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The document is a tutorial for Python 3.7.0, introducing its basic concepts and features, emphasizing its ease of learning and powerful capabilities. It covers topics such as representation error in floating point arithmetic, indexing, and slicing of strings. The tutorial is designed for hands-on experience and provides references for further learning about Python's extensive libraries and functionalities.

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4 views4 pages

Simheeeen

The document is a tutorial for Python 3.7.0, introducing its basic concepts and features, emphasizing its ease of learning and powerful capabilities. It covers topics such as representation error in floating point arithmetic, indexing, and slicing of strings. The tutorial is designed for hands-on experience and provides references for further learning about Python's extensive libraries and functionalities.

Uploaded by

sabsebada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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15 Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 105

15.1 Representation Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

16 Appendix 111
16.1 Interactive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

A Glossary 113

B About these documents 127


B.1 Contributors to the Python Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

C History and License 129


C.1 History of the software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

D Copyright 145

Index 147

iii
Python Tutorial, Release 3.7.0

Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and
a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic
typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application
development in many areas on most platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all
major platforms from the Python Web site, https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The
same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs
and tools, and additional documentation.
The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++
(or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable
applications.
This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language
and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are
self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.
For a description of standard objects and modules, see library-index. reference-index gives a more formal
definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read extending-index and c-api-index. There
are also several books covering Python in depth.
This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly
used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good
idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules
and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in
library-index.
The Glossary is also worth going through.

CONTENTS 1
Python Tutorial, Release 3.7.0

2 CONTENTS
Python Tutorial, Release 3.7.0

>>> word[-1] # last character


'n'
>>> word[-2] # second-last character
'o'
>>> word[-6]
'P'

Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1.
In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters,
slicing allows you to obtain substring:

>>> word[0:2] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)


'Py'
>>> word[2:5] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded)
'tho'

Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:]
is always equal to s:

>>> word[:2] + word[2:]


'Python'
>>> word[:4] + word[4:]
'Python'

Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults
to the size of the string being sliced.

>>> word[:2] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded)


'Py'
>>> word[4:] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end
'on'
>>> word[-2:] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end
'on'

One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left
edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters
has index n, for example:

+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the
corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i
and j, respectively.
For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For
example, the length of word[1:3] is 2.
Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error:

>>> word[42] # the word only has 6 characters


Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range

3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 13

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