show";
}
};
void main()
{
Base *ptr;

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Base b;
Derived d;
cout<<"\nPointer point to Base Class";
ptr=&b;
ptr->display();
ptr->show();
cout<<"\nPointer point to Derived Class";
ptr=&d;
ptr->display();
ptr->show();
}
Rules:
1. The virtual function must be members of some class.
2. They can not be static members.
3. They are accessed by using object pointers.
4. A virtual function can be a friend of another class.
5. A virtual function in a base class must be defined, even through it
may not be used.
6. The prototype of the base class version of a virtual function and all
the derived class versions must be identical. If two functions with
the same name have different prototypes, C++ considers them as
overloaded function.
7. Can have virtual constructors not have virtual destructors.
8. While a base class pointer can point to any type of derived object,
the reverse is not true.
9. When a base class pointer points to a derived class, incrementing
or decrementing it will not make it to point to the next object of the
derived class

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10. If a virtual function is defined in the base class, it need not

be necessarily redefined in the derived class.
Pure Virtual Function:
 A pure virtual function is a function declared in a base class that
has no definition relative to the base class.
 In this case the compiler requires the derived class to either define
the function or redeclare it as pure virtual function.
Syntax:
virtual RT function-name()=0;
Example:
virtual void show()=0;

Managing Console I/O Operations:

 C++ provides rich set of I/O functions and operations to manage
console I/O operations.
 C++ uses the concept stream and stream classes to implement its
I/O operations with the console and disk files.
Managing console I/O operations :- C++ streams

C++ Streams:
 The I/O system in C++ is designed to work with a wide variety of
devices including terminals, disks, and tape drives.
 The I/O stream supplies an interface to the programmer that
independent of the actual device being accessed. This interface is known
as stream.
 A stream is a sequence of bytes.
 It acts either as a source from which the input data can be
obtained or as a designation to which data can be sent.

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 The source stream that provides data to the program is called the
input stream and the designation stream that receives output from the
program is called the output stream.

Input Stream

Input Device

Program

Output Device

Output Stream
 The data in the input stream can come from the keyboard or any
other storage devices.
 The data in the output stream can go to the screen or any other
storage devices.
 A stream is an interface between the program and the I/O devices.
 C++ contains pre-defined streams that are automatically opened
when a program begins its execution.
 cin and cout also belongs to such streams.
 cin represents the input stream connected to the standard input
device.
 cout represents the output stream connected to the standard
output device.
C++ stream classes

 The C++ I/O system contains a hierarchy of classes that are used
to define various streams to deal with console and disk files. These
classes are called stream classes.
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 The header file iostream should be included in all the programs

that communicate with console unit.

ios

istream streambuf ostream

iostream

 istream_withassign iostream_withassign ostream_withassign

 ios is the base class for istream and ostream.

 istream and ostream are the base class of iosteam.
 ios is declared as virtual so only one copy of its members are
inherited by the iostream
 ios provides the basic support for all I/O operations.
 The class istream provides the facilities for formatted and
unformatted Input.
 The class ostream provides the facilities for formatted output.

Unformatted I/O operations

Overloaded operators >> and <<

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 The objects cin and cout for the input and output of data of
various types.
 This is done by overloading the operator >> and <<.
 The operator >> is overloaded in the istream class and <<
overloaded in the ostream.
Example:
cin>>a;
cout<<a;
put() and get() Functions:
 The classes istream and ostream defines two member functions
get() and put() to handle the single character input/output operations.
 There are two type of get() function
 get(char *) – assign the input to a variable
 get(void) – returns the input character.
Example:
cin.get(c); //read and assign the value for c
c=cin.get(); // returns the read character to c
 put() is a member of ostream class, can be used to output a line of
text, character by character.
Syntax:
cin.put(char *);
Example:
cout.put(‘m’);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
char c;
int ct=0;

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cout<<"Input Text:\n";
cin.get(c);
cout.put(c);
while(c!='\n')
{
cout.put(c);
c=cin.get();
ct++;
}
cout<<"Number of Characters Entered : "<<ct;
}
getline() and write() Function:
 getline() and write() is used to read the text line by line.
 The getline() function reads a whole line of text that ends with a
newline character.
Syntax:
cin.getline(line,size)
 line- variable name
 The reading is terminated as soon as either the newline character
‘\n’ is encountered or size-1 characters are read.
Example:
char name[20];
cin.getline(name,20);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
char name[25];
cout<<"\nEnter the name:\n";

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cin.getline(name,20);
cout<<"\nName : "<<name;
}
 The write() function display an entire line
Syntax:
cout.write(line,size)
 line- variable name
 The writing is terminated as soon as either the newline character
‘\n’ is encountered or size-1 characters are written.
Example:
char name[20]=”welcome”;
cout.write(name,20);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char name[25];
int i;
cout<<"\nEnter the name:\n";
cin.getline(name,20);
int l1=strlen(name);
for(i=1;i<l1;i++)
{
cout.write(name,i);
cout<<endl;
}
for(i=l1;i>0;i--)
{

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cout.write(name,i);
cout<<endl;
}
}

Formatted console I/O operations

 C++ support a number of features that could be used for

formatting the output
 It includes
 ios class function and flags.
 Manipulators.
 User defined output functions.
ios Class Function and Flags:
 The ios class contain a large number of member functions that
would help us to format the output in a number of ways.
The members are
Function Task
To specify the required fields size for displaying an
width()
output value
To specify the number of digits to be displayed after
precision()
the decimal point of a float values.
To specify a character that is used to fill the unused
fill()
portion of a field
To specify format flags that can control the form of
setf()
output display.
unsetf() To clear the flags specified

width():

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 To specify the required fields size for displaying an output value

Syntax:
cout.width(size)
Example:
cout.width(5);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int item[4]={7,12,80,89};
int cost[4]={75,100,125,90};
cout.width(5);
cout<<"Items";
cout.width(8);
cout<<"Cost";
cout.width(20);
cout<<"Total Values\n";
int sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
cout.width(5);
cout<<item[i];
cout.width(8);
cout<<cost[i];
cout.width(15);
cout<<cost[i]*item[i]<<endl;
sum=sum+cost[i]*item[i];
}
cout<<"\nGrand Total=";

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cout.width(2);
cout<<sum<<"\n";
}
Output:
Items Cost Total Values
7 75 525
12 100 1200
80 125 10000
89 90 8010

Grand Total=19735

precision():
 To specify the number of digits to be displayed after the decimal
point of a float values.
Syntax:
cout.precision(size)
Example:
cout.precision(2);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
cout.precision(3);
cout.width(7);
cout<<"Values";
cout.width(15);
cout<<"Squrt values\n";

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for(int i=1;i<5;i++)
{
cout.width(5); cout<<i; cout.width(13);
cout<<sqrt(i)<<endl;
}
}
Output:
Values Squrt values
1 1
2 1.414
3 1.732
4 2
fill():
 To specify a character that is used to fill the unused portion of a
field
Syntax:
cout.fill(character)
Example:
cout.fill(‘*’);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=5679; cout.width(10);
cout.fill('*'); cout<<"Values"; cout<<a<<"\n";
}
Output:
****Values5679
setf():

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 To specify format flags that can control the form of output display.
Syntax:
cout.setf(arg1,arg2);
 arg1-formatting flags defined in the class ios.
 arg2-formatting flags defined in the class ios. It is also known as
bit fields
Flags and Bit Fields
Format required Flag (arg1) Bit-field(arg2)
Left-justified O/P ios::left ios::adjustfield
Right- justified O/P ios::right ios::adjustfield
Padding after sign or
ios::internal ios::adjustfield
base Indicator(+##20)
Scientific notation ios::scientific ios::floatfield
Fixed point notation ios::fixed ios::floatfield
Decimal base ios::dec ios::basefield
Octal base ios::oct ios::basefield
Hexadecimal base ios::hex ios::basefield

Flags Without Bit Fields

Flag Meaning
ios::showbase Use base indicator on output
ios::showpos Print + before positive numbers
Show trailing decimal point and
ios::showpoint
zeroes
Use uppercase letters for hex
ios::uppercase
output
ios::skipus Skip white space on input
ios::unitbuf Flush all streams after insertion
ios::stdio Flush stdout and stderr after

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insertion

Example:
cout.setf(ios::left. ios::adjustfield);
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
cout.fill('*');
cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield);
cout.width(10); cout<<"Values";
cout.setf(ios::right,ios::adjustfield);
cout.width(15);
cout<<"Sqrt Of Value \n";
cout.fill('.'); cout.precision(4);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint); cout.setf(ios::showpos);
cout.setf(ios::fixed,ios::floatfield);
for(int n=1;n<10;n++)
{
cout.setf(ios::internal,ios::adjustfield);
cout.width(5); cout<<n;
cout.setf(ios::right,ios::adjustfield);
cout.width(20);
cout<<sqrt(n)<<endl;
}
cout.setf(ios::scientific,ios::floatfield);
cout<<"sqrt(100)= "<<sqrt(100)<<"\n";
}

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Output:
Values****Sqrt Of Value
+...1.............+1.0000
+...2.............+1.4142
+...3.............+1.7321
+...4.............+2.0000
+...5.............+2.2361
+...6.............+2.4495
+...7.............+2.6458
+...8.............+2.8284
+...9.............+3.0000
sqrt(100)= +1.0000e+01

Managing output with manipulators

 The header file iomanip provides a set of functions called

manipulators which can be used to manipulate the output formats.
 Provide the same features as that of the ios member functions and
flags.
 The various manipulators are
Manipulator Meaning Equivalent
setw(int w) Set the field width to w width()
Set the floating point precision
setprecision(int d) precision()
to d
setfill(char c) Set the fill character to c fill()
setiosflags(long f) Set the format flag f setf()
resetiosflags(long f) Clear the flag specified by f unsetf()
Insert new line and flush
endl “\n”
stream

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Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
void main()
{
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout<<setw(5)<<"n"<<setw(15)<<"Inverse of n"<<setw(15)<<"Sum of
terms"<<endl<<endl;
double term, sum;
for(int n=1;n<10;n++)
{
term=1.0/float(n);
sum=sum+term;
cout<<setw(5)<<n<<setw(14)<<setprecision(2)<<setiosflags(ios::scientific)<
<term<<setw(13)<<resetiosflags(ios::scientific)<<sum<<endl;
}
}
Output:
n Inverse of n Sum of terms

1 1.00e+00 1.00
2 5.00e-01 1.50
3 3.33e-01 1.83
4 2.50e-01 2.08
5 2.00e-01 2.28
6 1.67e-01 2.45
7 1.43e-01 2.59
8 1.25e-01 2.72
9 1.11e-01 2.83

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Designing Our Own Manipulators:

 Own manipulators are designed for certain special purposes.
 The general form is
ostream &manipulator-name(ostream &output)
{
………..
………..(code)
}
Example:
ostream &unit(ostream &output)
{
output<<” inches”;
return output;
}
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
ostream &unit(ostream &output)
{
output<<" inches";
return output;
}
void main()
{
cout<<"Height : 56 "<<unit;
}

Output:Height :
56 inches

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Files: Classes for file stream operations

Working With Files:

 The data is stored in secondary devices using the concept of File.
 A File is a collection of related data stored in a particular area on
the disk.
 Programs typically involves either or both of the following kinds of
data communication:
 Data transfer between the console unit and the program.
 Data transfer between the program and the disk

Input Stream

Input Device

Disk File Program

Output Device

Classes for File Stream Operations: Output Stream

 The C++ I/O system contains a set of classes that define the file
handling methods.
 File handling class includes ifstream, ofstream, and fstream. These
classes are derived from the corresponding iostream class.
 These are the class designed to manage the disk files
 All the classes are declared in fstream so all the program should
include this header file

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ios

istream streambuf ostream

fstream
file

iostream

filebuf

ifstream fstream ofstream

iostream
fstream base file

File Operations:
 Open file
 Read and Write Operations
 Closing a file

Opening and closing a file

 Use a disk file requires

 Suitable name for the file.
 Data type and structure.
 Purpose
 Opening method
Opening Files Using Constructor:
 A constructor is used to initialize an object while it is being
created.

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 A file name is used to initialize the file stream object.

Steps for Creating Object:
 Create a file stream object to manage the stream using appropriate
class. The class ofstream is used to create the output stream and the
class ifstream to create the input stream
 Initialize the file object with the desired filename.
Example:
ofstream outfile(“result”);
 This create outfile as ofstream object that manages the
output stream. This statement also opens the file result and attaches to
the output stream outfile.
ifstream infile(“data”)
 This create infile as ifstream object that manages the input
stream. This statement also opens the file data and attaches to the input
stream infile.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
void main()
{
ofstream outf("Item");
char name[30];
float cost;
cout<<"Enter the Item Name: ";
cin>>name;
outf<<name<<"\n";
cout<<"Enter the Item Cost: ";
cin>>cost;
outf<<cost<<"\n";

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outf.close();
ifstream inf("Item");
inf>>name;
inf>>cost;
cout<<"\n Item Name:"<<name<<"\n";
cout<<"Item cost:"<<cost<<"\n";
inf.close();
}
Opening a Files Using open():
 The function open() can be used to open multiple files that use
the same stream object.
Syntax:
File-stream-class stream-object;
stream-object.open(“file name”);
Example:
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open(“data”);
………………..
………………..
outfile.close();
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
void main()
{
ofstream outf;
char name[30];
int i;
outf.open("prog");

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cout<<"Enter the 3 Programming Language:\n ";

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
cin>>name;
outf<<name<<"\n";
}
outf.close();
outf.open("soft");
cout<<"Enter the 3 softwares:\n ";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
cin>>name;
outf<<name<<"\n";
}
outf.close();
ifstream inf;
inf.open("prog");
cout<<"Programming Language:\n";
while(inf)
{
inf.getline(name,50);
cout<<name<<"\n";
}
inf.close();
inf.open("soft");
cout<<"Software:\n";
while(inf)
{
inf.getline(name,50);

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cout<<name<<"\n";
}
inf.close();
}
Detecting End of File:
 eof() function is used to detect end of File.
 It is the member function of ios class.
 It returns a non-zero value if the end-of-file condition is
encountered and a zero otherwise.
Example:
if(fileobj.eof() !=0)
{ exit(0);}
File Modes:
 istream and ostream constructors and function open() to create
new files as well as to open the existing files.
 open() method takes two arguments one for file name and other for
mode.
Syntax:
Stream-object.open(“file-name”,mode);
 mode specifies the purpose for which the file is opened.
 The default mode values are:
 ios::in for ifstream functions meaning open for reading only.
 ios::out for ofstream functions meaning open for writing only.
File Mode Parameters:
Parameter Meaning
ios::app Append to end of file
ios::ate Go to end of the file on opening
ios::binary Binary file
ios::in Open file for reading only

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ios::nocreate Open fails if the file does not exist

ios::noreplace Opens fails if the file already exist
ios::out Open file for writing only
ios::trunc Delete the contents of the file if it exists.

 Opening a file in ios::out mode also open it in the ios::trunc mode

by default.
 ios::app and ios::ate takes to the end of the file when it is opened
 The difference between ios::app and ios::ate is ios::app allows us to
add data to the end of the file but ios::app mode permits to add
data or to modify data anywhere in the file.
 ios::app can be used only with the file capable of output.
 Creating a stream using ifstream implies input and creating a
stream using ofstream implies output. So in this cases it is not
necessary to provide the mode parameters.
 The fstream class does not provide a mode by default and therefore
it is necessary to provide the mode explicitly when using an object
of fstream class.
 The mode can combine two or more parameters using the bitwise
OR operator
fout.open(“data”,ios:app | ios::nocreate)

File Pointers and Their Manipulation

All I/O streams objects have, at least, one internal stream pointer:
ifstream, like istream, has a pointer known as the get pointer that points
to the element to be read in the next input operation.

ofstream, like ostream, has a pointer known as the put pointer that
points to the location where the next element has to be written.

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Finally, fstream, inherits both, the get and the put pointers, from
iostream (which is itself derived from both istream and ostream).

File Manipulators

seekg() moves get pointer(input) to a specified location

seekp() moves put pointer (output) to a specified location

tellg() gives the current position of the get pointer

tellp() gives the current position of the put pointer

The other prototype for these functions is:

seekg(offset, refposition );

seekp(offset, refposition );

The parameter offset represents the number of bytes the file pointer is to
be moved from the location specified by the parameter refposition.

The refposition takes one of the following three constants defined in the
ios class.

ios::beg- start of the file

ios::cur- current position of the pointer

ios::end- end of the file

example: file.seekg(-10, ios::cur);

Sequential input and output operations

 The file stream support a number of member functions for

performing the input and output operations on files.
put() and get() function:
 The function put() writes a single character to the associated
stream.

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 The function get() reads a single character to the associated

stream.
Syntax:
File-object.get(character)
File-object.put(character)
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
fstream file;
char name[30];
int i;
cout<<"Enter Name: ";
cin>>name;
int l=strlen(name);
file.open("text",ios::in | ios::out);
for(i=0;i<l;i++)
{
file.put(name[i]);
}
file.seekg(0);
char c;
while(file)
{
file.get(c);
cout<<c;
}

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file.close();
}
write() and read() function:
 The function write() and read() handles the data in binary
form. This means that the values stored in the disk file in the same
format in which they stored in the internal memory.
 An int takes two bytes to store its value in the binary form,
irrespective of its size.
 The binary format is more accurate for storing the numbers
in the exact internal representation.
 The binary format is much faster to saving the data to.
Syntax:
inFile-object.read((char *) &v, sizeof(v))
outFile-object.write((char *) &v, sizeof(v))
 The first argument is the address of variable v.
 The second argument is the length of the variable in bytes.
 The address of the variable must be cast to type char *.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
void main()
{
float height[5]={176,182,167.89,177.9,160.24};
ofstream ofile;
int i;
ofile.open("data");
ofile.write((char *) &height, sizeof(height));
ofile.close();

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ifstream infile;
infile.open("data");
infile.read((char *) &height, sizeof(height));
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout<<setw(10)<<setprecision(2)<<height[i]<<endl;
}
infile.close();
}
Reading and Writing a Class Object:
 C++ supports features for writing to and reading from the disk files
objects directly.
 The binary input and output functions read() and write() are
designed to do exactly this job.
 These functions handle the entire structure of an object as a single
unit, using the computer’s internal representation of data.
 For instance, the function write() copies a class object from the
memory byte by byte with no conversion.
 Only data members are written to the disk file and the member
functions are not.
 The length of the object is obtained by sizeof operator.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
class Inventory
{
char name[20];

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int code;
float cost;
public:
void readdata();
void show();
};
void Inventory::readdata()
{
cout<<"Enter Name: ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter Code: ";
cin>>code;
cout<<"Enter Cost: ";
cin>>cost;
}
void Inventory::show()
{
cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(10)<<name
<<setiosflags(ios::right)<<setw(10)<<code
<<setprecision(2)<<setw(10)<<cost<<endl;
}
void main()
{
Inventory item[3];
fstream file;
file.open("stock.dat",ios::in |ios::out);
cout<<"Enter Details of Items\n";
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{

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item[i].readdata();
file.write((char *) &item[i], sizeof(item[i]));
}
file.seekg(0);
cout<<"\n\nOutput\n\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
file.read((char *) &item[i], sizeof(item[i]));
item[i].show();
}
file.close();
}

updating a file random access

 Updating is a routine take in the maintenance of any data file.

 Updating include the following task.
 Displaying the contents of a file.
 Modifying an existing item.
 Adding a new item.
 Deleting an existing item.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
class Inventory
{
char name[20];
int code;
float cost;

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public:
void readdata();
void show();
};
void Inventory::readdata()
{
cout<<"Enter Name: ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter Code: ";
cin>>code;
cout<<"Enter Cost: ";
cin>>cost;
}
void Inventory::show()
{
cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(10)<<name
<<setiosflags(ios::right)<<setw(10)<<code
<<setprecision(2)<<setw(10)<<cost<<endl;
}
void main()
{
Inventory item;
fstream file;
file.open("stock.dat",ios::ate| ios::in |ios::out |ios::binary);
file.seekg(0,ios::beg);
cout<<"\nCurrent Contant of File\n";
while(file.read((char *) &item, sizeof(item)))
{
item.show();

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}
file.clear();
cout<<"\nAdd An Item\n";
item.readdata();
char ch;
cin.get(ch);
file.write((char *) &item, sizeof(item));
file.seekg(0);
cout<<"\nContant of File After Appended\n";
while(file.read((char *) &item, sizeof(item)))
{
item.show();
}
int ls=file.tellg();
int n=ls/sizeof(item);
cout<<"\nNumber of Objects="<<n;
cout<<"\nTotal bytes in the file="<<ls;
cout<<"Modify An Item";
int no;
cout<<"\nEnter the Object Number to Update : ";
cin>>no;
cin.get(ch);
int loc=(no-1)*sizeof(item);
if(file.eof())
file.clear();
file.seekp(loc);
cout<<"\nEnter New values of object:\n";
item.readdata();
cin.get(ch);

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file.write((char *) &item, sizeof(item))<<flush;

file.seekg(0);
cout<<"\nContant of File After Modified\n";
while(file.read((char *) &item, sizeof(item)))
{
item.show();
}
file.close();
}
Command-line Arguments:
 C++ support a feature of supply of arguments to the main()
function.
 The command-line arguments are achieved by the arguments of
the main() function.
Syntax:
main(int argc, char *argv[])
 argc known as argument counter, represents the number of
arguments in the command line.
 argv known as argument vector, is an array of char type
pointers that pointers that points to the command line arguments.
 The size of this array will be equal to the value of argc.
 Arguments are supplied at the time of invoking the program.
Example:
C:\>program-file-name first-file second-file
 Program-file-name is the name of the file containing the program to
be executed.
 first-file and second-file are the file names passed to the program
as command-line arguments.

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 The first argument is always the file name and contains the
program to be executed.
 The value of argc would be 3 and the argv would be an array of 3
pointers to strings
 argv[0] program-file-name
 argv[1] first-file-name //used for reading purpose
 argv[2] second-file-name //used for writing purpose

Templates and Exceptions:- Templates

Templates:
 Templates is one of the features added to C++ recently.
 It is a new concept which enables us to define generic classes and
functions and thus provides support for generic programming.
 Generic programming is an approach where generic types are used
as parameters in algorithms so that they work for a variety of suitable
data types and data structure.
 A template can be used to create a family of classes or functions.
 For example, a class template for an array class would enable us to
create arrays of various data types such as int array and float array.
 Similarly, define a template for a function, say mul(), that would
help us create various versions of mul() for multiplying int, float and
double type values.
 A template can be considered as a kind of macro.
 When an object of a specific type is defined for actual use, the
template definition for that class is substitute with required data type.
Since a template defined with a parameter that would be replaced by a
specified data type at the time of actual use of the class or function, the
templates are sometimes called parameterized classes or functions.

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Class templates

Class Templates:
 A simple process to create a generic class using a template with
anonymous type.
 template is the keyword used to create Template
 The class template definition is very similar to an ordinary class
definition expect the prefix template<class T> and the use of type T.
 This prefix tells the compiler that is going to declare a template
and use T as a type name in the declaration.
Syntax:
template <class T>
class class-name
{
//……
//class member specification
//with anonymous type T
//wherever appropriate
//……..
};
Example:
int size=3;
template<class T>
class vector
{
T* v;
int size;
public:
vector()
{

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v=new T[size];
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
v[i]=0;
}
vector(T* a)
{
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
v[i]=a[i];
}
T operator *(vector &y)
{
T sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
sum+=this->v[i]*y.v[i];
return sum;
}
};
Class Templates with Multiple Parameters:
 More than one generic data type in a class template.
 It is declared as a comma separated list within the template
specification .
Syntax:
template <class T1, class T2,…,class Tn>
class class-name
{
……
……
……//body of the class
};

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Program:
#include<iostream.h>
template<class T1, class T2>
class Test
{
T1 a;
T2 b;
public:
Test(T1 x, T2 y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
void show()
{
cout<<"\na : "<<a<<"\nb : "<<b;
}
};
void main()
{
Test <float, int> t1(1.23,123);
Test <int, char> t2(100,'M');
t1.show();
t2.show();
}

Function templates

 Defining function Templates that could be used to create a family

of functions with different argument types.

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Syntax:
template <class T>
return-type function-name(argument of type T)
{
//……
//body of function
//with type T
//wherever appropriate
//……..
}
 The function template syntax is similar to that of the class
template expect that defining functions instead of classes.
 Use template parameter T as and when necessary in the function
body and its argument list.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
template<class T>
void swap(T &x, T &y)
{
T temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}
void fun(int m,int n,float a,float b)
{
cout<<"\nm and n before swap: "<<m<<" "<<n;
swap(m,n);
cout<<"\nm and n after swap: "<<m<<" "<<n;
cout<<"\na and b before swap: "<<a<<" "<<b;

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swap(a,b);
cout<<"\na and b after swap: "<<a<<" "<<b;
}
void main()
{
fun(100,200,11.53,33.44);
}
Function Templates with Multiple Parameters:
 Use more than one generic data type in the template statement
using a comma-separated list.
Syntax:
template <class T1, class T2,…,class Tn>
return-type function-name(arguments of types T1,T2,….)
{
……
……
……//body of the function
}
Program:

Overloading of Template Functions:

 A template function may be overloaded either by template
functions or ordinary functions of its name.
 The overloading resolution is accomplished as follows:
 Call an ordinary function that has an exact match.
 Call a template function that could be created with an exact
match.
 Try normal overloading resolution to ordinary functions and call
the one that matches.

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 An error is generated if no match is found.

 No automatic conversions are applied to arguments on the
template functions.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
template<class T>
void display(T x)
{
cout<<"\nTemplate method : "<<x;
}
void display(int x)
{
cout<<"\nExplicit method : "<<x;
}

void main()
{
display(11.53);
display(44);
display("welcome");
}

Member function templates

 All the member functions were defined as inline is not necessary.

 Define members outside that class is also possible.
 The member function of the template classes are parameterized by
the type arguments and functions must be defined by the function
templates.
Syntax:

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template <class T>

return-type class-name<T>:: function-name(argument list)
{
……
……
……//body of the function
}
Example:
template<class T>
class vector
{
T* v;
int size=3;
public:
vector(int m);
vector(T* a);
T operator*(vector &y);
};
template<class T>
vector<T>::vector(int m)
{
v=new T[size];
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
v[i]=0;
}
template<class T>
vector<T>::vector(T* a)
{
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

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v[i]=a[i];
}
template<class T>
vector<T>::operator *(vector &y)
{
T sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
sum+=this->v[i]*y.v[i];
return sum;
}

Exception handling

Exceptions are run-time anomalies, such as division by zero, that require

immediate handling when encountered by your program. The C++
language provides built-in support for raising and handling exceptions.
With C++ exception handling, your program can communicate
unexpected events to a higher execution context that is better able to
recover from such abnormal events. These exceptions are handled by
code that is outside the normal flow of control

The C++ language provides built-in support for handling anomalous

situations, known as exceptions, which may occur during the execution
of your program. The try, throw, and catch statements implement
exception handling. With C++ exception handling, your program can
communicate unexpected events to a higher execution context that is
better able to recover from such abnormal events. These exceptions are
handled by code that is outside the normal flow of control. The Microsoft

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C++ compiler implements the C++ exception handling model based on

the ANSI C++ standard.

The following syntax shows a try block and its handlers:

try {
// code that could throw an exception
}
[ catch (exception-declaration) {
// code that executes when exception-declaration is thrown
// in the try block
}
[catch (exception-declaration) {
// code that handles another exception type
}]...]
// The following syntax shows a throw expression:
throw [expression]

C++ also provides a way to explicitly specify whether a function can

throw exceptions. You can use exception specifications in function
declarations to indicate that a function can throw an exception. For
example, an exception specification throw(...) tells the compiler that a
function can throw an exception, but doesn't specify the type, as in this
example:

void MyFunc() throw(...) {

throw 1;
}

Sample Programs in c++

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Prime Number

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
int st_no,end_no,div,no_div=0;
cout<<"Enter the starting no ";
cin>>st_no ;
cout<<"Enter the enging no ";
cin>>end_no ;

while(st_no<=end_no)
{ div=st_no;
no_div=0;

while(div>=1)
{
if(st_no%div==0)
{
no_div= no_div+ 1 ;
}
div--;
}

if(no_div<=2)
{
cout<<st_no<< " IS PRIME"<<endl<<endl;

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}
st_no++;
}
return 0;
}
String Program
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ifstream file;
string s, city, bigstring, substring;
int count = 0;
file.open("c:\\cities.txt");
cout << "Enter all or part of a city name: ";
getline(cin,city);
if (bigstring.find(substring) != -1)
while (getline(file,s))
{
cout << s << endl;
count++
}
cout << "There were " << count << " matches in the file" << endl;
getch();
return 0;
}

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Palindrome
#include <iostream>
#include <deque>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string input;
deque<string> stackOne;
deque<string> stackTwo;
cout << "Enter a text . Do not include spaces or punctuation.\n";
getline(cin, input);
stackOne.push_front(input);
while(!stackOne.empty())
{
input = stackOne.front();//retrieve the user entered input
stackTwo.push_front(input); // put input into stack two at
the front
}
if(stackOne == stackTwo)
{
cout << "It is a palindrome." << endl;
}
else
cout << "It is not a palindrome." << endl;
return 0;
}

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Coimbatore – 21
(For the candidates admitted from 2016 onwards)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (CA)
_____________________________________________________________

SUBJECT : OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++

SEMESTER : III
SUBJECT CODE: 16CCU302 CLASS : II B.COM CA

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS – UNIT V

PART A (1 Mark)

(Online Examinations)

PART B (2 Marks)

1. Define Pointer to object

2. Define to Derived classes
3. What is Virtual Functions
4. How pointer to derived Classes used in a program
5. Define File
6. List out File Stream Operation’
7. How will you Open and Close a file
8. What is File Pointer
9. What are Sequential I/O operations
10. How files are manipulated.
11. What are streams?

Prepared by Dr.S.Hemalatha, Department of Commerce (Computer Application), KAHE

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH C++ 2016

PART C ( 6 Marks)
1. Describe on file operations.
2. Explain Virtual Functions with example.
3. Describe about Pointers to Object
4. Describe about Pointers to Derived Classes.
5. Explain file stream Operations.
6. Explain file pointers and their manipulators.
7. List out and explain Sequential I/O operations.
8. Write a program using file operation (to open and close a file).
9. Describe file pointers with example.
10. Differentiate between pointers to object and pointers to derived class.

Prepared by Dr.S.Hemalatha, Department of Commerce (Computer Application), KAHE

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