LESSON PLAN01

GENERAL INFORMATION: -
 Class: XII
 Subject: MATHEMATICS
 Topic:MATRIX AND ITS ORDER, TYPES OFMTRICES, EQUALITY OF MATRIX.
 Date: 27.07.2020
 Time:45 min
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
 To encourage and enable students to recognise that
mathematics permeates the world around us.
 To encourage and enable the students to appreciate the
usefulness, power and beauty of mathematics.
 Helps the students to apply mathematics to solve the problems
in various fields.
 Students can be able to use mathematics in the field of science,
industries and technology.
 To encourage and enable the students to walk long distance in
life with help of mathematics.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
 To enable the students to get knowledge about matrix, its
order, types of matrix.
 To enable the students to understand about matrix, its order,
types of matrix.
 To enable the students to apply the knowledge of matrix to
solve various problems in different fields.
METHOD OF TEACHING: Lecture method.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
 Arrangement of numbers or functions horizontally and
vertically.
 Knowledge about rectangular shape and square type shape.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Chalk, duster, pointer etc
INTRODUCTION:
Q1.How to express the information of possession of notebooks and
pens by Radha and her two friends Fauzia and Simran?
Ans.: Radha has 20 note books and 15 pens.
Fauza has 25 note books and 10 pens.
Simran has 23 note books and 11 pens.
Q2. How to arrange it in tabular form?
Note books Pens
Radha 20 15
Fauza 25 10
Simran 23 11
Q3 How to arrange it inside of the bracket?
20 15
20 25 23
25 10 or
15 10 11
23 11
Q4 What is called this arrangement?
Ans.:Matrix
DECLARATION OF TOPIC:
To discuss about matrix, types of matrix and equality of matrix.

EXPLANATION:
MATRIX
DEFINITION: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The
numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of matrix.
−1
2+𝑖 3 1+𝑥 𝑥3
2
−1 2 3
EXAMPLE:A= , B= 3.5 −1 2 , C= cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
4 1 0 2
2 5 tan 𝑥 3
5
ROWS: In above examples, the horizontal lines of elements are called rows.
COLUMN: In above examples, the vertical lines of elements are called columns.
ORDER: A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m×n
(read as m by n)
 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑗 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑗 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎3𝑗 ⋯ 𝑎3𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
GENERAL FORM OF A MATRIX: A= 𝑎𝑖1 𝑎𝑖2 𝑎𝑖3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ⋯ 𝑎𝑖𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑗 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑚 ×𝑛
OR, In compact form matrix A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ,1≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑚 and 1≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛.
𝑚 ×𝑛
No.of elements=mn
Note:
𝑥
Matrix form of a point P(x, y) is 𝑥
𝑦 𝑜𝑟
𝑦
Matrix form of a rectangle ABCD whose vertices are A (1, 0), B(3, 2), C(1, 3)
and
1 0
13 1 −1 3 2
D (-1, 2) is or
02 3 2 1 3
−1 2

TYPES OF MATRICES:
i. COLUMN MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
3
Example: A= 2
2
3 3×1
In general: A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑚 ×1
ii. ROW MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row.
Example: A= 5 3 −1 1×3
In general: A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗
1×𝑚
iii. SQUARE MATRIX: A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of
columns, is said to be a square matrix.
In general: A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚 is called a square matrix of order m.
Or A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑛×𝑛 is called a square matrix of order n.
2 1
Example: A= is called a square matrix of order 2
3 −2 2×2
2 1 3
B= 3 5 2 is called a square matrix of order 3.
2 1 0 3×3
C = 2 1×1 is called a square matrix of order 1.
Diagonal elements of a square matrix:
Let A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚 is called a square matrix of order m and its diagonal
elements are 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎33 … … 𝑎𝑚𝑚 .
iv. DIOGONAL MATRIX: A square matrix B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚
is said to be diagonal matrix if all
its non-diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚
is said to be a
diagonal matrix if 𝑏𝑖𝑗 =0, when i≠ 𝑗.
2 0
Example: A= is called a diagonal matrix of order 2.
0 −2 2×2
2 0 0
B= 0 5 0 is called a diagonal matrix of order 3.
0 0 1 3×3
C = 2 1×1 is called a diagonal matrix of order 1.
 v. SCALAR MATRIX:A diagonal matrix B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚
is said to be scalar matrix if all its
diagonal elements are equal, that is a matrix B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚
is said to be a scalar matrix
if 𝑏𝑖𝑗 =0, when i≠ 𝑗

and 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘, when i=j, for some constant k.

2 0
Example: A= is called a scalar matrix of order 2.
0 2 2×2
5 0 0
B= 0 5 0 is called a scalar matrix of order 3.
0 0 5 3×3
C = 7 1×1 is called a scalar matrix of order 1.
vi. IDENTITY MATRIX:A square matrix B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚 is said to be an Identity matrix if all
its diagonal elements are one and all none diagonal elements are zeroes. That is a
matrix B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑚 is said to be an Identity matrix if 𝑏𝑖𝑗 =0, when i≠ 𝑗

and 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 1, when i=j.

1 0
Example: A= is called a scalar matrix of order 2.
0 1 2×2
1 0 0
B= 0 1 0 is called a scalar matrix of order 3.
0 0 1 3×3
C = 1 1×1 is called a scalar matrix of order 1.
vii. ZERO MATRIX:A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are
zero.
0 0 0
Example: A= is called a zero matrix of order 2× 3.
0 0 0 2×3
0 0 0
B= 0 0 0 is called a zero matrix of order 3.
0 0 0 3×3
0 0
C= 0 0 is called a zero matrix of order 3× 2.
0 0 3×2

D= 0 1×1 is called a zero matrix of order 1× 1.

EQUALITY OF MATRICES: Two matrices 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 are said to be equal if

1. They are of the same order

2. Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for
all i and j.
3 2 3 2
EXAMPLE: Here and are equal matrices because corresponding elements are
0 1 0 1
equal.
3 2 3 2
i.e. =
0 1 0 1
2 3 3 2
But and are not equal matrices because corresponding elements are
0 1 0 1
not equal.
3 2 3 2
i.e. ≠
0 1 0 1
𝑥 𝑦 −1.5 0
Symbolically, if 𝑧 𝑎 = 2 6 ,
𝑏 𝑐 3 2
Then x=-1.5, y=0, z=2, a= 6, b=3 and c=2
QUESTIONS GIVEN TO SOLVE:
𝑥 2 3 2
Question no.1:For what value of x and y, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are equal.
1 0 1 𝑦
𝑥 2 3 2
Ans: As and are equal
1 0 1 𝑦
𝑥 2 3 2
So, =
1 0 1 𝑦
i.e. x=3 and y=0 (corresponding elements are equal)
𝑥 + 3 𝑧 + 4 2𝑦 − 7 0 6 3𝑦 − 2
Question no.2:if −6 𝑎 − 1 0 = −6 −3 2𝑐 + 2 ,
𝑏 − 3 −21 0 2𝑏 + 4 −21 0
then find the value of x, y, z, a, b and c.
𝑥 + 3 𝑧 + 4 2𝑦 − 7 0 6 3𝑦 − 2
Ans: As −6 𝑎 − 1 0 = −6 −3 2𝑐 + 2
𝑏 − 3 −21 0 2𝑏 + 4 −21 0
So, x+3=0, z+4=6, 2y-7=3y-2, a-1=-3,b-3=2b+4 and 2c+2=0
i.e. x=-3, z=2, y=-5, a=-2, b=-7 and c=-1

Question no.3: Find the value of a, b, c and d for the following equation
2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2𝑏 4 −3
=
5𝑐 − 𝑑 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 11 24
2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2𝑏 4 −3
Ans: As =
5𝑐 − 𝑑 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 11 24
So, corresponding elements are equal.

i.e. 2a+b=4 5c-d=11

a-2b=-3 4c+3d=24

on solving, a=1, b=2, c=3 and d=4.

HOME WORK:
Q1If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? what if it has 13
elements?

Q2If a matrix has 28 elements, how many possible orders it can have?
a) 5
b) 6
c) 9
d) 4

Q3If matrix has 13 elements; how many possible orders it can have?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 6
2 3 −5 2 1 −1
Q4If A = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =1 4 9 and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = −3 4 4 , then find 𝑎22 + 𝑏21
0 7 −2 1 5 2

Q5 Exercise 3.1(matrix)
THE END
 LESSON PLAN 02
GENERAL INFORMATION: -
 Class: XII
 Subject: MATHEMATICS
 Topic: MATRIX AND ITS ORDER, TYPES OFMTRICES.
 Date:28.07.2020
 Time:45min
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
 To encourage and enable students to recognise that
mathematics permeates the world around us.
 To encourage and enable the students to appreciate the
usefulness, power and beauty of mathematics.
 Helps the students to apply mathematics to solve the problems
in various fields.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
 To enable the students to get knowledge about operations on
matrices and properties on matrices.
 To enable the students to understand about addition,
subtraction, multiplication and different properties of matrices.
 To enable the students to apply the knowledge of matrix,
different operations and properties to solve various problems
in different fields.
METHOD OF TEACHING: Lecture method.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
 About mathematical operations such as Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication properties under addition, Subtraction.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Chalk, duster, pointer etc
INTRODUCTION:
Q1 How to add 2 with 3?
Q2 How to subtract 5 from 15?
Q3 How to add 2 and 3 ?
Q4 How to subtract 5 and 15 ?
Q5 What are properties under additions.
EXPECTED TOPIC:
To discuss about operations and properties on matrices.
EXPLANATION:
OPERATION ON MATRICES:
a. ADITION OF TWO MATRICES:
Let A, B be two matrices, each of order 𝑚 × 𝑛.Then their sum A+B is a matrix of
order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
Thus, if A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛 and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛 are two matrices of the same order, their sum
A+B is defined to be the matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 such that
A +B= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for i=1, 2, 3, …………….m and j=1, 2, 3,………..n.
𝑚 ×𝑛
NOTE: The sum of two matrices are of the same order.
1 2 3 6 5 4
EXAMPLE 01: If A= and B= , then
4 5 6 3 2 1
1 2 3 6 5 4
A+B = +
4 5 6 3 2 1
1+6 2+5 3+4
= is defined only when they
4+3 5+2 6+1
7 7 7
=
7 7 7
1 0 3
1 2 3
EXAMPLE 02: If A= and B= 4 2 −1 , then
4 5 6
3 2 6
A+B is not defined, because A and B are not of the same order.
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION:
 Commutativity: Matric addition is commutative.
i.e. If A and B are two 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices, then A+B = B+A.
 Associativity: Matric addition is associative.
i.e. If A, B, C are three matrices of same order, then
(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
 Existence of Identity: The null matrix is the identity element of
matric addition.
i.e. A+O=O+A=A
 Existence of additive Inverse: For every matrix A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛 there
exist a matrix −𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛
, denoted by –A, such that
A+(-A)= O=(-A)+A.
i.e. –A is called additive inverse of matrix A.
b. MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY SCALAR:Let A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛 be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and
k be any number called scalar. Then the matrix obtained by multiplying every
element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k and denoted by KA.
 Thus, kA= 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛
1 2 5
Example 01: If A= −2 3 4 ,
1 2 −1
3 6 15
Then,3A= −6 9 12
3 6 −3
3 8 5
Example 02:If A= 2 3 3 ,
5 2 −1

3 5
4
2 2
1 3 3
Then,2A= 1 2 2
5 −1
2
1 2

PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION:

If A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛
and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛
are two matrices and k, l are scalars, then

 k(A+B)=kA +Kb
 (k+l)A =kA+lA
 (kl)A = k (lA)=l(kA)
 (-k)A = - (kA)=k(-A)

Negative of a matrix: The negative of a matrix is denoted –A which is obtained by

multiplying -1 with given matrix A. i.e. –A=(-1)A.
1 2
Example: If A=
𝑥 −3
−1 −2
Then, -A=
−𝑥 3

DIFFERENCE OF MATRICES: If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 are two matrices of same order
say m× 𝑛, then difference A- B is defined as a matrix D= 𝑑𝑖𝑗 , where

𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗 − 𝑑𝑖𝑗 , for all values of I and j. In other words, D=A+(-1)B .
1 2 3 3 −1 3
Example: If A= and B= , then
2 3 1 −1 0 2
1 2 3 3 −1 3
A-B= -
2 3 1 −1 0 2
1 2 3 −3 1 −3
= +
2 3 1 1 0 −2
1−3 2−1 3 − 3 −2 1 0
= =
2+1 3+0 1−2 3 3 −1

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES : if A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 ×𝑛

and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑘×𝑝
are two matrices of
𝑚 × 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 × 𝑝 order respectively, their product AB is said to be defined if the number of columns
of A is equal to number of rows of B .

Let A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 be an 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix.

𝑚 ×𝑛 𝑛×𝑝

Now AB=C= 𝑐𝑖𝑘 𝑚 ×𝑝 ,where 𝑐𝑖𝑘 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝑏1𝑘 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑘 + 𝑎𝑖3 𝑏3𝑘 … … . +𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑛𝑘
𝑛
= 𝑗 =1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑏𝑗𝑘
 2 7
1 −1 2
Example01: Let 𝐶 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = −1 1 are two matrices.
0 3 4
5 −4
Here CD will be defined because the number of columns of matrix C= the number of rows of matrix
1 2 + −1 −1 + 2 5 1 7 + −1 1 + 2 −4
D. i.e. CD=
0 2 + 3 −1 + 4 5 0 7 + 3 1 + 4 −4
13 −2
=
17 −13
6 9 2 6 0
Example02: Find AB , if A= . B=
2 3 7 9 8
Here AB is defined because matrix A has two columns which is equal to number of rows of
matrix B.
6 9 2 6 0
Now, AB=
2 3 7 9 8
6 2 + 9 7 6 6 + 9 9 6 0 + 9 8
=
2 2 + 3 7 2 6 + 3 9 2 0 + 3 8
75 117 72
=
25 39 24

QUESTIONS GIVEN TO SOLVE:

Q1 If A= 14 2 3
5 6
and B=
6
3
5 4
2 1
, then

1 2 3 6 5 4
A+B = +
4 5 6 3 2 1
1+6 2+5 3+4
= is defined only when they
4+3 5+2 6+1
7 7 7
=
7 7 7
3 8 5
Q2 If A= 2 3 3 ,
5 2 −1
3 5
2
4 2
1 3 3
Then, A= 1 2 2
2
5 −1
2
1 2

6 9 2 6 0
Q3. : Find AB , if A= . B=
2 3 7 9 8
Here AB is defined because matrix A has two columns which is equal to number of rows of
matrix B.
6 9 2 6 0
Now, AB=
2 3 7 9 8
6 2 + 9 7 6 6 + 9 9 6 0 + 9 8
=
2 2 + 3 7 2 6 + 3 9 2 0 + 3 8
75 117 72
=
25 39 24
HOME WORK:
Q1if A is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, then 𝐼 + 𝐴 2
− 3𝐴 is ……………….
3 9 −1 1 3 0
Q3 If matrix X such that X = , then order of matrix X is…………..
2 4 5 2 1 5
Q4 If Matrices A and B are inverse of each other then
a) AB= BA b) AB=BA=I c) AB=BA=O d)AB=O, BA = I
1 2 3 1 7 11
Q5 If = , then write the value of k.
3 4 2 5 𝑘 23
1 2 −2 2 1 0 1 1 −2
Q6 If A= 3 0 1 , B= −3 1 4 and C= 3 1 2
5 2 −1 5 −2 1 1 −1 −2
Then find AB, BC and AC
Q7. Exercise 3.2(matrix)
 LESSON PLAN 03
GENERAL INFORMATION: -
 Class: XII
 Subject: MATHEMATICS
 Topic: Properties under multiplication, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and
skew symmetric matrices.
 Date :29.07.2020
 Time:45 min

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
 To encourage and enable students to recognise that
mathematics permeates the world around us.
 To encourage and enable the students to appreciate the
usefulness, power and beauty of mathematics.
 Helps the students to apply mathematics to solve the problems
in various fields.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
 To enable the students to get knowledge about properties
under multiplication of matrices, transpose of a matrix,
symmetric matrices and skew symmetric matrices.
 To enable the students to understand about properties under
multiplication of matrices, transpose of a matrix, symmetric
matrices and skew symmetric matrices.
 To enable the students to apply the knowledge of properties of
matrices under multiplication, transpose of a matrix, symmetric
matrices and skew symmetric matrices.
METHOD OF TEACHING: Lecture method.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
 About properties of multiplication.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Chalk, duster, pointer etc.
INTRODUCTION:
Q1 What are different properties under multiplication?
STATEMENT OFTHE OBJECTIVES:
Discussion of properties under multiplication, transpose of a matrix,
Symmetric matrices and skew symmetric matrices.
EXPLANATION:
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
 NON COMMUTATIVE OF MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES:
If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB=BA.
2 3
1 −2 3
For example: Let A= and B= 4 5
−4 2 5
2 1
Here AB and BA both are defined.
2 3
1 −2 3
Now, AB= 4 5
−4 2 5
2 1
1 2 + −2 4 + 3 2 1 3 + −2 5 + 3 1
=
−4 2 + 2 4 + 5 2 −4 3 + 2 5 + 5 1
0 −4
=
10 3
2 3
1 −2 3
And BA= 4 5
−4 2 5
2 1
2 1 + 3 −4 2 −2 + 3 2 2 3 + 3 5
= 4 1 + 5 −4 4 −2 + 5 2 4 3 + 5 5
2 1 + 1 −4 2 −2 + 1 2 2 3 + 1 5
−10 2 21
= −16 2 37
−2 −2 11
AB≠BA
i.e. Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Note: This does not mean that AB≠BA for every pair of matrices A, B for which AB and BA ,
are defined.
1 0 3 0 3 0
For instance: If A= , B= ,AB=BA=
0 2 0 4 0 8
Observation: It is observed that multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order will be
commutative.
 ASSOCIATIVE LAW: For matrices A any three, B, C, we have (AB)C=A(BC), whenever both
sides of the equality are defined.
 THE DISTRIBUTIVE LAW: For three matrices A , B and C
i)A(B+C) =AB+AC
ii)(A+B) C=AC+BC, whenever both side of equality are defined.
 THE EXISTANCE OF MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY: For every square matrix A, there exist an
identity matrix of same order such that IA= AI=A.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ON MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

 Let order of matrix A is 3× 2 and that of B is 2× 1. Then AB is defined
but BA is not defined.
 Let order of matrix A is 2× 2 and that of B is 3× 2. Then AB is not
defined but BA is defined.
 Let order of matrix A is 3× 2 and that of B is 2× 3. Then AB is defined
and BA is defined.
  Let order of matrix A is 2× 3 and that of B is 2× 3. Then AB and BA both
are not defined.
 Let order of matrix A is 2× 2 and that of B is 2× 2. Then AB and BA both
are defined.
 ZERO MATRIX AS THE PRODUCT OF TWO NON ZERO MATRICES:
0 −1 3 5
Let A= and B=
0 2 0 0
0 −1 3 5
Now, AB=
0 2 0 0
0 0
=
0 0
i.e. if the product of two is a zero matrices, iy is not necessary that one of
the matrices is a zero matrix

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
DEFINITION :Let A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 be an m× 𝑛 matrix. Then, the matrix obtained by the
m×𝑛
interchanging rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of A,
denoted by 𝐴𝑇 or 𝐴′ .
In other words, If A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 m×𝑛 , then 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 n×𝑚
1 2
1 −3 7
Example: A= −3 5 , 𝐴𝑇 =
2 5 1
7 1
PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES
Let A and B are two matrices of suitable orders
 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 =A
 𝑘𝐴 𝑇 =kA
 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
 𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇

SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES

Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is said to be symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 =A. i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =𝑎𝑗𝑖
for all possible values of i and j.
3 2 3
Example: A= 2 −1.5 −1 is a symmetric matrix as 𝐴𝑇 =A.
3 −1 1
Skew symmetric matrix: A square matrix A= 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is said to be a skew symmetric
matrix if 𝐴𝑇 = - A. i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =−𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all possible values of i and j. If we put i=j,
𝑎𝑖𝑖 =−𝑎𝑖𝑖
⇒ 2𝑎𝑖𝑖 =0⇒𝑎𝑖𝑖 =0 for all i.
i.e. All diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.

0 −2 3
Example: A= 2 0 1 is a symmetric matrix as 𝐴𝑇 = - A.
−3 −1 0
Theorem 01: For any square matrix A with real number entries, A+𝐴𝑇 is a symmetric matrix
and A- 𝐴𝑇 is a skew symmetric matrix.
 Proof: Let B=A+𝐴𝑇
Now 𝐵𝑇 = A + 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 =𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴 = 𝐵
⇒ B is symmetric
⇒A+𝑨𝑻 is symmetric.
Again, Let C=A- 𝐴𝑇
Now, 𝐶 𝑇 = A − 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 =𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 =𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴=-(A- 𝐴𝑇 )= - C
⇒ C is skew symmetric.
⇒A- 𝑨𝑻 is skew symmetric.
Theorem 02: For any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
Proof: Let A be a square matrix, then
2A= A+ A
i.e.2A= (A+𝐴𝑇 )+(A-𝐴𝑇 )
1 1
i.e A= A + 𝐴𝑇 + A − 𝐴𝑇
2 2
i.e. A= Symmetric + Skew symmetric

INVERTIBLE MATRICES
Definition: If A is a square matrix of order, and if there exists another square matrix B of the
same order, such that AB=BA=I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by
𝐴−1 . In this case A is called invertible.
2 3 2 −3
Example: Let A= and B=
1 2 −1 2
2 3 2 −3
Now, AB=
1 2 −1 2
4 − 3 −6 + 6 1 0
= = =I
2 − 2 −3 + 4 0 1
1 0
Also, BA= =I
0 1
Thus , B=𝐴 and A=𝐵−1
−1

Here A and B are invertible.

NOTE:

 A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix, since product BA and AB to be
defined, it is necessary that matrices A and B should be square matrices of same order.
 If B is inverse of A, then A is also inverse of B.

THEOREM 03 (UNIQUENESS OF INVERSE):Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

Proof: Let A be a square matrix of order m. If possible, let B and C are two inverse of A.

We shall show that B=C

Since B is inverse of A, then AB= BA=I
Since C is inverse of A, then AC=CA=I
Now, B=BI=B(AC)=(BA)C=IC=C
i.e. B=C
i.e. A has unique universe.
−1
THEOREM 04 :If A and B are invertible matrices of same order, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 .
−1
Proof: We know that (AB ) 𝐴𝐵 =I

⇒𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 −1 = 𝐴−1 I
⇒ 𝑨−𝟏 A)B 𝐴𝐵 −1 = 𝐴−1
⇒IB 𝐴𝐵 −1 =𝐴−1
⇒B 𝐴𝐵 −1 = 𝐴−1
⇒𝐵−1 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 −1 =𝐵−1 𝐴−1
⇒I 𝐴𝐵 −1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
 −1
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1 .

QUESTIONS GIVEN TO SOLVE:

1 2 3
Q1 If A= 3 −2 1 , Then show that 𝐴3 -23A -40I =0.
4 2 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 19 4 8
2
Solution: We have 𝐴 =A.A= 3 −2 1 3 −2 1 = 1 12 8
4 2 1 4 2 1 14 6 15
1 2 3 19 4 8 63 46 69
𝐴3 =A.𝐴2 = 3 −2 1 1 12 8 = 69 −6 23
4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63
63 46 69 1 2 3 1 2 3
Now, 𝐴3 -23A -40I= 69 −6 23 -23 3 −2 1 -40 3 −2 1
92 46 63 4 2 1 4 2 1
63 46 69 −23 −46 −69 −40 0 0
= 69 −6 23 + −69 46 −23 + 0 −40 0
92 46 63 −92 −46 −23 0 0 −40
63 − 23 − 40 46 − 46 + 0 69 − 69 + 0
= 69 − 69 + 0 −6 + 46 − 40 23 − 23 + 0
92 − 92 + 0 46 − 46 + 0 63 − 23 − 40
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =O
0 0 0

HOME WORK:
1 3 𝑦 0 5 6
Q1 Find x and y, if 2 + =
0 𝑥 1 2 1 8
2 3 1 −3 −4 6
Q2. If = , find the value of x.
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥
0 2
Q3. If matrix A= and f(x)= 1 + x + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥10 , find f(A)
0 0
1 2 1 4 3 1 0 1
a) b) c) d)
0 1 4 2 2 4 1 1
−1 2 3 −2
Q4. Find a matrix X such that 2A + B +X =O, where A= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
3 4 1 5
1 −1
Q5. If matrix A= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴, then write the value of k.
−1 1
Q6.Exercise 3.3(matrix)