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Cep Report MTT

The document outlines a complex engineering project focused on designing and simulating four types of microwave filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop) using Keysight ADS software. Each filter is designed to meet specific frequency and insertion loss requirements, with results demonstrating their effectiveness in controlling signal frequencies. The project emphasizes teamwork and the application of theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios, enhancing skills in filter design and simulation.

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210171
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2 views18 pages

Cep Report MTT

The document outlines a complex engineering project focused on designing and simulating four types of microwave filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop) using Keysight ADS software. Each filter is designed to meet specific frequency and insertion loss requirements, with results demonstrating their effectiveness in controlling signal frequencies. The project emphasizes teamwork and the application of theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios, enhancing skills in filter design and simulation.

Uploaded by

210171
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Engineering Activity

Microwave theory and Techniques


Submitted To:
Course Instructor: Dr. Sara Saeed
Lab Engineer: Engr. Sharoze Sohail
Submitted By:
Ahmed Raza 210171
Ahmad Mehmood 212097
Sufyan Tariq 211952
M. Jawad 211999
Date of Submission:
15th June, 2025
Problem Statement:
A RF and microwave engineer has to design various microwave filters (low-pass
filters, high-pass filters, band-pass filters and Band Reject Filters). These filters are
to be utilized in RF and Microwave labs to conduct experiments and research.
Design a filter by using Keysight ADS and simulate to verify that your design is
according to the required specifications. You will be assigned frequency (f), insertion
loss, and filter type (equal ripple 3 dB, equal ripple 0.5 dB, or maximally flat). The
cutoff frequency is fixed at 2 GHz, and input impedance is 50 Ω. You need to design
a low-pass filter, a high-pass filter, and a band-pass filter and band-reject filter using
the assigned values in the table. Demonstrate the designs on software and Markers
should be placed to verify the design. Optimization should be performed by using
the optimum goal (in ADS Keysight).

Introduction:
Microwave filters are important part of communication systems. They are to control
signals by allowing some to pass and other to block. These filters are essential in
modern RF and microwave systems to ensure signal purity. These systems operate
by sending and receiving signals over a wide range of frequencies, and not all
frequencies are useful. Unwanted frequencies, noise, and interference can badly
affect system performance and signal quality. That’s way, filters are designed to
clean the signal by allowing only the desired frequency ranges to pass while
blocking others.
There are Four types of filters:
1. Low Pass Filter (LPF):
This filter allows only low-frequency signals to pass through and blocks all
higher-frequency signals after the certain frequency which is known as cut-
off frequency.
2. High Pass Filter (HPF):
This filter blocks low-frequency signals and allows only the high-frequency
signals to pass after the cut-off frequency. This helps in removing unwanted
low-frequency noise from the system.
3. Band Pass Filter (BPF):
This filter allows only a specific range of frequencies (called the "band") to
pass through while blocking both lower and higher frequencies outside this
band. It is useful when we are interested in signals from a certain frequency
range only.

4. Band Stop Filter (BSF):


This filter blocks signals in a specific frequency range and allows all other
signals to pass. It is useful when we want to remove an unwanted frequency
that may be causing interference.

We are designing all these 4 types of filters and then stimulate it using Keysight
Advanced Design System (ADS) software.
Objectives:
The objectives of the assigned complex engineering activities are to:
1. Design Microwave filter.
2. Learn the use of CST or ADS for implementation of Microwave filters.
3. Learn how to accomplish the goals in a team.
4. Learn how to write the project report.

Design Description and Calculations:


The Insertion Loss Method is a common technique used to design filters that allow
or block specific frequency ranges. In this method, we define how much of the signal
we want to pass (insertion loss) and how sharply we want to reject unwanted
frequencies. The goal is to shape the frequency response as desired.
A T-shaped topology is often used in this method. It consists of a series element
between two shunt elements, forming a “T” shape. In most designs — especially for
low-pass filters — the inductor comes first in the middle (series branch), and
capacitors are connected on both sides to ground (shunt branches). This arrangement
helps control the frequency response effectively.
In my design, I have used a maximally flat response, also known as a Butterworth
filter. This means the filter provides a smooth passband with no ripples and flattest
possible response near the cutoff frequency, making it ideal for applications where
signal distortion must be minimized.

Our design calculations are according to the given data.


Frequency = 3.4 GHz.
Insertion Loss = 18 dB.
Filter Type = Maximally Flat.
Cut-off Frequency = 2 GHz.
Input Impedance = 50 ohms.

Firstly, we have to calculate the normalized frequency for value of N.


𝑤
Normalized frequency= | | − 1
𝑤𝑐

(2𝜋×3.4×109 )
= | (2𝜋×2×109) | − 1

= 1.7 − 1
Normalized frequency = 0.7

As normalized frequency is 0.7 and required attenuation is 18 dB. Now we can


calculate exact value of N from the below maximally flat normalized frequency
versus attenuation graph.
From this graph the value of n is nearly equal to 4. So, we consider that
n=4

Now, the values of we get are


g1 = 0.7654
g2 = 1.8478
g3 = 1.8478
g4 = 0.7654
Circuit Designing in ADS and their results:
1) Low-Pass Filter:

Circuit:

Component Values:
• L1 = 3.04 nH, C1 = 2.94 pF
• L2 = 7.35 nH, C2 = 1.22 pF

• This filter allows signals below 2 GHz to pass and blocks signals above 2
GHz. It is used to remove high-frequency noise.
• We uses series inductors and shunt capacitors for achieving the desired
cutoff.
Result:

• Below 2 GHz: S21 is attenuated heavily (around -25 to -35 dB).


• Frequencies below 2 GHz are passed with S21 ≈ 0 dB.
• S11 shows low reflection in passband and increases in stopband

2) High-Pass Filter:

Circuit:
Values:
• L1 = 5.2 nH, C2 = 0.861 pF
• L3 = 2.15 nH, C4 = 2.08 pF

• The High-Pass Filter (HPF) blocks signals below 2 GHz and allows
higher frequencies to pass.
• It uses Capacitors in series, inductors in shunt.

Result:

1. Frequencies above 2 GHz are passed, with S21 ≈ 0 dB.


2. Marker at 2 GHz shows about -3 dB attenuation — confirming it’s the
-3 dB cut-off point.
3. Below 2 GHz, the transmission is low (–25 dB to –35 dB).
4. At 2 GHz, the marker shows the cut-off point: S21 = –3 dB.
3) Band-Pass Filter:

Circuit:
Values
• L1 = 30.04 nH, C1 = 0.2079 pF
• L2 = 0.215 nH, C2 = 29.4 pF
• L3 = 73.5 nH, C3 = 0.086 pF
• L4 = 0.5198 nH, C4 = 12.18 pF

This filter allows only a small range of frequencies (a band) to pass and blocks
everything else. It’s useful when we only want to receive signals in a certain range.
It uses parallel LC circuits.
Result:

• Two markers (m1 and m2) show the frequency range from 1.91 GHz
to 2.09 GHz.
• Within this range, S21 is near 0 dB, meaning the signal passes
through.
• Outside this range, the signal is blocked.
• The bandwidth is almost 0.2 GHz (200 MHz).
BW = fhigh−flow
= (2.09 – 1.91) GHz
= 0.18 GHz
4) Band-Stop Filter:

Circuit:
Values
• L1 = 0.304 nH, C1 = 20.79 pF
• L2 = 21.5 nH, C2 = 0.294 pF
• L3 = 0.7359 nH, C3 = 8.61 pF
• L4 = 51.98 nH, C4 = 0.1218 pF

This filter blocks signals around 2 GHz and lets other frequencies pass. It is also
called a notch filter because it creates a deep dip (notch) in transmission at a
certain frequency. It uses alternating series and parallel LC elements.
Result:

• The blue line (S21) shows a very deep dip near 2 GHz, reaching –200
dB, which means the signal is completely blocked at this frequency.
• The red line (S11) increases at the same point, meaning the signal is
reflected back.
• Other frequencies are not affected and pass normally.

Overall,

S21
Filter Type Passes Blocks Use Case
(dB)
Band-Stop Remove specific
≠ 2 GHz Around 2 GHz ~ -200
(BSF) interference frequency
Band-Pass ~1.925–2.07 <1.9 & >2.1 Isolate narrow
~0
(BPF) GHz GHz communication band
Low-Pass ~0 Eliminate high-frequency
< 2 GHz > 2 GHz
(LPF) (pass) noise
High-Pass ~0 Remove low-frequency
> 2 GHz < 2 GHz
(HPF) (pass) noise/DC
Learning Outcomes:

In this complex engineering activity, we successfully designed and simulated four


types of microwave filters using ADS software. Each filter performed according to
its required specifications. The Low-Pass Filter allowed only frequencies below 2
GHz to pass, while the High-Pass Filter passed frequencies above 2 GHz. The Band-
Pass Filter allowed a specific range of frequencies to pass and blocked others, and
the Band-Stop Filter blocked signals near 2 GHz effectively. All results were verified
using markers in the simulation graphs. This project helped us understand the design
and working of microwave filters. It also improved our skills in using simulation
tools and working as a team.

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