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The document discusses First Order Logic (FOL) and its inference rules for quantifiers, which extend propositional logic to represent complex relationships in Artificial Intelligence (AI). It explains key concepts such as Universal and Existential Quantifiers, along with inference rules like Universal Instantiation, Existential Instantiation, Universal Generalization, and Existential Generalization, highlighting their applications in AI systems like medical diagnosis. Understanding these rules enhances the capability of AI systems to perform automated reasoning and make intelligent decisions.

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2 views11 pages

AI Presentation

The document discusses First Order Logic (FOL) and its inference rules for quantifiers, which extend propositional logic to represent complex relationships in Artificial Intelligence (AI). It explains key concepts such as Universal and Existential Quantifiers, along with inference rules like Universal Instantiation, Existential Instantiation, Universal Generalization, and Existential Generalization, highlighting their applications in AI systems like medical diagnosis. Understanding these rules enhances the capability of AI systems to perform automated reasoning and make intelligent decisions.

Uploaded by

alankritsrivastav8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Topic: FOL inference rule for


quantifiers
Subject: Artificial Intelligence
Presented To: Presented By:
Dr. Awadhesh Dixit Satyam Patel(22143)
Assistant Professor (CSE) Shagun Pandey(22145)
CSE(3rd year)
Introduction
● Extends propositional logic : FOL adds quantifiers
and variables, allowing us to represent more
complex relationships.
● FOL is widely used in AI : FOL is used to reason
about objects, their properties, and their
relationships.
● Consists of predicates : It consists of predicates
(functions that return true or false based on the
input) and quantifiers (statements that describe "for
all" or "there exists").
● Create more powerful : FOL allows us to create
more powerful AI systems by expressing rules and
facts logically.
.

Quantifiers in FOL
● Universal Quantifier ( ∀ ): Refers to all
elements in a domain.
Example: ∀x (Human(x) → Mortal(x)) means
"All humans are mortal."
● Existential Quantifier ( ∃ ): Raefers to at least
one element in a domain.
Example: ∃x (Cat(x) ∧ Black(x)) means "There
is at least one black cat."
● These quantifiers help to express logical
statements involving multiple objects or
entities.
Inference Rules in FOL
● Inference rules are logical steps that allow us to derive
conclusions from premises.
● FOL uses inference rules to perform reasoning and
derive conclusions automatically.
● Some of the key inference rules used in AI are Universal
Instantiation (UI) and Existential Instantiation (EI),
which handle quantifiers.
● These rules are crucial in systems like knowledge bases
and expert systems for making intelligent decisions.
Universal Instantiation (UI)
● Universal Instantiation (UI) allows us to infer
specific cases from a general statement.
● If a statement is true for all elements in the domain
(using ∀), we can apply it to a specific individual.
● Example:
● Given: ∀x (Student(x) → Smart(x)) ("All
students are smart")
● We can infer: Student(John) → Smart(John)
("John is smart").
● This rule is widely used in AI systems for making
specific decisions based on general rules.
Existential Instantiation (EI)
● Existential Instantiation (EI) allows us to infer that if
there exists an element for which a statement is true, we
can assign a specific instance to it.
● If a statement is true for at least one element (using ∃),
we can assume it’s true for a specific unknown individual.
● Example:
● Given: ∃x (Person(x) ∧ Tall(x)) ("There exists a tall
person")
● We can infer: Person(Alice) ∧ Tall(Alice) ("Alice is
tall").
● This rule helps AI narrow down possibilities by
focusing on specific cases.
Universal Generalization (UG)
● Universal Generalization (UG) moves in the opposite
direction of UI.
● If we prove that something is true for a specific instance
and can generalize it for all instances, we apply the
universal quantifier.
● Example:
● If we can prove that every individual case P(a) holds,
then we can generalize: ∀x, P(x).
● Given: Smart(John), Smart(Mary), Smart(Tom) →
we infer: ∀x (Smart(x)).
● This helps AI systems learn generalized rules from
multiple examples.
Existential Generalization (EG)
● Existential Generalization (EG) is the reverse of
EI. It allows us to move from a specific case to infer
that at least one such element exists in the domain.
● Example:
● If we know that Alice is tall (Tall(Alice)), we can
infer that there exists a tall person: ∃x
(Tall(x)).
● This rule is useful for AI systems that need to
confirm the existence of certain types of
objects or facts.
● AI often uses this rule when analyzing patterns
in data to find instances of certain properties.
Real-World Example
● Example in AI: Medical Diagnosis
● AI uses FOL to assist in diagnosing patients
based on symptoms.
● Universal Rule: ∀x (Symptom(x) →
PossibleDisease(x))
(If a person has certain symptoms, they might
have a specific disease.)
● AI applies UI to check specific patients, leading
to personalized diagnoses.
● These logical rules help AI in making decisions,
suggesting tests, or predicting illnesses.
● First Order Logic (FOL) allows AI systems to perform automated reasoning
using quantifiers and inference rules.
● Key rules: Universal Instantiation (UI), Existential Instantiation (EI), Universal
Generalization (UG), and Existential Generalization (EG) make logical
deduction possible.
● FOL is widely applied in expert systems, medical diagnosis, decision support
systems, and more.
● Understanding these inference rules helps create more intelligent AI
solutions.

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