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MTE411 Lect6

The document outlines the objectives and principles of signal conditioning in mechatronic systems, including the use of operational amplifiers, protection, filtering, and the Wheatstone bridge. It discusses various signal processing techniques such as pulse modulation and addresses issues like ground loops and interference. Additionally, it provides examples of operational amplifier applications and calculations related to temperature compensation and differential amplifiers.

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moha amro
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6 views24 pages

MTE411 Lect6

The document outlines the objectives and principles of signal conditioning in mechatronic systems, including the use of operational amplifiers, protection, filtering, and the Wheatstone bridge. It discusses various signal processing techniques such as pulse modulation and addresses issues like ground loops and interference. Additionally, it provides examples of operational amplifier applications and calculations related to temperature compensation and differential amplifiers.

Uploaded by

moha amro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTE 411

Mechatronic Systems
Lecture 6: Signal Conditioning

Dr. Ahmed Bujelawi


Mechatronic Engineering Program
Libyan International University
[email protected]
Objectives

The objectives of this chapter are that, after studying it, the
reader should be able to:
• Explain the requirements for signal conditioning.
• Explain how operational amplifiers can be used.
• Explain the requirements for protection and filtering.
• Explain the principles of the Wheatstone bridge and, in particular,
how it is used with strain gauges.
• Explain the principle of pulse modulation.
• Explain the problems that can occur with ground loops and
interference and suggest possible solutions to these problems.
• State the requirements for maximum power transfer between
electrical components.
1
Introduction

• The output signal from the sensor of a measurement


system has generally to be processed in some way to
make it suitable for the next stage of the operation.
• The signal may be, for example,
Ø too small and have to be amplified,
Ø contain interference which has to be removed,
Ø be nonlinear and require linearization,
Ø be analogue and have to be made digital, be digital and have to
be made analogue,
Ø be a resistance change and have to be made into a current
change, be a voltage change and have to be made into a suitable
size current change, etc.
2
Signal conditioning processes

1. Protection to prevent damage to the next element.


2. Getting the signal into the right type of signal.
3. Getting the level of the signal right.
4. Eliminating or reducing noise.
5. Signal manipulation, e.g. making it a linear function
of some variable.

3
The Operational Amplifier

• The voltage gain of the amplifier is the


ratio of the output and input voltages.
• The input impedance of an amplifier is
defined as the input voltage divided by
the input current.
• The output impedance being the output
voltage divided by the output current.
• An ideal model for an operational
amplifier is as an amplifier with an
infinite gain, infinite input impedance
and zero output impedance, i.e. the
output voltage is independent of the
load.

4
Connections of Operational Amplifier

• Inverting amplifier:

• Non-inverting amplifier:

5
Connections of Operational Amplifier

• Summing amplifier:

• Integrating and differentiating amplifiers:

6
Connections of Operational Amplifier

• Difference amplifier:

• In practice this is not perfectly achieved and thus the output is not
perfectly proportional to the difference between the two input
voltages:
• Gd: voltage difference gain, GCM: common mode voltage gain.
• The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR): is the extent to
which an operational amplifier deviates from the ideal situation:

7
Connections of Operational Amplifier

• Comparator:

• Basic non-inverting comparator and its response:

8
Connections of Operational Amplifier

• Freescale/Motorola LM339Comparator:

voltage inverting comparator voltage non-inverting comparator

9
Comparator Application

• Infrared sensor circuit to compare signal from a photodiode


with a set voltage with a non-inverting comparator:

• Focusing system for a CD player:

10
Protection

• Zener diode protection circuit:


Ø It protects against high voltages, and wrong
polarity.
Ø When the voltage rises to 5.1 V the Zener diode
breakdown and its resistance drop to a very low
value.
Ø it also provides protection against wrong polarity

• Optoisolators: Transistor Darlington

Triac Triac with zero crossing unit

11
Filtering

• Characteristics of ideal filters:


low-pass high-pass

band-pass band-stop

• Passive and active Low-pass filter:

12
Wheatstone bridge

• When the output voltage Vo is zero


(bridge is balanced), then:

• Now consider what happens when one of


the resistances changes from this
balanced condition.

13
Wheatstone bridge

• Consider resistance R1 to be a sensor which has a


resistance change. A change in resistance from R1 to R1 +
!R1 gives a change in output from Vo to !Vo where

• Hence,

14
Example

• Consider a platinum resistance temperature sensor which has a


resistance at 0°C of 100 and forms one arm of a Wheatstone bridge.
• If the temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum is 0.0039/K.
• The supply voltage, with negligible internal resistance, is 6.0 V.
• The variation of the resistance of the platinum with temperature can be
represented by:

• Thus,
!"".$% !""
!Vo = 6× − = 5.84 mV
&"".$% &""

15
Temperature compensation

• consider a load cell with four strain


gauges arranged as shown.
• The gauges have a gauge factor of 2.1
and a resistance of 100 Ω.
• The ratio of the transverse to
longitudinal strains is called Poisson’s
ratio and is usually about 0.3).
• The compressive gauges suffer a strain of -1.0 × 10-5
• For a gauge subject to the compressive strain

• For a gauge subject to tension we have

16
Temperature compensation

• We now have each of the resistors changing. We can, however, neglect the
changes in relation to the denominators

• Neglecting products of ! terms and since we have R1R4 = R2R3

17
Temperature compensation

18
Pulse Modulation

• Pulse amplitude modulation: (to overcome gain drift)

• Pulse width modulation (PWM): (for voltage control)


duty cycle 50% duty cycle 25%.

19
Grounding

• A ground loop:

• Isolation using an
optoisolator:

• Isolation using a
transformer:

20
Interference

• Use of a shielded cable to minimize electrostatic interference.

• Twisted pair of cables to minimize electromagnetic interference.

21
Examples

• Example: Design an operational amplifier circuit that can be used to


produce an output that ranges from 0 to -5 V when the input goes from
0 to 100 mV.
'!"# (& (& )*
• Solution: use inverting amplifier: =− thus, =− = 50
'$% (' (' ".!

• Example: A differential amplifier is to have a voltage gain of 100.


What will be the feedback resistance required if the input resistances
are both 1 kΩ?
(&
• Solution: = 100 → R2 = 100 R1 = 100 kΩ
('

• Example: A differential amplifier has a differential voltage gain of


2000 and a common mode gain of 0.2. What is the common mode
rejection ratio in dB?.
+( &"""
• Solution: CMRR = 20 log = 20 log = 80 dB.
+)* ".&
22
Examples

• Example: A differential amplifier is used


with a thermocouple sensor in the way
shown. What values of R1 and R2 would
give a circuit which has an output of 10
mV for a temperature difference between
the thermocouple junctions of 100°C with
a copper–constantan thermocouple if the
thermocouple is assumed to have a
constant sensitivity of 43 (V/ °C?
(&
• Solution: Vout = )& − )!
('
(&
10×10-3 = 43×10−6×100
('
(&
= 2.3256
('

23

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