MATRICES

IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers
2. Equality of matrices, addition, scalar multiplication and product of matrices
3. Transpose of a matrix
4. Determinant of a square matrix of order up to three
5. Inverse of a square matrix of order up to three
6. Properties of these matrix operations
7. Diagonal, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices and their properties
8. Solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables

Total No. of questions in Matrices are:

Solved examples…....…………………………..…11
Exercise # 1 …….……………………………….…35
Exercise # 2 …….……………………………….…30
Exercise # 3 …….……………………………….…22
Exercise # 4 ……………………………………..…19
Exercise # 5 ……………………………………..…25
Total No. of questions………………..142

*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as
directed by the faculty members.

Index : Preparing your own list of Important/Difficult Questions

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 Instruction to fill

(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, strike off them in the
manner so that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.

COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
NO. Questions i am unable
Good/Important questions
to solve in first attempt

Advantages

1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is
very difficult to solve all the questions at the time of revision.

2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.

KEY CONCEPTS

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 A rectangular array of mn numbers in the form of If in a matrix, there is only one row, then it is
m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical called a Row matrix.
lines (called columns), is called a matrix of order Thus A = [aij]m×n is a row matrix if m = 1.
m by n, written as m × n matrix.
eg. [1, 3, 5] is a row matrix of order 1 × 3.
Such an array is enclosed by [] or () or || ||. An 3.2 Column matrix :
m × n matrix is usually written as
If in a Matrix, there is only one column, then
it is called a Column matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Column matrix if n = 1.
A=

eg. is column matrix of order 3 × 1.

In compact form, the above matrix is represented

3.3 Square matrix :
by A = [aij]m×n. The number a11, a12 ……. etc are
known as the elements of the matrix A, a ij belongs If number of rows and number of column in a
to the ith row and jth column and is called the (i, j) th matrix are equal, then it is called a Square
element of the matrix A = [aij]. matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Square matrix if m = n
e.g. A = is a matrix having 2 rows

and 3 columns. Its order is 2 × 3 and it has 6 eg. is a Square matrix of

elements : a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 3, a21 = 0,
a22 = – 1, a23 = 9
order 3 × 3.
Note :
A matrix which has m rows and n columns is (i) If m  n then matrix is called a
called a matrix of order m × n. Rectangular matrix.
A matrix A of order m × n is usually written in (ii) The elements of a Square matrix A for
the following manner- which i = j i.e. a11 ,a22, .... are called
diagonal elements and the line joining
these elements is called the principal
diagonal or of leading diagonal of matrix A.
(iii) Trace of a matrix : The sum of diagonal
A= elements of a square matrix. A is called
the trace of matrix A which is denoted
by tr A.

tr A =
or A = [aij]m×n where i = 1, 2 …..m &
3.4 Singleton matrix :
j = 1, 2 …..n
If in a matrix there is only one element then it
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth is called Singleton matrix.
column. Thus A = [aij]m×n is a Singleton matrix if
m=n=1
e.g. order of matrix is 2 × 3.
eg. [2], [3], [a], [–3] are Singleton matrices.
3.5 Null or Zero matrix :
If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it
is called a zero matrix and it is generally
3.1 Row matrix : denoted by O.

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 Thus A = [aij]m×n is a zero matrix if a ij = 0 for Note : Every unit matrix is a Scalar matrix.
all i and j. 3.9 Triangular matrix :
A Square matrix [aij] is said to be triangular
eg. is a zero matrix of order 2 × matrix if each element above or below the
3. principal diagonal is zero it is of two types-
(a) Upper Triangular matrix : A Square matrix
3.6 Diagonal matrix :
[aij] is called the upper triangular matrix,
If all elements except the principal diagonal if aij = 0 when i > j.
in a Square matrix are zero, it is called a
Diagonal matrix.
eg. is a upper triangular matrix
Thus a Square Matrix
A = [aij] is a Diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when i  of
j
order 3 × 3
(b) Lower Triangular matrix : A Square
eg. is a diagonal matrix of order matrix is called the lower Triangular matrix,
if aij = 0 when i < j
3 × 3, which also can be denoted by
diag [2,3,4]
eg. is a lower triangular matrix
Note :
Number of zero in a diagonal matrix is given of
by n2 – n where n is a order of the matrix. order 3 × 3.
3.7 Scalar matrix : Note :
If all the elements of the diagonal of a Minimum number of zero in a triangular
diagonal matrix are equal, it is called a
scalar matrix. Thus a Square matrix A = [a ij] is matrix is given by where n is
a Scalar matrix if order of Matrix.
aij = where k is a constant. 3.10 Equal matrix :
Two matrix A and B are said to be equal
matrix if they are of same order and their
eg. is a Scalar Matrix corresponding elements are equal

3.8 Unit matrix : eg. if A = and

If all elements of principal diagonal in a

Diagonal matrix are 1, then it is called Unit B= are equal matrix then
matrix. A unit matrix of order n is denoted by In.
Thus a square matrix a1 = 1, a2 = 6, a3 = 3, b1 = 5, b2 = 2, b3 = 1
A = [aij] is a unit matrix if 3.11 Singular matrix :

aij = Matrix A is said to be singular matrix if its

determinant |A| = 0, otherwise non- singular
matrix i.e.
eg. I3 = If det | A | = 0  Singular
and det | A | 0  non- singular

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 Note :
(i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = n(n – 1)/2.
(ii) Minimum number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n (n – 1).

(i) A + B = B + A (Commutative Law)

(ii) (A + B) + C = A + (B +C)(Associative Law)
If A [aij]m×n and B [bij]m×n are two matrices of the (iii) A + O = O + A = A, where O is zero
same order then their sum A + B is a matrix matrix which is additive identity of the
whose each element is the sum of corresponding matrix.
element.
(iv) A + ( –A) = 0 = (–A ) + A where (–A) is
i.e. A + B = [aij + bij]m×n obtained by changing the sign of every
element of A which is additive inverse of
eg. If A = and B = the matrix
(v) B = C

(Cancellation Law)
then A + B = = (vi) tr (A ± B) = tr (A) ± tr (B)
(vii) Additive inverse:
Similarly their subtraction A – B is defined as If A + B = 0 = B + A, then B is called
A – B = [aij – bij]m×n additive inverse of A.
i.e. in above example (viii) Existence of additive identity :
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be
A –B= = an m×n zero matrix, then A + O= O+A =A.
In other words, O is the additive identity
for matrix addition.
Note :
Matrix addition and subtraction can be possible
only when Matrices are of same order. Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix and k be a number
4.1 Properties of matrices addition : then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying
every element of A by k is called scalar
If A, B and C are matrices of same order,
multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA
then-
thus if A = [aij]m×n then
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 kA = Ak = [kaij]m×n (vi) If AB = 0 (It does not mean that A = 0 or
B = 0, again product of two non- zero
matrix may be zero matrix)
eg. If A = then 5 A =
(vii) tr (AB) = tr (BA)
Note :
5.1 Properties of Scalar multiplication :
(i) The multiplication of two diagonal
If A, B are matrices of the same order and matrices is again a diagonal matrix.
,  are any two scalars then-
(ii) The multiplication of two triangular
(i) (A + B) =  A +  B matrices is again a triangular matrix.
(ii) ( + ) A =  A + A (iii) The multiplication of two scalar matrices
(iii)(A) = ( A) = ( A) is also a scalar matrix.
(iv) (– A) = – (  A) =  (– A) (iv) If A and B are two matrices of the same
order, then
(v)tr (kA) = k tr (A)
(a) (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA
(b) (A – B) 2 = A2 + B2 – AB – BA
If A and B be any two matrices, then their product (c) (A – B) (A + B) = A2 – B2 + AB – BA
AB will be defined only when number of column (d) (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2 – AB + BA
in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If
A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]n×p then their product (e) A ( – B) = ( – A ) B = – (AB)
AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of order m × p, 6.2 Positive integral powers of a matrix :
where
The positive integral powers of a matrix A are
defined only when A is a square matrix. Also
(AB)ij = Cij =
then
A2 = A.A ; A3 = A.A.A = A2A
Also for any positive integers m,n
eg. If A = and B =
(i) Am An = Am+n
(ii) (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
then AB = (iii) In = I, Im = I
(iv) A0 = In
AB = where A is a square matrices of order n.

6.1 Properties of matrix multiplication : 6.3 Matrix polynomial :

If A, B and C are three matrices such that If f(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + …. + anx0
their product is defined, then then we define a matrix polynomial

(i) AB  BA (Generally not commutative) f(A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2+ …. + anIn

(ii) (AB) C = A (BC) (Associative Law) Where A is the given square matrix. If f(A) is
the null matrix then A is called the zero or
(iii) IA = A = AI (I is identity matrix for root of the polynomial f(x)
matrix multiplication)
(iv) A(B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive Law)
(v) If AB = AC B = C (Cancellation Law Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial
is not applicable) |A – xI| is called as characteristic polynomial of A
and the equation |A – xI| = 0 is called as
characteristic equation of A.

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 (b) Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix
A = [aij] is called skew symmetric matrix if
Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic aij= – aji for all i, j
equation
i.e. a0xn + a1xn–1 + ……. + an–1x + an = 0 is the
characteristic equation of A, then or AT = – A eg.
n n–1
a0A + a1A + ….. + an–1A + anI = 0
Note :
(i) All Principal diagonal elements of a
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by skew-symmetric matrix are always zero
changing its rows into columns or columns into because for any diagonal element
rows is called transpose of Matrix A and is
denoted by AT or A. aii = – aii  aii = 0

From the definition it is obvious that (ii) Trace of a skew symmetric matrix is
always 0
If order of A is m × n, then order of AT is n × m.
10.1 Properties of Symmetric & skew
eg. Transpose of Matrix symmetric matrices :
(i) If A is a square matrix, then A + A T,
is AAT, ATA are symmetric matrices while
A – AT is Skew Symmetric matrices.
(ii) If A is a Symmetric matrix, then –A ,
9.1 Properties of Transpose : KA, AT, An, A–1, BTAB are also
(i) (AT) T = A symmetric matrices where n  N , K
R and B is a square matrix of order that
(ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT of A.
(iii) (AB)T = BT AT (iii) If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then -
(iv) (kA)T = k(A) T (a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n N
T
(v) (A1A2A3 ......An–1An)
(b) A2n+1 is a skew symmetric matrices
= .... for n N.

(vi) IT = I (c) kA is also skew symmetric matrix

where k R.
(vii) tr (A) = tr (AT)
(d) BTAB is also skew symmetric matrix
where B is a square matrix of order
that of A
(a) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] (iv) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
is called symmetric matrix if aij = aji for all i,j
or AT = A. (a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric
matrices.
(b) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
eg.
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix when
AB = BA.
Note :
(v) If A, B are two skew symmetric matrices,
(i) Every unit matrix and square zero matrix then-
are symmetric matrices.
(a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew symmetric
(ii) Maximum number of different element in matrices.
a symmetric matrix is . (b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.

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 (vi) If A is a skew symmetric matrix and C
is a column matrix, then C T AC is a zero
matrix.
(vii) Every square matrix A can uniquely be Hence if A = , then
expressed as sum of a symmetric and
skew symmetric matrix

i.e. A = +

Adj. A =

If A = be a square matrix, then

eg. if A = then
its determinant, denoted by |A| or Det (A) is
defined as
adj A = =
|A|=
12.1 Properties of adjoint matrix :
If A, B are square matrices of order n and I n
11.1 Properties of the Determinant of is corresponding unit matrix, then
a matrix : (i) A (adj. A) = |A| In = (adj A) A
(i) |A| exists A is a square matrix
(ii) |adj A| = |A|n–1
(ii) |AB| = |A| |B|
(Thus A ( adj A) is always a scalar matrix)
(iii) |AT| = |A|
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(iv) |kA| = kn |A|, if A is a square matrix of
order n. (iv) | adj (adj A) | =
(v) If A and B are square matrices of same
(v) adj (AT) = (adj A)T
order then |AB| = |BA|.
(vi) If A is a skew symmetric matrix of odd (vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
order then |A| = 0. (vii)adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m N
(vii) If A = diag (a1,a2....an) then |A| = a1a2 ...an. (viii)adj (kA) = kn–1 ( adj. A), k R
(viii) |A|n = |An| , n N. (ix) adj (In) = In
(x) adj 0 = 0
(xi) A is symmetric adj A is also symmetric
If every element of a square matrix A be replaced
by its cofactor in |A|, then the transpose of the (xii) A is diagonal adj A is also diagonal
matrix so obtained is called the adjoint of matrix (xiii) A is triangular  adj A is also triangular
A and it is denoted by adj A.
(xiv) A is singular  | adj A | = 0
Thus if A = [aij] be a square matrix and Fij be the
cofactor of aij in |A|, then
Adj. A = [Fij]T
If A and B are two matrices such that
AB = I = BA
then B is called the inverse of A and it is denoted
by A–1, thus A–1 = B AB= I = BA
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 To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use
following formula
A= AT =
A–1 =

Thus A–1 exists |A| 0 AAT =

Note :
(i) Matrix A is called invertible if A–1 exists.
(ii) Inverse of a matrix is unique.
13.1 Properties of Inverse Matrix : If AAT = I, then
Let A and B are two invertible matrices of the
same order, then = = = 1 and
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 = = =0
(iii) (A ) = (A ) , k N
k –1 –1 k

(iv) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1 (ii) Idempotent matrix :

A square matrix is idempotent provided
(v) (A–1) –1 = A
A2 = A. For idempotent matrix note the
following :
(vi) |A–1| = = | A |–1
(a) An = A  n  2, n  N
(vii) If A = diag (a1,a2,....,an), then (b) Determinant value of idempotent matrix
is either 0 or 1
A–1 = diag ( , ,....., )
(c) If idempotent matrix is invertible then its
(viii) A is symmetric matrix  A–1 is symmetric inverse will be identity matrix i.e. I.
matrix.
(iii) Involutary matrix -
(ix) A is triangular matrix and |A| 0  A–1 is
A square matrix A is called an involutary
a triangular matrix.
matrix if
(x) A is scalar matrix  A–1 is scalar matrix.
A2 = I or A–1 = A
(xi) A is diagonal matrix A –1
is diagonal
matrix.
eg. A = is a Involutary matrix.
(xii) AB = AC  B = C, iff |A| 0.

(iv) Nilpotent matrix :

(i) Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix
of order m, m  N, if Am = 0, Am–1  0.
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal
Note that a nilpotent matrix will not be
matrix if AAT = I
invertible.
Note:
(v) Hermitian matrix :
(a) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix
is either 1 or – 1. Hence orthogonal matrix is A square Matrix is Hermitian Matrix if A= A
always invertible ie. aij =  i, j
(b) AAT = I = ATA Hence A–1 = AT
(vi) Skew Hermitian matrix :
A Square Matrix A is Skew- Hermitian is
A = – A
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 ie. aij = –  i, j
 =
(vii) Periodic Matrix :
A square matrix is which satisfies the relation
Ak+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is a
periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is
the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
eq. If A3 = A, A5 = A, A7 = A, ….. then it is a  =
periodic matrix and A2+1 = A so its period is = 2
(viii) Differentiation of a matrix :
 AX = B  A–1 AX = A–1B
If A =
 X = A–1B = .B

then = is a Note :

differentiation of matrix A. (i) If |A|  0, system is consistent having

unique solution.
e.g. if A = then = (ii) If |A|  0 & (adj A). B  Null matrix,
system is consistent having unique
non-trivial solution.
(iii) If |A|  0 & (adj A). B = 0 (Null matrix),
system is consistent having trivial
solution.
(iv) If |A| = 0,
Let AX = O be a homogeneous system of n-linear
equations with n unknown. If A is a non-singular
matrix, then A–1 exists.
 AX = O  A–1 (AX) = A–1O
[pre-multiplying by A–1]
(A–1 A) X = O
In X = O  X = O
Thus, if A is non-singular the system of equations
has a unique solution X = O or x1 = x2 = ....= xn = 0.
This solution is known as a trivial solution. Thus,
in order that the system AX = 0 has
non-trivial solution, it is necessary that | A | = 0.

Gauss - Jordan method :

Example :
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

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 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Again AB = A (I – A) = AI – A2 = A – A = 0
Ex.1 If f() = and if  are
Also BA = (I – A) A = IA – A2 = A – A = 0
angles of a triangle, then prove that Hence all statements (i), (ii) and (iii) are true.
f(). f(). f() = – 
Sol. Hence
Ex.3 If k is an orthogonal matrix
f() f() =
then find the value of k -
Sol. Here let

= A=k

 AT = k
=

similarly Since A is orthogonal  AAT = I

f() f() f()
 k2
=

= as 
= k2

= =– = – I2.

Ex.2 If A is idempotent and A + B = I, then check = k2 = 9k2I

the following
(i) B is idempotent  k2 = 9  k2 = k=±
(ii) AB = 0
(iii) BA = 0
Sol. Here A + B = I  B = I – A
Now B2 = (I – A) (I – A) Ex.4 If M () = ;
= I2 – AI – IA + A2
= I – A – A + A2
= I – A – A + A since A2 = A M () = then prove that
A is idempotent
=I–A=B [M() M ()]–1 = M (–) M (– ).
 B is idempotent is true Sol. [M() M ()]–1 = M ()–1 M()–1
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 Now M ()–1 = |A|=

= 1 (25 – 24) – 2 (20 – 18) + 3 (16 – 15) = 0

= Therefore r (A) is less than 3. We observe that

is a non- singular submatrix of order

= M (–)
2. Hence r (A) = 2.
M()–1 = Ex.8 Find the rank of the matrix,

A=
= = M

(–) Sol. Applying R1 R2, we obtain

 [M () M ()]–1 = M(–) M (–)

Ex.5 Show that positive odd integral powers of a A~

skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric
and positive even integral powers of a skew-
symmetric matrix are symmetric.
Sol. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then ~
AT = – A.
we have (An)T = (AT)n for all n  N.
 (An)T = (– A)n [ AT = – A]
 (An)T = (– 1)n An

 (An)T =

Hence An is symmetric if n is even and ~ [Applying R4R3 –R2 –

skew-symmetric if n is odd.

Ex.6 If the non-singular matrix A is symmetric, then R3]

prove that A–1 is also symmetric.
Sol. Since | A |  0, therefore A–1 exists.
Now, AA–1 == A–1 A ~ [Applying R2  R2 –
(AA–1)T = ()T = (A–1 A)T
(A–1)T AT = = AT (A–1)T
R3]
(A–1)T A = = A(A–1)T [ AT = A]
A–1 = (A–1)T
A–1 is symmetric. [by def. of inverse] ~ [Applying R3  R3 – 4

Ex.7 Find the rank of the matrix A = . R2]

Sol. We have
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 A~
~ [Applying R3  1/11

This matrix has three non-zero rows. Therefore,

R3]
Since the equivalent matrix is in echelon form r (A) = 3. Thus, r (A) = r (A : B) = 3 = number
having three non- zero rows. Hence, r (A) = 3. of variables. So, the given system of equations
has a unique solution.
Ex.9 Show that the following system of linear Rewriting the equations from the matrix (i), we
equations is consistent and solve it. obtain.
3x – y – 2z = 2, 2x – z = – 1, 3x – 5y = 3. x–y–z=3 ....(ii)
Sol. The given system of equations can be written in 2y + z = – 7 ....(iii)
matrix form as 4z = – 13 ....(iv)
From (iv) , z = – 13/4
= Putting the value of z in (iii),
we get 2y = – 7 + 13/4 = – 15/4
or AX = B, where y = – 15/8
Putting the values of y and z in (ii), we get
A= ,X= and B =
x =–

The augmented matrix is Hence, x = – 17/8, y = – 15/8 and z = – 13/4 is

the required solution.
[A : B] =
Ex.10 Show that the homogeneous system of equations
x – 2y + z = 0, x + y – z = 0, 3x + 6y – 5z = 0
has non-trivial solution, Also, find the solution.
~
Sol. =
Applying R1  R1 – R2 to obtain 1 at (1, 1)th
place or AX = O, where

~ A= ,X= and O =

Applying R2  R2 – 2R1 and R3  R3 – 3R1 to

obtain zeros in 2nd and 3rd row first column. Now, | A | =

~ .... = 1 (– 5 + 6 ) + 2 (– 5 + 3) + 1 (6 – 3) = 0
Thus, |A| = 0 So, the given system of equations
(i) has a non- trivial solution. To find these
Applying R3  R3 + R2 obtain zero at (3, 2)th solutions, we put z = k in the first two
place equations and write them as follows :
Above is the echelon form of the matrix x – 2y = – k and x + y = k
[A : B]. We have three non-zero rows in the
above matrix. Therefore, r (A : B) = 3. It is also or =
evident from the above matrix that.
CAREER POINT, CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-3040000 MATRICES 116
 or AX = B, where A = ,X= and

B=

Now , |A| = = 3  0. So A–1 exists.

We have, adj A =

So, A–1 = adj A (ii) For B :

Purchase matrix = [120 72 84]
 A–1 =
Price matrix =
Now X = A–1 B

 = = Bill = [120 72 84]

= [120 × 40 + 72 × 72 + 84 × 35]
 x = k/3, y = 2k/3
= [4800 + 9000 + 2940] = [16740]
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third
Hence B’s Bill = Rs. 167.40
equation. Hence x = k/3, y = 2k/3 and z = k,
(iii) For C :
where k is any real number satisfy the given
Purchase matrix = [132 156 96]
system of equations.

Ex.11 Three shopkeepers A, B and C go to a store to Price matrix =

buy stationery. Shopkeeper A purchases 12
dozen notebooks, 5 dozen pens and 6 dozen
pencils. Shopkeeper B purchases 10 dozen
Bill = [132 156 96]
notebooks, 6 dozen pens and 7 dozen pencils.
Shopkeeper C purchases 11 dozen notebooks,
13 dozen pens and 8 dozen pencils. A notebook = [132 × 40 + 156 × 125 + 96 × 35]
costs 40 paise, a pen costs Rs. 1.25 and a pencil = [5280 + 19500 + 3360] = [28140]
35 paise each. Hence C’s Bill = 281.40
Using matrix multiplication, calculate each
individual’s bill.
Sol. (i) For A :
Purchase matrix = [144 60 72]

Price matrix =

Bill = [144 60 72]

= [144 × 40 + 60 × 125 + 72 × 35]

= [5760 + 7500 + 2520] = [15780]
Hence A’s Bill = Rs. 157.80

CAREER POINT, CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-3040000 MATRICES 117
 EXERCISE # 1

Q.8 If A = , then A5 equals-

Q.1 If A = and B = , then | 2A– 3B (A) 5A (B) 10A (C) 16A (D) 32 A

| equals -
Q.9 If A = then An equal to-
(A) 77 (B) – 53 (C) 53 (D) – 77

Q.2 The minimum number of zeros in a upper (A) (B)

triangular matrix will be-

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

(C) (D) None of these

Q.10 If A = and A2 – KA– I2 = 0, then value
Q.3 The total number of matrices formed with the of K is -
help of 6 different numbers are - (A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) – 4
(A) 6 (B) 6! (C) 2(6!) (D) 4 (6!)

Q.4 How many matrices can be obtained by using Q.11 If A = then (A– 2I) (A – 3I) equals-
one or more numbers from four given numbers-
(A) A2 + 6I (B) I
(A) 76 (B) 148 (C) 124 (D) None
(C) Zero matrix (D) None of these

Q.12 If A = and (aI2 + bA)2 = A, then-

Q.5 If A and B are matrices of order m × n and
n × n respectively, then which of the following (A) a = b = (B) a = b = 1/
are defined - (C) a = b = (D) a = b = 1/
(A) AB, BA (B) AB, A2
(C) A2, B2 (D) AB, B2
Q.13 If A= , then which of
Q.6 The root of the equation
following statement is true -
(A) A.A= A & (A)n =
[x 1 2] = 0 is-

(A) 1/3 (B) –1/3 (C) 0 (D) 1

(B) A.A = A & (A)n =

Q.7 If A = and f(x) = 2x2 – 3x, then f(A)

equals - (C) A.A = A & (A)n =

(A) (B)

(C) (D) None of these

 (D) A.A= A & (A)n = (A) det (–A) = – det A
(B) det (–A) = 0
(C) det (A+ I) = I + det A
(D) det 2A = 2 det A

Q.14 If A, B are 3 × 2 order matrices and C is a 2 × 3

order matrix, then which of the following Q.21 If A = , then the value of adj (adj
matrices not defined -
(A) AT+ B (B) B + CT A) is -
(C) AT + C (D) AT + BT (A) |A|2 (B) – 2A (C) 2A (D) A2

Q.15 If A is skew symmetric matrix & C is column

Q.22 If A = then A (adj A) =
matrix then CA C =
(A) –14 I (B) –10A (C) 8 I (D) –1.14 I
(A) (B)
Q.23 If k is a scalar and I is a unit matrix of order 3,
(C) [1] (D) [0] then adj (kI) equals-
(A) k3 I (B) k2I (C) – k3 I (D) – k2 I

Q.16 For any square matrix A, A + A T will be Q.24 The adjoint matrix is equals -
symmetric matrix then A – AT will be-
(A) unit matrix
(B) symmetric matrix
(A)
(C) skew symmetric matrix
(D) null matrix

Q.17 If A is square matrix then A + AT will be-

(A) inverse matrix (B)
(B) skew symmetric matrix
(C) symmetric matrix
(D) unit matrix
(C)
Q.18 Matrix A and transpose matrix AT then AAT
will be -
(A) Symmetric (B) Inverse matrix
(C) Skew symmetric (D) None of these (D)
Q.19 If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric
matrix, then-
(A) A is a diagonal matrix
(B) A is a null marix Q.25 If A = then |A | | Adj A| is equal
(C) A is a unit matrix
(D) A is a triangular matrix to- (A) a3 (B) a6 (C) a9 (D) a27
Q.20 If A is a square matrix of order 3, then correct
statement is -
Q.26 Matrix is not invertible, if -

(A)  = – 15 (B)  = – 17
(C)  = – 16 (D)  = – 18

Q.27 If A = , B = and X is a
Q.32 For the equation x + 2y + 3z = 1,
matrix such that A = BX, then X equals - 2x + y + 3z = 2, 5x + 5y + 9z = 4,
(A) there is only one solution
(A) (B) (B) there exists infinitely many solution
(C) there is no solution
(C) (D) None of these (D) None of these

Q.33 The equations x + 2y + 3z = 1,

Q.28 If for a matrix A, A3 = I then A–1 equals - 2x + y + 3z = 2, 5x + 5y + 9z = 4 have -
(A) A2 (B) A (A) Unique solution
3
(3) A (D) None of these (B) Infinite many solutions
(C) Inconsistent
(D) None of these

Q.29 Matrix A = is -
Q.34 Let A be a square matrix which satisfies the
(A) Involutary (B) idempotent equation A2 = A, then (I + A)4 =................
(C) nilpotent (D) orthogonal
Q.35 If A = is a singular matrix then

Q.30 Matrix A = is -  = ........................ .

(A) Involutory (B) idempotent

(C) nilpotent (D) orthogonal

Q.31 If A is an idempotent matrix and I is identity

matrix of the same order, then the value of
n, n  N such that (A + I)n = I +127 A is-
(A) n = 7 (B) n = 8 (C) n = 9 (D) n = 3
 EXERCISE # 2
Q.7 If A = , then (A–1)3 is equal to –

Q.1 If A and B are square matrices of order (A) (B)

3 × 3 and |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| equals-
(A) 81 (B) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) – 9 (C) (D)

Q.2 If AB = C; then A, B, C are-

Q.8 The solution of the equation
(A) A2×3, B3×2, C2×3
(B) A3×2, B2×3, C3×3
= is-
(C) A3×2, B2×3, C3×2
(D) A3×3, B2×3, C3×3
(A) x =1, y =1, z =1 (B) x = – 1, y = 0, z = 2
(C) x = –1, y =2, z =2 (D) x = 0, y = –1, z =2
Q.3 If A = , I is the unit matrix of the order
Q.9 Let three matrices
two & a, b are arbitrary constant then
A= ;B= and C =
(aI + bA)2 =
,
(A) a2I + ab A (B) a2I + 2abA
(C) a2I + b2 A (D) None of these then tr (A) + tr + tr
Q.4 Which one of the following statements, is true-
(A) Non singular square matrix does not have a + tr +……… =
unique inverse
(B) Determinant of a non- singular matrix is (A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) None
zero Q.10 Let the matrix A and B be defined as
(C) If A = A, then A is a square matrix
(D) If |A| 0, then |A. adj A| = |A | (n–1), where A= and B = , then the value
A = [aij]n×n of
Det (2A9B–1) is
Q.5 If A and B are non- zero square matrices of the (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) –2
same order such that AB = 0, then -
(A) adj A = 0 or adj B = 0
(B) adj A = 0 and adj B = 0 Q.11 Consider the matrices A = ,
(C) | A| = 0 or |B| = 0
(D) None of these
B = , C = . Out of the given
Q.6 If A = and AB = I,
matrix products
then B = (i) (AB)T C (ii) CT C(AB)T
T
(iii) C AB (iv) AT ABBTC
(A) cos2 .A (B) cos2 . AT (A) exactly one is defined
(B) exactly two are defined
(C) cos2 .I (D) None of these (C) exactly three are defined
(D) all four are defined
Q.12 Statement-I: If A is an invertible 3 × 3 matrix Q.19 If A and B are square matrices of the same
and B is a 3 × 4 matrix, then A–1 B is defined. order such that A2 = A, B2 = B, AB = BA = 0,
Statement-II: It is never true that A + B, A – B then
and AB are all defined (A) AB2 = 0
Statement-III: Every matrix none of whose (B) (A + B) 2 = A + B
entries are zero is invertible
(C) (A – B) 2 = A – B
Statement-IV: Every invertible matrix is
(D) none of these
square and has no two rows the same
(A) TFFF (B) TTFF (C) TFFT (D) TTTF
Q.20 If A = (where bc  0) satisfies the
Q.13 P is an orthogonal matrix and A is a periodic
matrix with period 4 and Q = PAPT then equations x2 + k = 0, then -
X = PTQ2005P will be equal to (A) a + d = 0 (B) k = – |A|
(A) A (B) A2 (C) A3 (D) A4
(C) k = |A| (D) none of these
Q.14 If the value of a fourth order determinant is 3,
then the value of the determinant formed by the
co-factors, is Q.21 If A–1 = , then -
(A) 27 (B) 64 (C) 1 (D) 81
(A) |A| = 2
(B) A is non-singular

Q.15 If D1 & D2 are two 3×3 diagonal matrices, then- (C) Adj. A =
(A) D1D2 is a diagonal matrix
(B) D1D2 = D2D1
(D) A is skew symmetric matrix
(C) + is a diagonal matrix
(D) none of these
Q.16 If AB = A and BA = B, then - Q.22 Let A = ,
(A) A2B = A2 (B) B2A = B
(C) ABA = A (D) BAB = B then A–1 exists if -
(A) x  0 (B)   0
Q.17 If A = then An is - (C) 3x +   0,   0 (D) x  0,   0

Q.23 A square matrix A with elements from the set

(A) (B)
of real numbers is said to be orthogonal if
A = A–1. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then -
(C) (D) does not exist (A) A is orthogonal
(B) A–1 is orthogonal
Q.18 Let A = then - (C) Adj. A = A
(D) |A–1| = 1

(A) A–n = nN Q.24 Let A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entries

from the set of real numbers. Define * as
(B) A–n = follows A * B = , then

(C) A–n = (A) A * B = B * A

(B) A *A = A2
(D) none of these (C) A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C
(D) A * I = A
 The following questions 25 to 27 consists of
two statements each, printed as Assertion Q.28 Let ak = nCk for 0  k  n and Ak =
and Reason. While answering
these questions you are to choose any
one of the following four responses.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and ,
and the Reason is correct explanation of
the Assertion. Column-I Column-II
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true
but Reason is not correct explanation of (A) a (P)
the Assertion. (B) a – b (Q) 0
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is (C) a + b (R) 2nCn+1
false.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true (D) (S) 1

Q.25 Assertion : There are only finitely many Q.29 Using n distinct real numbers matrices each
2 ×2 matrices which commute with the matrix having distinct elements are to be used in
making matrices of all possible order then
possible arrangements are
Reason : If A is non-singular then it commutes Column-I Column-II
with I, Adj A and A–1. (A) n = 4 (P) 2880 possible matrices
(B) n = 3 (Q) 240 possible matrices
Q.26 Assertion : If A is a skew symmetric of order 3
(C) n = 6 (R) 12 possible matrices
then its determinant should be zero.
(D) n = 5 (S) 72 possible matrices
Reason : If A is square matrix then
det A = det A = det (–A)
Q.30 Let A = ,B= ,
Q.27 Assertion : If a, b, c are distinct and x, y, z are
not all zero given that ax + by + cz = 0,
C= , be matrices then
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0 then a + b + c
0 match the following:
Reason : a2 + b2 + c2 > ab + bc + ca if Column-I Column-II
a, b, c are distinct
(A) AX = XA for X = (P) A
(B) X2 = I for X = (Q) C
(C) X2 = – I for X = (R) none of A,B,C
(D) X2 = X for X = (S) B
 EXERCISE # 3
(a – t) x + by + cz = 0, bx + (c – t)y + az = 0
and cx + ay + (b – t) z = 0 has non-trivial
solutions for different values of t then show
Q.1 Let A = where a  0. Show that for
that we can express product of these values of t
in the form of determinant

n  0, An = . Q.10 Matrices A and B satisfy AB = B–1 where

B= . Find
2
Q.2 Suppose a matrix A satisfies A – 5A + 7I = 0.
(i) without finding B–1, the value of k for which
If A8 = aA + bI, find a.
KA – 2B–1 + I = 0
Q.3 Find the value of adj (P –1) in terms of P where (ii) without finding A–1, then matrix X
P is a non-singular matrix and hence show that satisfying A–1 XA = B
adj (Q–1 BP–1) = PAQ, (iii) The matrix A, using A–1
given that adj B = A and |P| = |Q| = 1
Q.11 If A is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is
Q.4 Matrix A is such that A = 2A – , where  is
2 non singular, then prove that the matrix
the identity matrix, then for n  2, find the B = (I – A) (I + A)–1 is an orthogonal matrix.
value of An. Use this to find a matrix B given A =
Q.5 Discuss for all values of , the system of
equations :
x + y + 4z = 6
x + 2y + 2z = 6 Q.12 Given A = , where k is only integer
x + y + z = 6
as regards existence and nature of solutions show that A2 + 3A + 2I = 0 and use this result
to find out matrices B and C such that A = B3 +C3
Q.6 Using matrix method find the values of  and µ
so that the system of equations.
2x – 3y + 5z = 12 Q.13 Let A = and P =
3x + y + z = µ Such that AP = P and a + d = 5050. Find the
x – 7y + 8z = 17
value of (ad – bc)
(a) unique solution
(b) infinite solution (c) no solution.

Passage I (Question 14 to 16)

Q.7 Given A = For what values of
Let A and B are two matrices of same order i.e.
3×3 where
 does A–1 exists. Find A–1 & prove that
A–1 = A2 – 6A + 11I when  = 1.
A= B=
Q.8 Solve the following systems of linear equations
by matrix method. On the basis of above information, answer
(i) 2 x – y + 3z = 8 (ii) x + y + z = 9 the following questions-
–x + 2y + z = 4 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
3x + y – 4z = 0 2x + y – z = 0 Q.14 If matrix 2A + 3 B is singular, then the value of
K is -
Q.9 If the following system of equations
 (A) –3 (B)
If A0= & B0 =

(C) (D) None of these

Q.15 If K = 2 then tr(AB) + tr(BA) is equal to -

(A) 66 (B) 42 (C) 84 (D) 63
Bn = adj(Bn–1), n  N and I is an identity matrix
Q.16 If C = A – B and tr (C) = 0 then K is equal to - of order 3 then answer the following questions
(A) 5 (B) –5 (C) 7 (D) –7

Passage II (Question 17 to 19) Q.20 Det. ( …..10 terms) =

If A and B are square matrix of order 3 given (A) 1000 (B) – 800
by (C) 0 (D) –8000

Q.21 B1 + B2 +…….+B49 =
A= B=
(A) B0 (B) 7B0
(C) 49B0 (D) 491
On the basis of above information, answer
the following questions- Q.22 For a variable matrix X the equation A0X = C,

Q.17 adj (adj A) is equal to -

where C = will have
(A) 100 A (B) 10 A
(C) 1000 A (D) None of these
(A) unique solution
Q.18 |adj (adj A)| is equal to - (B) infinite solution
(A) 102 (B) 1003 (C) finitely many solution
(C) 104 (D) None of these (D) no. solution
Q.19 | adj (AB) | is equal to -
(A) 100 (B) 1000
4
(C) 10 (D) None of these

Passage III (Question 20 to 22)

 EXERCISE # 4

Q.7 Let A = &I= and

Q.1 If A and B are square matrices of equal order,
then which one is correct among the following?
[1995S] A–1 = [A2 + CA + dI], find ordered pair (c,d) ?
(A) A + B = B + A (B) A + B = A – B
(C) A – B = B – A (D) AB = BA [IIT Scr. 2005]
(A) (6, 11) (B) (6, 11)
(C) (6 , 11) (D) (6, 11)
Q.2 If A = , B = and A2 = B,

then-
[IIT Scr. 2003] Q.8 Let a matrix A = &P=
(A) Statement is not true for any real value of 
(B)  = 1
(C)  = –1 Q = PAPT where PT is transpose of matrix P.
(D)  = 4 Find PT Q2005 P is - [IIT Scr. 2005]

(A)
Q.3 If matrix A = , where a, b, c are
(B)
real positive numbers, abc = 1 and A T A = I,
then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3. [IIT 2003]
(C)

Q.4 = A & |A3| = 125, then  is –

(D)
[IIT Scr. 2004]
(A) 0 (B) ± 2 (C) ± 3 (D) ± 5 Passage (Q.9 to Q.11) [IIT-2006]
Q.5 If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where det M = 1 and
MMT = I, where 'I' is an identity matrix, prove If A = , if U1, U2 and U3 are column
that det (M– I) = 0 [IIT 2004]
matrices satisfying

Q.6 A= ,B= ,U= , A U1 = , AU2 = , AU3 = , and U is

3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then

V= answer the following questions.

Q.9 The value of |U| is –

If there is a vector matrix X, such that AX = U (A) 3 (B) –3
has infinitely many solutions, then prove (C) 3/2 (D) 2
that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If
Q.10 Sum of the elements of U–1 is–
a + d  0. Then prove that BX = V has no
(A) –1 (B) 0
solution. [IIT 2004]
(C) 5 (D) 3
 Q.15 The number of matrices A for which the system
Q.11 Find the value of [3 2 0] U is - of linear equations

(A) 5 (B) 5/2 A =

(C) 4 (D) 3/2

Q12 Consider the system of equations is inconsistent, is

(A) 0 (B) More than 2
x – 2y + 3z = –1
(C) 2 (D) 1
–x + y – 2z = k
x – 3y + 4z = 1 Q.16 Let k be a positive real number and let
Statement-1 : The system of
equations has no solution for k 3. A= and
Statement-2 : The determinant

 0, for k  3. [IIT
B=

2008]
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; If det (adj A) + det(adj B) = 10 6, then [k] is
equal to
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square
Statement-1
matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; less than or equal to k] [IIT 2010]
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1 Passage (Q. 17 to Q. 19)
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False Let p be an odd prime number and T p be the
following set of 2 × 2 matrices :
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.

Passage (Q.13 to Q.15)

Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices
all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these [IIT 2010]
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. [IIT 2009]
Q.17 The number of A in Tp such that A is either
Q.13 The number of matrices in set A is symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and
(A) 12 (B) 6 det (A) divisible by p is -
(C) 9 (D) 3 (A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2(p – 1)
(C) (p –1)2 + 1 (D) 2p –1
Q.14 The number of matrices A for which the system
Q18 The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A
of linear equations
is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its
A = diagonal entries.]
(A) (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2
has a unique solution, is (C) (p –1)2 (D) (p –1) (p2 – 2)
(A) less than 4
Q.19 The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not
(B) at least 4 but less than 7 divisible by p is -
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p
(D) at least 10 (C) p3 –3p (D) p3 – p2
 EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying
(i) aij is 1 or –1 Q.7 If A = ;B= ;C= and

(ii) + = + =2
(iii) a11 a21 + a12 a22 = 0 X= then solve the following matrix

equation.
Q.2 Let A = and B =  . Such
(a) AX = B – I (b) (B – I)X = IC
that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value of (c) CX = A

Q.8 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a 11 = a33 = 2

(ad – bc).
and all the other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI
Q.3 If the matrix A is involuntary, show that then find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a
unit matrix of order 3.
(I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and
Q.9 A3×3 is a matrix such that |A| = a, B = (adj A) such
(I + A). (I – A) = O. that |B| = b. Find the value of (ab 2 + a2b + 1)S

Q.4 Let X be the solution set of the equation A x = I, where S= + + + ….. up to , and

a = 3.
where A = and I is the
Q.10 Given A = ; B = . I is a unit
corresponding unit matrix and x  N then find
the minimum value of , matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in
the following cases.
 R.
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I
(iii) XB = O but BX  O
Q.5 A= is Symmetric and
Q.11 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where
P is a non singular matrix then show that the
matrix PB–1 is also orthogonal.
B = is Skew

Symmetric, then find AB. Is AB a symmetric, Q.12 Given A = ,B= . Find P

skew symmetric or neither of them. Justify
your answer.
such that BPA = .
Q.6 A is a square matrix of order n.
 = maximum number of distinct entries if A is Q.13 Determine the values of a and b for which the
a triangular matrix.
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is
system =
a diagonal matrix.
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a
triangular matrix. (i) has a unique solution
if  + 5 = p = 2m, find the order of the matrix. (ii) has no solution and
(iii) has infinitely many solutions
 Q.19 The value of a3 + b3 + c3 is -
Q.14 Given the matrix A = and X (A) p (B) 2p (C) 3p (D) none
Q.20 The equation whose roots are a, b, c is -
be the solution set of the equation A = A, x (A) x3 – 2x2 + p = 0
(B) x3 – px2 + px + p = 0
where x  N – {1}. Evaluate (C) x3 – 2x2 + 2px + p = 0
(D) x3 ± x2 – p = 0
where the continued product extends  x  X.
Q.15 Consider the two matrices A and B where Q.21 A= then rank of matrix A

A= ; B = . If n(A) denotes the

is
number of elements in A such that n(XY) = 0, (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) None
when the two matrices X and Y are not
conformable for multiplication. If C = (AB)(B'A);
D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of Q.22 Rank of matrix is-

.
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None
Q.23 For all values of , find the rank of the matrix

Q.16 If = then find a

+ n.
Passage (Q.17 to Q.20) Q.24 Find the rank of the following matrices:
Matrix A is called orthogonal matrix if
(i) (ii)

AAT = I = ATA. Let A = be an

orthogonal matrix. Let = a1 + a2 + a3 ,

= b1 + b 2 + b 3 , = c 1 + c 2 + c3 .
Then | |=| |=| |= 1 & . = . = . = 0 Q.25 Consider the matrices A = and

i.e , & forms mutually perpendicular triad

B= and let P be any orthogonal matrix and
of unit vectors. if abc = p and

Q = PAPT and R = PTQKP also S = PBPT and

Q = , where Q is an orthogonal
T = PTSKP
Column-I
matrix. Then. (A) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row
On the basis of above information, answer first column elements at R will form
(B) if we vary K from 1 to n then 2nd row 2nd
the following questions :
column elements at R will form
Q.17 The values of a + b + c is - (C) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row
(A) 2 (B) p (C) 2p (D) ± 1 first column elements of T will form
(D) If we vary K from 3 to n then the first row
Q.18 The values of ab + bc + ca is - 2nd column elements of T will represent the
(A) 0 (B) p (C) 2p (D) 3p sum of
Column-II
 (P) G.P. with common ratio a (R) G.P. with common ratio b
(Q) A.P. with common difference 2 (S) A.P. with common difference –2
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1

34. I + 15 A 35. 4

EXERCISE # 2
(PART – A)

(PART – B)

(PART – C)
25. D 26. C 27. D

(PART – D)
28. A  R; B  Q; C  P; D  S
29. A  S; B  R; C  P; D  Q
30. A  S; B Q; C P; D R

EXERCISE # 3
2. 1265 3. adj(P)

6. (a) unique solution  2, (b)  = 2 and  = , Infinite no. of solutions, (c)  = 2and  7, no solution

8. (i) x = 2; y = 2; z = 2 (ii) x = 1; y = 3; z = 5 10. (i) k = 2 (ii) X = B (iii)

11. 12. B = A + I, C = – I 13. 5049 14. (B) 15. (C) 16. (D)

17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (C) 21. (C) 22. (D)
 EXERCISE # 4
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. 4 4. (C) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (A)

10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. 4

17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (D)

EXERCISE # 5
1. 8 2. 5049 4. 2 5. AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric 6. 4

7. (a) X = (b) X = (c) no solution 8. 1 9. 225

10. (i) X = for a,b  R (ii) X does not exist (iii) X = for a, c  R and 3a + c  0, 3b + d

0

12. 13. (i) a  –3, b  R (ii) a = – 3 and b  1/3 (iii) a = – 3, b = 1/3 14. 3/2

15. 650 16. 200 17. (D) 18. (A) 19. (D) 20. (D) 21. (B) 22. (B)

23. for  = 2; rank =1,  2 but  = – 1, rank = 2 and  2, – 1; rank = 3

24. (i) 2 (ii) 3 25. (A) A  Q; B  S; C  P; D  P