Dste

Fonma than Eneyg, bon d

Paulis Eaclusien
psincible
No tuo eleton in o given ihtesnoc tinh Ssstm
hence.
Con hoVe Some guon tum Stte
Someeengy
Electch
ere Pushing ha abm s

bond cscete
Ene'y levels
Equilibsii interotmiC
distohce diston é
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Fossmahion o Encg, bonds nin dio mon d:

by th
OEnesg, isolated atam s Is decided vIvolving
humbes, ol osbi+ in wtic h itis
ohn a
but wbe tha Cohe togethe to klectic
Solid this ehesrg chaiges aue to
(
Urigue
Toside Chst! Eocb electa has its
bsihonho tuo clectan hos Som boe
'o Sustraun ding So
level Thse
6) Ech Elacthroh has dillerent Cnergy elatoon
leel " billens
dill Eneba, bond
ahe
oh the bosis ehyy o elachoh Thone
hao type bons
) Candue hohbon.d Co valane bonod
T, Ong oto:
Ch leve
Passible B8 Eneg, Jevel 2

S0
S Possible
 Srergy band dig

h=d= A+this boint inteoteic distrce

() tisore intsoc hon bho
Vehs Jahge ohd Thee is ho
S
naighbauig
3s stat Dnd 2N oein 3PCBIN otre passiblein 3P

Irtessotaic distore decthe

) A istone hec A
valence e- otoms sttt ntetractiny
neitbousy atans
levele honyesCboth inc s de
So enehg
bi As he distone luthe dec
) Atdissbe mohe hobdly cne
the eney, chonyes
bt 3 S&3P Vonishas

At distoe oi A his Ezulibiun Sepehaho

2N lkd Enegy Isvel gets shetd
the ban d
band 2
 PAGE NO

DATE:

4N Sbes Cohducthan bond

Ocletohs

HNS totes Valence bond

tote s
Nelectrans

Classicahon o So lid e to cneg, kon d

theceny
|Ovenlping 3ev
Siegiab
VB

SemiCoducto Tnsulobh
Coneuctos
Noet). CSiGe GoAs) Djohohd )
Ccu, Fe fM,
Bond

min

TH is also colleosbiddan
 PAGE NO
DATE

the hhtle Substoe

wiadth is bhs Then Volence e oe stoy
ttoched_ wth hucleus
widTh osbiakeder
Ens
*e band Thecny
Based ah Paulsenclosicr pinapls
h3
h 2
n2

enmssTbls
levels
is isctoted
Joh single silicen
Sotom a tom
CD
B
ond
en(o

fon Si batesiol Si Gysto!

 PAGE NO.:
DATE:

’ a n isoloted otoelacton ae bes

levels But i
ih Shably deline d Engy to oach othes
close
Solidsqtoms che Ve
becoUse_o/ heintesoctich eocbE
So
doest hau lisd Eney Cein CShol)
lavel n g
T has dil/ SHe, band
Colled Enorgy
Jevel ih o band deperd
Enegy
the nb is
bondjncludig valene &bond
Colle d volehce bond CVp) Enarg
Conduchiy oree? e is allad
includig
Conduchah bond CCe)
 nnn
)-n'] d+ Co'oh?
3n 7n
teh)'-n]
3
CEtdE)-E NCE)JE- ’
NCEJE zCE)dE-
NCEE dE- zCÊ)
te S aoDensi called isVolune Unit
a jnbesent CSttes) levels Engy no
level enebg ona St)ote sit Den
otonLev
ene C?) tom D
ters lo3a lev 23
bond
Stote Densho
 PAGE NO
DATE :

NCE)dE T nCndn)

Enety e wj Thin a Cube

now

dilfaonio firg we
lue get
2ndn=

EE
2
 PAGE NC
LATE

Femi levgl ín ibtunsic Sami Conds

TR intinsic SemiCon duc thelectrop Cose
ConCantahan is n- H (Ef)

6temp ependent hateia! Consten t and is

Koaa'e|lactive densit o Shte in the
Condoctioh bond.
The in tninSic hale Casnie Cohcan thatoh is
P- Ne,CE
Stote in The Valency boke
5Ih oh Inthinsic Semicohductah The no & eyolt
no hole

So we Con @quate Tha Cothieh Canentse thay ond

hola Cahlah Conc&nthatoh

Ne N. )
Al Ln both Side
 PAGE NO
DATE

kT

2E-E Nc

3EF-LEc+ EJ kT Ln N

Et E 2+Ev t
32
2
3/2

m 32
2 2

EctEy t 3kT ln nne

2

2 2

Lme
 doahud
to disbloce get lave om
Tenp The ton in inc mh<ne,
Lwith CosE
d Nalere c
tenConduc O
hCanduc
on
Edya'botath toubusdaisotadbond gut lsve!
Jemi The tamb ininc. with 7mg Coag
Canclctan Sami
nsic gah bord the
ellk inliss iseneg emi e Lf
zeò
kde bond vslanxy otop de
Cans iswe
Ln3KT t
mLn
Ev=0 Cohsiden Con we
2
Ec-Ev
DAIE
 PAGE NO
DATE

* Ksoni, Pemy

Const
Theotn Potentio! o eectan Vohies
þeiclically Dhd blterrhoI eneg electen
to nuclas Dnd bronimun
is Zeo neatre
btw too hucle which c&ze
intoro tomic Spacih
twovefn

leb

batie
Potant )
Potontist

I I

RagianI Coss<a
Kegion bkaeo) v=Vo
 DATE

Sehnod inge's eg
J'y t 2m CE-v) -o

Rajsh1 o< e<o) -o ChotatiolLoel)

Regäh 2:C-b<a<o) v-V LPotantio! bobeiey

Asuming 2mE?

Sa

And
dx2

Genl Soln
U Ca)
 PAGE NO
DATE

do do

P Siha tCas odo Cos ka

da

Abave ag 's Called os Kanig Pen, 6a

ID matün one
tus CoSeS ond

CoseI P0CPotantiol we)

CoselI P ’ oo CPotanto! bostia)

Cose1Po
PSinao + Casaor Gos ko
Cos da Caska
 PAGE HO
DAIE

E-P2

PSindgtCosaoCos ka
da

Sinlo =(Cos lea-Casas oa

P
Sin«o=O
do= Sin-'Co)

2mo2
 Show Reletonshih bt PAGE NO

d ovarlo ble Oucntum me Clbni'a/ Sbte

OE-K Dipan
E-J' Cclssi c mechnjs)

14moncntun
Vector

4EPotubo lee
E k2
2

/2

Ihdibac 4 bond gop S-C cutA

belb Ths
 PAGE NO
DATE

Ecthe hass q elactoeh

OE is present in: e) Is_ rasent insida
Voccum he Co sbl
e FE

FE 2
FE cEJ
F-EFetEn
ma-m eE

322 m Feat

* Dibact Tndin ct Bond go

Die ct, Indiect
Copdur tian /cladhar duc tior slsct
boh Cheyao b
Volcne
bYnd
hales
olente
bond
hoes
 PAGE NO:
DATE

valene bondmoalnu o Valsce bond

hoalmu hn ol mjnim Cond
Sminimun o/ Condcten on
bohoccds at Some bon d OcCUs o two
momenn Vales dlleet
Ohdasto hat
Cleconoh hho kio b
tonsiton
bond to Con dectin mo Kimum point in Vola
bon d hsed hotundkyd bond tojhimub balht
ony charge
Chonge init bond th
ih Cohducteh
elacoan Ro Enog foa
Chonge h nonenth ih
SC odditien to En eryy
Such o's hots,e
dlsact gop S-c 24 Si, Gne ahe fnoihet
Tbase lisect gopS¢ S-C
L&D
S-c Loses

Perons oe þahce epre snto tièn

VËbrotion in'a
I+ is Collad os
Chystl
iboo tion of otomic
lottice
Jnh hahmo)Card tion, aths bhate
Szet thelthemo Ene be
highe ti thema he reat
Encg
 DATE

5Tho Salld latthicein dividua Vibatch

s not þossible Nitotio ps55es frc
atom to atom.

"Such Vi bhoton bos Thyh the wbate

Iattick which cCon Vibrat os o wova o
Sing le quony oben this. he vibnan
is Collad phete

51his Single Jreg lwove hos ia &heys Shemeshm

g Kraw at pockt o bhac honico Vi bootina!
Just os_bhatet is kew os þockat
PHohon Con losg O occsp+ he chehgy occ to
ton
þlonk halo
Phanan CohCots hat s Soum d Toyg h
the Solid ond uids
Phenan ploy Dn imbahtont ola in detmiiy
hat Cooci tiss o< Salides s lizul des

A+ Thama Eyuli bim,

het Cuhhen t oue to
Rondoml movihy
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Donil+ mation
o celsct iele

This seSult is + mo thien, 3

electoan in The dibacton obsitk
to the aiec thon o EF
The nat motioh ol lecthoh in aptkule
dibachon
Collad dit
Casoant ue to this matioh js calk

Condtvty And E:F:

Dait CUAbent dansit CI): T is oelihed
os The dil+ CusBnt ben Unit aka
q Ooss Soc han o Cohductos
Slacbic Jiald ’It Is potntholdonop hen unit
lsryTh Candluc ta

doc

Resitivit
by o
THis The esista hce olfered
Conducto o Unjt lenth g Uni
Choss Sec

Carduc huh Cad Recprecal Resituthy

Daitt Velaci h T+ is
IS dehed as ngt
displocernent in pasi hoh per unyt tin
Undas the ih<luence &E
ha bil th Cu) 5 hoblty ga is dened os
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Conductii g habili t
CUshant

mobilit is Given b,

Lat Vd ISs ch Velaci h qe

lergth toons Veo'sd b the
hns= V

Volun Suept p, e in Unjt hie = Ve A

s Volum : hVJA

Is charge One
I Vden
choye huig
Cionen t densi t t
Vdsn
Con ducviy I-neVGreo
 NocUn Peun= o-
Giby
ven SCis
nlvehb dCan gm-tye ytivi duc Coh
th chit
S-Ch-e fo
Eatinsic
S-C
Canduchi
ductut Can
*
CUe+Un) nie
Giby
ven S:C ntinsic Canduciit
o
DP=
ni inthinsic
SC
PeUb meUet
iuoit duc Can
InbinsiC
S-C
K
hols mabilth is n
mobilih
& fs
heChaye iS
IhVB Conc hole Pis
ibCB Conc ís whes
Conducte Soi Candochvi *
DATE
NO
PAGE