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Solutions to Chapter 8

1. Determine the output of the following code when the input is (a) –1, (b) 0, and (c) 12XY

try {
number = Integer.parseInt(
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "input"));
if (number != 0) {
throw new Exception("Not Zero");
}
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot convert to int");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

a) Error: Not Zero

b) no output
c) Cannot convert to int

2. Determine the output of the following code when the input is (a) –1, (b) 0, and (c) 12XY.
This is the same question as Exercise 1, but the code here has the finally clause.

try {
number = Integer.parseInt(
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "input"));
if (number != 0) {
throw new Exception("Not Zero");
}
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot convert to int");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("Finally Clause Executed");
}

a) Error: Not Zero

Finally Clause Executed
b) Finally Clause Executed
c) Cannot convert to int
Finally Clause Executed

3. Why is the following code not a good use of the assertion?

public void compute(int size) {

assert size > 0;
//computation code comes here
 }

We should throw an exception because the argument is invalid instead of using an assertion.
Remember: use assertions to detect internal errors and use exceptions to notify the client
programmers of the misuse of our class.

4. Modify the following code by adding the assert statement. The value of gender is either
MALE or FEMALE if the program is running correctly.

switch (gender) {
case MALE: totalFee = tuition + parkingFee;
break;
case FEMALE: totalFee = tuition + roomAndBoard;
break;
}

We can add a control flow invariant as follows:

switch (gender) {
case MALE: totalFee = tuition + parkingFee;
break;
case FEMALE: totalFee = tuition + roomAndBoard;
break;
default: assert false:
"Value of gender " +
"is invalid. Value = " +
gender;
}

5. Modify the following method by adding the assert statement. Assume the variable factor is
a data member of the class.

public double compute(double value) {

return (value * value) / factor;
}

We can add a precondition assertion as follows:

public double compute(double value) {

assert factor != 0 :
"Serious Error – factor == 0, which will lead "
"to a division by zero";
return (value * value) / factor;
}

6. Modify the getInput method of the InputHandler class from Section 8.7 so that the
method will throw an exception when an empty string is entered for the name, room, or
password. Define a new exception class EmptyInputException.
 public void getInput( ) {
throws new EmptyInputException
name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter Name:");
if (name.trim().equals(""))
throw new EmptyInputException("Name should not be empty");
room = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter Room No.:");
if (room.trim().equals(""))
throw new EmptyInputException("Room should not be empty");
pwd = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Enter Password:");
if (pwd.trim().equals(""))
throw new EmptyInputException("Password should not be
empty");
}

class EmptyInputException extends Exception {

private static final String DEFAULT_MESSAGE = "Empty input
string";

public EmptyInputException (String msg) {

super(msg);
}
}

7. The user module of the keyless entry system in Section 8.7 does not include any logic to
terminate the program. Modify the program so it will terminate when the values Admin,
X123, and $maTrix%TwO$ are entered for name, room, and password, respectively.

This only requires changing the validate method in Ch8EntranceMonitor, and possibly
adding some new constants.
See Ch8EntranceMonitor.java

Development Exercises
8. In the sample development, we developed the user module of the keyless entry system. For
this exercise, implement the administrative module that allows the system administrator to
add and delete Resident objects and modify information on existing Resident objects. The
module will also allow the user to open a list from a file and save the list to a file. Is it
proper to implement the administrative module by using one class? Wouldn’t it be a better
design if we used multiple classes with each class doing a single well-defined task?

The solution here splits the problem into two classes, one to handle functionality and one to
handle the interface.
See files AdminHandler.java and Ch8EntranceAdmin.java

9. Write an application that maintains the membership lists of five social clubs in a dormitory.
The five social clubs are the Computer Science Club, Biology Club, Billiard Club, No Sleep
Club, and Wine Tasting Club. Use the Dorm class to manage the membership lists.
Members of the social clubs are Resident objects of the dorm. Use a separate file to store
the membership list for each club. Your program should be able to include a menu item for
each social club. When a club is selected, open a ClubFrame frame that will allow the user
to add, delete, or modify members of the club. The program can have up to five ClubFrame
frames opened at the same time. Make sure you do not open multiple instances of
ClubFrame for the same club.

See files ClubFrame.java, ClubKeeper.java, Dorm.java, DormAdmin.java, and

Resident.java
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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then a member of the latter firm), soliciting orders for ready-made
clothing, dry goods, etc. His field of operation was chiefly in the
Eastern Townships, and he made many friends during his journeys.
Getting thoroughly tired of travel, he resolved to begin business
again on his own account, and then was laid, December 1866, the
foundation of one of the largest wholesale clothing establishments in
the Dominion. After two years he took in as a partner his son-in-law,
E. A. Small, to assist him. This partnership lasted for about eighteen
years when it was dissolved, and Mr. Shorey then associated with
him as partners his two sons, S. O. Shorey and C. L. Shorey, who
before this time had been very successful travellers for the old firm.
They now employ as outside hands, tailors, etc., 1450 persons, and
150 more in the establishment. The firm, we are told, deals very
liberally with their employees, and the most kindly feelings exist
between them and their employers. For about fifteen years Mr.
Shorey has been a member of the Board of Trade of the city of
Montreal, and takes a deep interest in all its proceedings. During the
small pox epidemic, in 1885, he was chairman of the citizen
committee, which did so much to alleviate the sufferings of those
afflicted by the pest, and remove the causes that produced it. Mr.
Shorey has travelled a good deal, and found time to visit the
continent of Europe, as well as the United States. In religion he is an
adherent of the Episcopal church. He has been twice married. First,
in 1844, he espoused Fanny Wheeler of Barnston, province of
Quebec, who, dying in 1850, left two children, a boy and girl, and
since then he has been united to Clara Gilson, of Vermont, who has
also borne him a boy and a girl. His four children are all married,
and he has now fourteen grand-children.

Tomkins, Rev. John.—The late Rev. Mr. Tomkins, during

his lifetime a minister of the Methodist church, was born Nov. 12th,
1797, in the county of Stafford, England. His father, James Tomkins,
and also his grandfather and great grandfather were natives of the
city of Hereford, and as his parents returned thither shortly after his
birth, he was accustomed to speak of that ancient cathedral town,
as his native city. His parents were devout members of the
Established church, and in that church his early religious training was
received. He was naturally serious and thoughtful, and while still a
lad was led through the preaching of a devout Anglican clergyman,
the Rev. C. Glasscott, to turn his attention earnestly to religious
concerns. It was, however, through the preaching of a Wesleyan
Methodist minister, the Rev. Wm. Adams, that he found that rest of
spirit which he had sought in vain for several years, in attendance
upon the ordinances of his own communion. He immediately united
with the Wesleyan society, and soon began to exercise his talents as
a local preacher. Feeling called to devote himself wholly to the work
of the ministry, he abandoned his worldly pursuits, and after due
training, sought and obtained ordination in the old Spitalfields
Chapel, London, at the hands of that distinguished divine, the Rev.
Richard Watson, on the 18th of April, 1827. A few days after he left
his native shores forever, to engage in missionary labor, first in
Newfoundland and after in Canada. After a tedious voyage of nine
weeks, he reached St. John’s on the 22nd of June, 1827. His first
appointment was to Hants Harbor, a small fishing station, with less
than three hundred inhabitants. Here he labored one year, and was
then removed to Bona Vista, and the year following to Trinity, where
he spent two years. Two more years were spent at St. John’s and
Harbor Grace. During these six years of arduous toil among the
scattered fishermen of Newfoundland, he endured many hardships,
and on one occasion came near perishing of cold and hunger, having
lost his way in a snow storm, while travelling on foot with another
missionary, the Rev. Mr. Knight, from one station to another. In June,
1833, he was removed to the city of Quebec, where he remained
two years. At the expiration of this time he received his first
appointment to the Eastern Townships, where he spent forty-three
years of his active ministry and thirteen years in a superannuated
relation. His first circuit was the St. Armand, extending from the
Richelieu river to Sutton, a distance of about fifty miles. The Rev.
John Borland was associated with Mr. Tomkins on this field of labor,
which has since been divided into about seven circuits. In the year
1836 the Wesleyan Methodist church had in Lower Canada, including
the cities of Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, fourteen circuits, and a
membership of about as many hundred. At the time when Mr.
Tomkins closed his ministry, there were within the same territory
eighty-one circuits, or stations, and the number of members had
increased fivefold. From St. Armand Mr. Tomkins was removed to
Odelltown, where he spent two years. His subsequent appointments
were as follows:—In 1838, he went to Shefford, where he spent
three years, in 1841 to Compton, where he remained three years. In
1844 he returned to Odelltown, and spent three years. In 1847 to
Dunham, three years, and in 1851, he was moved to Stanstead
where he spent four years. In 1854 he was chosen chairman of the
Stanstead district, which office he held during the following six
years. In 1855 he removed to Clarenceville, and thence, in 1858, to
Dunham, for a second term of service. In 1861 he was re-appointed
to Shefford, and during the two years of his pastorate there he held
the office of Financial Secretary of the district. In the year 1863 he
was again appointed to Stanstead, and re-elected to the
chairmanship, which he held, with an interruption of a little more
than a year, till the time of superannuation. In 1866 Mr. Tomkins
removed to Hatley, where he spent three years, and in the summer
of 1869 he retired from active work and took up his residence at
Stanstead, where he remained till the close of his long and useful
life, and where he continued to assist by every means in his power
in advancing the interests of his Master’s cause. As a man, Mr.
Tomkins was of a mild and equal temperament, of a most
affectionate disposition, and of a character marked by singular
transparency and simplicity. His judgment was reliable in matters
connected with the interests of the church, his conclusions being
generally justified by the event. As a preacher, he was clear in
exposition, sound in doctrine and happy in expression, often rising
into true eloquence as he kindled with his theme. All his
ministrations were marked by deep and serious feeling, and he
impressed his hearers by being so evidently impressed himself. As a
pastor he was at once tender and faithful, and his name and
memory are still loved and honored wherever he exercised his
ministry. He departed this life September 21st, 1881, in the eighty-
fourth year of his age, having been a Methodist preacher for fifty-
three years. In February, 1836, he was married to Maria Whitcher,
daughter of Dr. Isaac Whitcher, of Stanstead, Quebec province. His
son, Edwin F. Tomkins, is at the head of the Cascade Narrow Fabric
Company, Coaticook, P.Q., and was the first to introduce into Canada
the manufacture of mohair braid, etc.

Unsworth, Joseph Lennon, Charlottetown, Prince

Edward Island, acting superintendent of the Prince Edward Island
railway, was born in Liverpool, Great Britain, May 12th, 1840. His
father was James Stanley Unsworth, and his mother Mary Hatton,
who was a sister of the celebrated music composer, John L. Hatton,
of London, England. Mr. Unsworth, senior, was born in Goshen, in
the eastern part of the county of Lancashire, of an old-time family.
An ancient tradition published in “The Pictorial History of the County
of Lancaster,” gives the following legend of the Unsworth family:
“One of the most interesting places in this part of the country, at
Goshen, about a mile and a half on the south side of Bury, is an old
farm-house, the residence in former times of a family of some note,
and still occupied by a lineal descendant. The family of Unsworth has
possessed this property, according to tradition, ever since the time of
the conquest, and there are certainly relics to prove its antiquity.
Amongst other curiosities, the house contains a carved oak table,
which is a source of some interest as being connected with an old
legend. The story is that in olden times there lived near here a fierce
and terrible dragon, which resolutely defied the prowess of sundry
brave heroes, who would fain have immortalized their names by
freeing the country from such a scourge. One, Thomas Unsworth, a
warrior of the beforementioned family, more courageous, or more
fortunate, than the rest, at last succeeded in the attempt, which he
accomplished in a manner that certainly did much credit to his
ingenuity. Finding that bullets were of no avail, he inserted his
dagger in a petronel, and, rousing the anger of the dragon, shot it
under the throat at the moment of raising its head. The table was
made after this event, and, it is said, carved with the dagger by
which the monster was shot. Round the table are St. George and the
dragon, the lion and unicorn, the Derby crest, and the veritable
dragon which the aforesaid Thomas Unsworth killed. There is also
hung over the table in the old parlour, a painting of the Unsworth
arms, which were given them in former times for deeds of honor,
surmounted by another carving of the dragon. The crest is a man in
black armour, holding a hatchet in his hand, and it is said to be the
portrait of the renowned family ancestor, in the armour which he
wore during the battle, and in which he was encased at the time he
performed the celebrated feat which won him so much fame.
Whatever credence may be given to this story (and the present
family firmly believe in its truth), it is certain that a portion of land
was once granted to one of their ancestors for having freed the
country from some dire monster, of whatever kind it might be, and
of course the property granted was that said to be the favorite resort
of the dragon; nor is it improbable that the large and adjoining
township of Unsworth, has originally derived its name from some
one of this family. They also possess several very old books,
treasured with due ancestral pride, and other relics more or less
interesting.” Mr. Unsworth, the subject of our sketch, received his
education in Montreal, and at St. Hyacinthe, in the province of
Quebec. Shortly after leaving school, in 1855, he entered the service
of the Grand Trunk railway company, at Longueuil, as an apprentice,
under W. S. McKenzie, and was employed by that company until
March, 1872. From May, of the same year, to November, 1874, he
was engaged on construction of the Inter-colonial railway between
Rivière du Loup and Causapscal; from November, 1874, to
November, 1881, he was master mechanic on the same railway at
Rivière du Loup, and from November, 1881, to May, 1887, he was
mechanical superintendent of the Government railways in Prince
Edward Island, and from May, 1887, to the present time (Feb.,
1888), in addition to the latter duties, he has been the acting
general superintendent of the above government railways. For six
years he was lieutenant in the Grand Trunk railway volunteer
regiment. He is a member of the Canadian society of civil engineers.
Mr. Unsworth, during his busy life, has found time to devote to
travelling, having crossed the Atlantic and visited his fatherland. He
has also travelled the greater part of Eastern Canada and the United
States. In religion he is an adherant of the Episcopal church. He was
married June 27th, 1866, to Mary Jane Lomas, daughter of Adam
Lomas, woollen manufacturer, of Sherbrooke, P.Q., and sister of
Alexander Galt Lomas, mayor of Sherbrooke.

Shearer, James Traill, Contractor, Montreal, is a

specimen of what well-directed energy and perseverance can
accomplish. Born at Rosegill, parish of Dunnet, not many miles from
far-famed John O’Groat’s, Caithness-shire, Scotland, on the 31st of
July, 1822, he received his education in the parish school of Dunnet,
and at Castletown, in the same county. Leaving school before he had
scarcely entered his teens, he was obliged like many a lad in the far
north of Scotland, to begin work early, and was accordingly
apprenticed to a carpenter and millwright in the village of
Castletown, and with him he faithfully served the alloted term. To
perfect himself in his trade, he removed to Wick, and worked for
about a year under D. Miller, a builder, who was erecting a church in
Putneytown. When he reached his twenty-first year he resolved to
try his fortune in Canada, and taking passage in a sailing vessel, on
30th May, 1848, reached Montreal, where he has since resided.
Shortly after his arrival he entered the employ of Edward Maxwell,
an extensive carpenter and builder, as a general house-joiner and
stair-builder, branches of the business at which he was very
proficient. After terminating a three years’ engagement with Mr.
Maxwell, he went to Quebec city to take charge of the joiner and
carpenter work on a new bomb-proof hospital then being built by
the British government on Cape Diamond. Finishing the job to the
entire satisfaction of the British officers in charge, he returned to
Montreal, and began the study of steamboat architecture, especially
cabin work, and soon became an adept at the business. Work flowed
in upon him, and he found many customers, among others the late
John Molson and David Torrance, for whom he fitted up many
steamboats for the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, and he still
carries on very extensively this branch of business, along with the
manufacture of other kinds of wood-work for house building
purposes. Mr. Shearer is the inventor of what is known as the hollow
roof, for houses and large public buildings, which is considered the
best suited to the climate of Montreal. This roof is of a concave
design, and carries the water down the inside of the building,
instead of the outside, thereby avoiding the freezing up of pipes. It
was used on the Windsor hotel, Montreal, and has since been
adopted generally throughout America. He has also been the chief
promoter of what is known as the “Shearer scheme,” the object of
which is to improve the harbor of Montreal and prevent the flooding
of the city, but owing to the strong opposition urged against it by the
Grand Trunk authorities, he has had to abandon it for the present.
However, it will have to be considered at no distant day. If once
adopted it will greatly improve the harbor of Montreal, and prove a
source of wealth to the inhabitants. The plans are now in the
possession of the Dominion government, and although he has twice
applied for an act of incorporation for the “St. Lawrence Bridge and
Manufacturing Company,” who are prepared to carry it to
completion, he has not yet succeeded in getting this company
incorporated. Mr. Shearer a few years ago designed and built for
himself a house on Mount Royal, and it is perhaps the best finished
house in that city of fine dwellings, all the internal work being of
purely Canadian wood. The view from it is most charming, and
cannot be surpassed in the Dominion. A visitor can take in at a
glance the Chambly hills, Belle Isle, Mount Johnston, the river St.
Lawrence for many miles, the Victoria bridge, the Lachine rapids,
and the full extent of the beautiful city of Montreal. In politics Mr.
Shearer is a Liberal; and in religion one of those who does his own
thinking, and has no objection to others doing the same. He was
married in Montreal, on the 23rd of June, 1848, to Eliza Graham,
and the fruit of the union has been eight children. The two eldest
sons are now engaged with their father in business.
 Armour, Hon. John Douglas, Cobourg, Judge of the
Court of Queen’s Bench, was born in the township of Otonabee,
Peterborough county, Ontario, on the 4th May, 1830. He is the
youngest son of the late Rev. Samuel Armour, who was for many
years rector of Cavan, county of Durham, and was during his lifetime
widely and favorably known through that part of Upper Canada. In
his boyhood Judge Armour attended the schools in the neighborhood
of his home, and on the 27th January, 1843, entered as a student
Upper Canada College, Toronto. In 1847 he matriculated at King’s
College (now Toronto University), and his career at college was very
creditable. He gained the first university-scholarship in classics, and
subsequently the Wellington scholarship. He graduated in 1850,
carrying off the gold medal in classics. This same year he entered
the office of his brother, Robert Armour, and began the study of law,
and completed it in the office of the late Hon. P. M. M. VanKoughnet,
who afterwards became Chancellor of Upper Canada. He was called
to the bar in Michaelmas term, 1853, and removing to Cobourg,
began to practise his profession there, forming a partnership with
Sidney Smith, who some years afterward became postmaster-
general of Canada. This partnership lasted until the 7th November,
1857, when Mr. Armour began to practise alone. He subsequently
formed a partnership with H. F. Holland, which lasted between three
and four years, when Mr. Armour was raised to the bench, and a
dissolution consequently followed. During these years, various public
offices were held by Mr. Armour from time to time. On the 28th
March, 1858, he was appointed county attorney of the united
counties of Northumberland and Durham, and during the following
year he held the position of warden of those counties. On the 2nd
May, 1861, he was appointed clerk of the peace for the same
counties. On the 8th January, 1859, he was elected a member of the
Senate of the University of Toronto. On the 26th June, 1867, he was
created a Queen’s counsel. In 1871 he was elected a member of the
Law Society of Upper Canada, and on the 30th of November, 1877,
was appointed puisné judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench, a
position he has ever since filled with honor and dignity. Hon. Judge
Armour is a man of wide reading, multifarious knowledge, and great
shrewdness and common sense. By heredity and tradition he is a
Conservative both in religion and politics, but, nevertheless, he is a
Liberal in thought and education, and a firm believer in the great
future the land of his birth has before her. On the 28th of April,
1855, he married Eliza Church, daughter of the late Freeman S.
Church, of Cobourg, by whom he has had eleven children, ten of
whom are now living.

Molony, Thomas J., LL.B., Advocate, Quebec, is a

prominent member of the Quebec bar, and one of the representative
Irishmen of the ancient capital, honored with the confidence of his
own element and esteemed by all classes of the community for his
abilities as a lawyer, and his sterling integrity as a professional man
and a citizen. He was born at Kingston, Ontario, on the 4th July,
1846, and is the youngest son of the late John Molony, and his wife,
Catherine O’Connor, of that city. Thus on both sides, he sprang from
good old Irish stocks. His father’s family were natives of the County
Clare, Ireland. McGeoghegan, the Irish historian, ranks the Molonys
among the oldest settlers of the Green Isle, and the county of Clare
is the part of it around which the traditions of the family or sept
have principally clustered from time immemorial. The old family, too,
seem to have retained their territorial influence and social
importance in the home of their ancestors down to a comparatively
recent date. Up to the celebrated Daniel O’Connell’s time, they
appear to have practically controlled the representation of Clare in
Parliament, and readers of Irish history will readily recall the name of
Sheriff Molony, in connection with the memorable election for that
county which resulted in the signal defeat of Vesey Fitzgerald and
the English government, and opened the door of the British
Parliament to the great Irish Liberator, and to Catholic Emancipation.
Burke, in his genealogy of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and
Ireland, says, pp. 1022-3; speaking of their lineage: —
 The Milesian family of Molony is one of great antiquity in the
sister island. O’Halloran (Hist. of Ireland, Vol. III, p. 498), says:
From Cormac Cas (who was of the line of Heber, eldest son of
Milesius) are descended 1st, O’Brien, chief of Thomond . . . .
Besides these hereditary officers the following noble families are
derived from this great source: O’Dea, . . . O’Mollowney and
others, and in his “List of Ancient Irish Territories, and by what
Milesian families possessed before and after the invasion of
Henry II,” Ceiltannan, (otherwise Kiltanon) is mentioned among
the rest as the estate of O’Molony. The Molonys were formerly
princes of Clare, where they possessed a large tract of country
called the O’Molony’s Lands, as may be seen from the old maps
of that county. In Catholic times, three members of the family
attained the mitre, as appears from the epitaph on the tomb of
John O’Molony, Bishop of Limerick in 1687 (second son of John
O’Molony, of Kiltanon), who after the siege of that city, followed
King James II. to Paris, where he assisted in the foundation of a
university for the education of Irish priests, in the chapel
belonging to which he was buried in 1702. The bishop’s
nephew, James Molony, of Kiltanon, the first of the family who
laid aside the prefix “O,” served first in King James’ army, but
subsequently sided with William.

Mr. Molony’s maternal ancestors, the O’Connors, bear a name even

still more famous in Irish annals, and though his mother was born in
London, the metropolis of England, she was as noted as her
husband, our subject’s father, for love of Ireland, and knowledge of
and preference for the old Irish tongue, alas! now so rapidly dying
out. Our subject was chiefly educated at his birth-place, Kingston. At
a suitable age, he began the study of the classics there under the
late John O’Donnell, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and one of
the most accomplished classical scholars that Canada has ever had,
as well as one of the most successful teachers of his day. Among the
pupils who issued from his school to grace the learned professions
may be mentioned Sir John A. Macdonald, the present premier of
the Dominion, the late Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, premier of
Ontario, and several others of their most distinguished
contemporaries. In 1860 Mr. Molony entered Regiopolis College,
Kingston, which was then under the rectorship of the Rev. John
O’Brien, afterwards the most Reverend Dr. O’Brien, Roman Catholic
Bishop of Kingston, and it is touchingly noteworthy that eighteen
years afterwards, when that prelate was suddenly stricken down by
the hand of death at Quebec, while on his way back from Europe,
Mr. Molony was the one acquaintance in the ancient capital upon
whom devolved the sad duty of making the necessary arrangements
there for the funeral of his old college rector, and the transportation
of his remains on to Kingston. After a full course of philosophy and
mathematics, our subject completed his studies at Regiopolis, and
having decided on the law as his future profession, in December,
1865, he entered into articles of clerkship at Kingston, with the late
Daniel Macarow, barrister, at one time a partner of the well-known
James O’Reilly, Q.C., and afterwards county judge. In June following,
he left Kingston to study for the legal profession in Lower Canada,
and entered for the purpose at the office of M. A. Hearn, Q.C., ex-
bâtonnier-general of the Quebec bar, and senior member of the legal
firm of Hearn, Jordan & Roche, of Quebec city. At the same time he
followed the courses of Laval University, from which he took his
degree of Bachelor of Laws on the 4th July, 1879. On the 19th of the
same month, he was admitted as a practitioner at the Quebec bar,
and on the 12th of September following he married Isabella,
daughter of the late John Jordan and Catherine James, of Quebec,
by whom he has had issue four children, three of them surviving and
all in their teens. For some years after his admission to the bar, Mr.
Molony held a provincial government appointment as English
Translator to the Queen’s printer’s department, from which he
rapidly won success and distinction by his talents, punctuality and
devotion to the interests of his clients. At present, his standing at
the Quebec bar is among the highest, and few practitioners enjoy a
larger share of the respect of the bench and the public. He has been
a commissioner for the province of Ontario, at Quebec, since 1874,
and for the province of Manitoba, since 1883. Journalism has also
successfully occupied our subject’s attention, and his contributions to
the local press have been much remarked for their masterly and
vigorous dealing with the subjects handled. Having always taken an
active interest in municipal matters, he was twice elected by
acclamation a member of the Quebec City Council for Montcalm
Ward in 1884 and 1886, and rendered himself conspicuously useful
to his fellow citizens by his able support of Mayor Langelier’s policy
of reform of the civic administration, including the improvement of
the city water-works checks. During his connection with the council,
he also served on several of its most important committees, was a
member of the civic deputation sent some three years ago to Ottawa
to press Quebec’s claims to the C.P.R. short line to the seaboard on
the favorable consideration of the Federal Government, and, though
the youngest member of the council, has been called upon in the
absence of the mayor to preside at important meetings, on account
of his intimate acquaintance with the rules of debate, and
recognized ability in the solution of points of order or knotty
questions of procedure. As secretary of the relief committee for the
benefit of the sufferers, he further did good service to Quebec and
the cause of humanity, after the disastrous conflagration which
swept St. John and Montcalm wards almost out of existence in the
summer of 1881. On the temperance question, Mr. Molony holds
advanced views, and every movement on the subject in Quebec for
the last fourteen or more years, has had his earnest advocacy and
support. He was long the president of the St. Patrick’s Total
Abstinence Society, and at the monster meeting held a few years
since in the skating rink, in the interests of the temperance cause,
under the joint presidency of Archbishop, now Cardinal, Taschereau,
the Anglican Lord Bishop of Quebec, and the local clergy of all
denominations, he appeared on the platform with other leading
citizens, as the special representative of the Irish Catholic body. As
might be expected from the stock from which he has sprung, Mr.
Molony has taken a most active and patriotic interest in Irish
national matters since his boyhood. For the last twenty years he has
acted a leading part in all the Irish national societies and movements
at the ancient capital. From 1871 to 1875 he was treasurer of the St.
Patrick’s Society, and in 1876 he was chairman of the meeting at
which the first branch of the Home Rule League in Quebec was
organized. Some years later, he was one of the organizers of the
Irish Land League in Quebec, and in 1878 he was elected 1st-Vice-
President of the Catholic League, formed at Montreal. Mr. Molony
was called upon at the last moment to preside at the monster
meeting held on Durham terrace, Quebec, when the French and
Irish Catholic population assembled to protest against the Orange
processions in Montreal, during Mr. Beaudry’s mayoralty. On this last
occasion his remarks and conduct met with general approval,
Protestants and Catholics alike joining in praising his tact and
moderation under the most trying circumstances, and Hon. H. G.
Joly, then Prime Minister of the province, warmly congratulated him
on the skill which he had shown in controlling an excited gathering,
while upholding the views which it had come together to assert on
one of the most burning questions of the hour. Mr. Joly told him
personally that he had heard from members of the Local Legislature,
who were present, the highest encomiums of his action, adding that
in his opinion it was an awful responsibility to assume the
management of a crowd of people excited to the highest pitch.
Indeed the crowd on the occasion wanted to proceed straight off to
wait on Mr. Joly, but to give time to their excitement to cool down,
Mr. Molony, as chairman, wisely insisted on their only sending a
delegation to represent their views to the premier, and finally carried
his point, when they peaceably dispersed. A fervent Roman Catholic,
and a member of the St. Patrick’s congregation of Quebec, he was
elected a trustee of their beautiful and historic church in 1876, and
thrice afterwards, making twelve years of office in succession, but,
at the last triennial elections, he refused to serve any longer,
deeming it unfair to other prominent members of the congregation
that one set of hands should continually monopolize the honors.
During his trusteeship of St. Patrick’s, it was his good fortune also to
be chosen to present the address of the Irish Catholics of Quebec, to
their distinguished countryman, His Excellency the Papal Ablegate,
the late lamented Bishop Conroy. Although a Liberal in his political
principles, Mr. Molony never took part in politics, except to record his
vote for parliamentary candidates on personal grounds, until 1883,
when he interfered actively for the first time. Since then he has
rendered good service to the Liberal cause in the district of Quebec,
the Irish Catholic vote there, which had previously gone almost
always Conservative, being won over to it largely by his vigorous
advocacy on the hustings and in the press, as well as by his personal
influence, and this result being made evident by the Liberal triumphs
of the last few years in Quebec west, Levis, Megantic, Dorchester,
Montmorency and Portneuf counties. Mr. Molony is a passed cadet of
the Kingston Military School, and holds a commission as ensign in
the Quebec Reserve Militia. His travels have been confined so far to
Canada and the United States. Though educated at an English
college, he has since acquired a thorough knowledge of, and is a
ready and fluent writer and speaker of, the French language. Firmly
attached to his own religious tenets, he has always evinced the
highest respect for the convictions and rights of his fellow citizens of
every other creed. A young man still, he has already attained an
enviable position in the section of the Dominion which he has made
his home, and the future probably holds in store for him a career of
still greater distinction and public and private usefulness.

Haythorne, Hon. Robert Poore, Senator, Marshfield,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, was born at Clifton, Bristol,
England, in the year 1815. He is a son of John Haythorne, a wool
merchant of Bristol, and who was an alderman, and four times
mayor of that ancient city. He was likewise a justice of the peace for
Gloucestershire, in which county his residence, “Hill House” was
situated. R. P. Haythorne’s grandfather, Joseph, was likewise a
Bristolian, and was a banker and glass manufacturer. John
Haythorne married Mary Curtis, of “Mardyke House,” Hotwells,
Bristol, who became the mother of our distinguished Canadian
senator. R. P. Haythorne was educated at private schools in his
native place. His early life was spent at his father’s residence, but
later on he devoted several years to travelling, visiting the Island of
Madeira, the South of Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland, and Italy.
In 1842 he emigrated to Prince Edward Island, having, in connection
with an elder brother, (subsequently the Hon. Edward C. Haythorne,
a nominated member of the Legislative Council), acquired a tract of
10,000 acres of land in that colony. This land was partly wilderness,
partly let to tenants for 999 years, and partly occupied by squatters.
For many years the brothers devoted themselves to agricultural
pursuits, and to the settlement of their estate; but the brother
referred to dying in 1859, R. P. Haythorne revisited England in 1860.
Returning in the following year, he married Elizabeth R., eldest
daughter of Thomas Scott, of Belfast, Ireland, then of Falconwood,
Prince Edward Island. Two sons were born of this marriage, one in
1862, and another in the following year, both of whom survive. Mr.
Haythorne became a widower in 1866, his wife dying at Liverpool,
England. About this period the free land and tenant league agitation
prevailed in Prince Edward Island. Mr. Haythorne and his tenants,
however, settled their differences by mutual agreement, which was
faithfully carried out, the tenants becoming freeholders, by paying a
sum about equivalent to $2 per acre by instalments. In 1867 Mr.
Haythorne, being invited by his former tenants, became a candidate
for the second electoral district of Queen’s county (Legislative
Council), and was returned to that chamber by a respectable
majority. Not many weeks later, the local Conservative Government
led by the Hon. J. C. Pope resigned, and was succeeded by a Liberal
Government led by the Hon. G. Coles, the present Judge Hensley
being Attorney-General, Messrs. Haythorne, Alexander Laird, Peter
Sinclair, Callbeck Howlan, and A. A. Macdonald, the present Lieut.-
Governor of Prince Edward Island were members of the Executive
Council. The policy of this government was the further abrogation of
the leasehold tenure, by purchase on voluntary agreement if
practicable, otherwise by decision of a court to be established for the
purpose of deciding the sum to be paid for expropriation. Mr. Coles’
health failing, he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Hensley, the
policy of the Government remaining unchanged as regards the land
tenures. Much attention was also paid to the improvement of the
highways, and the extension of steam navigation to the outports of
the colony. About the year 1868, Mr. Hensley accepted a seat on the
bench, and Mr. Haythorne succeeded him as Premier and President
of the Executive Council. The land policy of the Government was
much obstructed by the Colonial Office, the Secretary of State, the
Duke of Buckingham and Chandos refusing to listen to the demands
of the Executive for a compulsory expropriation law, which he
condemned as “a direct interference with private property.” For the
present, therefore, the efforts of Mr. Haythorne and his colleagues
were limited to the purchase of such estates as could be acquired by
voluntary agreement, and during the Liberals’ tenure of office some
progress was made; the estates of the Hon. J. C. Pope, the Hon. T.
H. Haviland, and some others being purchased by Government, and
that of the Rev. James Montgomery by private agreement between
the proprietor and the tenants. In the following year Lord Granville
having become Secretary of State for the Colonies, Mr. Haythorne’s
council again approached the Colonial Office with renewed demands
for a measure of expropriation. Meantime the land owners, native
and absentee—some of the latter being persons of much influence—
opposed the efforts of the Government. What has now come to be
recognized as the “unearned increment of value,” the Island
Government claimed as the heritage of the men and women who
had landed boldly in the wilderness, cleared away the forests, built
houses, cities, school-houses, and churches, made roads and
wharves, and caused “the wilderness to blossom as the rose.” Lord
Granville proved less obdurate than his predecessors. He would not
sanction an expropriation bill, but seeing the urgency of another
great question in the near future, he softened his refusal in words
something like these: “Having regard to the evident uncertainty,
whether the colony of Prince Edward Island will or will not soon
unite with the Dominion of Canada, I am not prepared to enter on
the consideration of the land question, with which if such union were
to ensue the Imperial Government would probably cease to concern
itself; the land question therefore, should in my opinion be left as far
as possible for the decision of those who under the altered
circumstances of the colony would have to carry into execution any
measures connected with it.”—Granville, 13th March, 1869. This
despatch was generally interpreted in Prince Edward Island to mean
that the land question would be settled in exchange for
Confederation. Thus for the present the land question rested, to be
again resuscitated on the occasion of the introduction of “a Tenants’
Compensation Bill for Ireland,” a measure nearly identical with one
introduced years before, during a former administration of Hon. Mr.
Coles, and passed through the Island Legislature, but vetoed at the
Colonial Office. During these years the fishery question had caused
some trouble. The American fishing vessels had been admitted to
the British-American waters on payment of tonnage license dues,
but in 1868 Canada declined to continue the system, resolving to
exclude the Americans, who had recently terminated the reciprocity
treaty. Meantime, in the island, the Americans were admitted to their
usual privileges, as regards frequenting the harbours, transhipping
cargoes, and obtaining supplies. But the attention of the Imperial
Government being called thereto, the Admiral on the Halifax station
(Wellesley), and the officers commanding the smaller vessels of his
squadron, were ordered to put a stop to the “alleged illegal
practices.” These orders gave rise to long correspondence between
the officers of Her Majesty’s ships, notably Captain E. Hardinge, of
the frigate Valorous, and the Island Executive. The former interfered
with the island and colonial coasters on very trifling grounds, and
prevented the American fishing vessels from transhipping their
cargoes and renewing their outfits on the island ports, causing much
discontent amongst shipowners and the numerous class of traders
interested. (Vide L. C. Journals, 1871.) In consequence, a minute of
council for the information of the Secretary of State was drawn up,
September 2nd, 1870, protesting against such interference with “our
best customers the Americans, who transhipped cargoes in our ports
—renewing their supplies of salt, barrels, provisions, and general
outfit in our markets.” This memorial was “drawn up,” the Secretary
of State, Lord Kimberley, observes, “with much ability and
moderation,” and his Lordship authorized the Lieut.-Governor
Robinson (now Sir William Robinson, South Australia), “to suspend
the restrictions the local Government felt called upon to impose.”
This was the last public act of Mr. Haythorne’s first administration.
Shortly afterwards finding his supporters in the House of Assembly in
a minority, caused by the secession of the two Catholic members of
his government, he resigned, and was succeeded by a coalition
Government led by the Hon. J. C. Pope, the two Catholic members
of the late Government accepting seats in the Executive. During the
late Liberal Administrations the island had been visited by Prince
Arthur, by Lord and Lady Lisgar, and a Canadian deputation,
including Sir L. Tilley, Sir Geo. E. Cartier, and Sir E. Kenny; the object
of this “descent” being to attract the Islanders into Confederation by
an offer of “better terms.” These, however, were declined, 90 out of
100 Islanders at that juncture being opposed to Confederation. An
informal Congressional deputation, of which the well-known General
B. Butler was a member, also visited the island, their object being to
ascertain whether any approach to reciprocity could be made. This
visit, though it was without results, indicated a kindly disposition on
both sides. It obtained for the Executive of the Island a snub from
the Secretary of State, the Lieutenant-Governor (Dundas), having
taken short leave to visit Halifax at this period. During the later
months of 1870, through 1871, and till April, 1873, Mr. Haythorne
was in Opposition. This was the period of the development and
adoption of the railroad policy, which by the financial embarrassment
it caused, ultimately drew the island into Confederation. Mr. Pope’s
Government being supported by considerable majorities, carried his
railway bill for the construction of a trunk line connecting
Charlottetown with Summerside and Alberton on the west, and with
Georgetown on the east, and providing for future extensions to
Souris and Tignish. Soon, however, after the rising of the legislature,
Mr. Pope’s majority began to fade away, and in 1872, being defeated
in the Assembly, and again on an appeal to the people, he resigned,
and Mr. Haythorne being again called on to form an Administration,
succeeded, and carried the law relating to the railway extensions
into effect. In the latter part of the year 1872, and the
commencement of 1873, the financial and other difficulties which his
Government encountered were almost overpowering. The trunk line
was under rapid construction, and interest on debentures began to
accrue half yearly at a rapidly increasing rate. Large drafts on the
local treasury were also required in payment of rights of way, and
land damages, which added to the ordinary expenditure seemed
beyond the power of the island to meet by increased taxation. The
Government therefore, re-opened communication with the Dominion
Government, then led by Sir John Macdonald, with a view to
ascertain the terms on which the island would be admitted to
Confederation. Being invited to send a deputation to Ottawa, Mr.
Haythorne and his colleague in the Executive, the Hon. David Laird,
were chosen to perform this duty. They arrived in the capital a few
days before the meeting of Parliament, in February, 1873, Lord
Dufferin being Governor-General. The delegates were put in
communication chiefly with Sir L. Tilley, and negotiated terms which
seemed highly advantageous to the island. These comprised six
seats in the Commons, the taking over and operating of the Island
railway by the Dominion, the assumption of the island debt, the
providing of a sum of $800,000 for the acquisition of proprietary
lands, and the vesting of the same in local legislature. Continuous
steam communication summer and winter with the mainland was
also guaranteed. Before signing these preliminaries which the
delegates undertook to introduce to their respective branches of the
legislature, the House of Assembly was dissolved, and writs forthwith
issued for the election of a new parliament. The following telegram
from Lord Dufferin to Gov. Robinson, P.E.I., 12th March, 1873, may
be quoted: “The delegates from your Government have left Ottawa,
having succeeded in effecting a provisional arrangement. I
congratulate you on P.E.I. having obtained such liberal terms. My
ministers are of opinion, in which I fully concur, that no additional
concessions would have any chance of being accepted by the
Parliament of Canada.—Dufferin.” Though the new terms were very
generally approved, the policy of the Opposition led by Mr. Pope
prevailed. It was to send another deputation to Ottawa, and demand
further concessions. And it succeeded, proving more attractive to the
majority of electors. Mr. Haythorne finding his government in a
minority resigned, and Mr. Pope resumed office. On the assembling
of the new parliament, Messrs. J. C. Pope, T. H. Haviland, and G. W.
Howlan were sent to Ottawa, and after some delay, secured some
further concessions, which were finally adopted in addition to the so-
called Haythorne-Laird terms, and being ratified, the island entered
Confederation on July 1st, 1873. The following autumn Mr.
Haythorne was summoned to the Senate, and took his seat during
the short session of that year, when the Pacific Railway scandal led
to the resignation of Sir John Macdonald’s Government, and the
advent of Mr. Mackenzie and his friends to power. In the Senate Mr.
Haythorne has been a pronounced freetrader, and a supporter of the
general policy of the Liberal party. He dissented, however, from so
much of their election law as went to substitute (temporarily) the
franchise of the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island, for the
manhood suffrage which had long existed there, and supported an
amendment moved by Senator Haviland, which provided for the
continuance of the existing franchise in that province, until
registration courts should be established. This amendment being
carried in the Senate, it was agreed to by the Commons. He
supported the Scott Act, though somewhat doubtful respecting the
fitness of some of its clauses. He has steadily opposed all attempts
to circumscribe its operation, or diminish its efficacy. During the
session of 1885, he avowed a change of opinion, as to its principles
and policy. This contention being briefly: (1st) That the Canada
Temperance Act, 1878, is practically inoperative against the
drunkard; while it abridges the natural liberty of sober consumers of
fermented liquors; (2nd) That the optional theory is unsound,
because where most needed in a community addicted to
intemperance, it receives least support, and would be generally
carried where least needed; and because it is the duty of
Government to propose to Parliament such measures as are
necessary to obviate a national tendency to intemperance; (3rd)
Prohibition tends to produce smuggling, illicit trading, and sale of
pernicious spirits, and experience proves that perjury sometimes
results on the prosecution of offenders.

Gingras, Hon. Jean Elie, ex-Member of the Legislative

Council of the Province of Quebec, is one of the oldest and best
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