One-Dimensional Flow

One-dimensional flow :
Flow in which the flow field properties vary only with one coordinate
direction—i.e., p, ρ, T, and the velocity u are functions of x only

Fig. Diagram of a normal shock.

Comparison between one-dimensional and
quasi-one-dimensional flows

Constant area stream tube Variable area stream tube

A truly one-dimensional flow, where the A flow, where the area varies as A = A(x)
flow field variables are a function of x but where it is assumed that p, ρ, T, and u
only are still functions of x only
One-dimensional flow Quasi One-dimensional flow
ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW EQUATIONS
 Consider the flow through a one-dimensional region, as represented by the shaded area
 Region may be a normal shock wave, or it may be a
region with heat addition
 The flow properties change as a function of x as the gas
flows through the region To the left of the region:
u1, p1, T1, ρ1, and e1
To the right of the region:
u2, p2, T2, ρ2, and e2

Since the flow is one-dimensional,

 u1, p1, T1, ρ1, and e1 are uniform over the left-hand side of the control volume
 u2, p2, T2, ρ2, and e2 are uniform over the right-hand side of the control volume

Assumption:
1.The left- and right-hand sides each have an area equal to A perpendicular to the flow
2. The flow is steady 3. No Body forces
ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW EQUATIONS
Continuity Equation

   V.dS    dv
t v
 
s
For steady flow
t
0
  V.dS  0
s
The surface integral over the left-hand side, where V and
ds are parallel but in opposite directions, we obtain −ρ1u1a
Fig. Rectangular control volume
Over the right-hand side, where V and ds are parallel and for one-dimensional flow.
in the same direction, we obtain ρ2u2 A.
The upper and lower horizontal faces of the control volume both contribute nothing to the
surface integral because V and dS are perpendicular to each other on these faces
1u1 A  2u2 A  0
1u1  2u2
Momentum Equation
The momentum equation
   V
   V dSV  
s v
t
dv   fdv    pdS
v s

 
For steady flow 0 Assumption: No body forces, the third term is zero
t

   V dSV    pdS
s s
Equation is a vector equation. For one-dimensional flow, consider only the scalar
x component of the above equation

   V dSu     pdS 
s s
x
    V dS u     pdS x
s s

 The expression (pds)x is the x component of the vector pdS

 Evaluating the surface integrals in Equation over the left-

and right-hand sides of the dashed control volume in
Figure, we obtain
1  u1 A u1   2  u2 A u2     P1 A  P2 A

P1   u  P2   u
2
1 1
2
2 2

The momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow

Energy Equation
The energy equation
  V2   V2 
v q dV  s  pdS   V  v   f  V dv  v   e  2  dv  s   e  2 V dS
t
 The first term on the left physically represents the total
rate of heat added to the gas inside the control volume.
 For simplicity, let us denote this volume integral by Q̇
 The third and fourth terms are zero because of zero
body forces and steady flow, respectively
 V2 
Q   pV  dS     e  V dS
s s  2 
 Evaluating the surface integrals over the left- and right-hand faces of the control
volume in Figure
 u12   u22 
Q    p1u1 A  p2u2 A   1  e1   u1 A  2  e2   u2 A
 2  2
 Q  u12   u22 
 p1u1  1  e1   u1  p2u2  2  e2   u2 A
A  2  2

Dividing by Equation 1u1  2u2

Q p1 u12 p2 u22
  e1    e2 
1u1 A 1 2 2 2
 Q̇ is the net rate of heat (energy/s) added to the control volume, and
ρ1u1A is the mass flow (mass/s) through the control volume. h  e  pv
 Hence, the ratio Q̇∕ρ1u1A is simply the heat added per unit mass, q

u12 u22
h1   q  h2 
2 2
Energy equation for steady one-dimensional flow
The governing fundamental equations for steady
one-dimensional flow
1u1  2u2
P1   u  P2   u
2
1 1
2
2 2
2 2
u u
h1   q  h2 
1 2
2 2
Algebraic equations that relate properties at two different locations, 1 and 2, along a one-
dimensional, constant-area flow
Mass is conserved
Force equals time rate of change of momentum

Energy is conserved
Some conveniently defined flow parameters
Characteristic conditions
 Consider point A in an arbitrary flow field, as sketched in figure
 At this point a fluid element is traveling at some Mach number
M, velocity V, with a static pressure and temperature p and T,
respectively.
 Let us now imagine that we take this fluid element and
adiabatically slow it down (if M > 1) or speed it up (if M < 1)
until its Mach number at point a is 1 ( M=1)
 The temperature will change. When the fluid element arrives at
M = 1 (in our imagination) from its initial state at M and T (its
real properties at point A), the new temperature (that it has in our
imagination at Mach 1) is defined as T *.
 The speed of sound at this hypothetical Mach 1 condition as
a*,
Stagnation conditions ( Total conditions)
 Consider a fluid element at point A with velocity,
temperature, and pressure equal to V, T, and p, respectively.
 Isentropically slow this fluid element to zero velocity, i.e.,
let us stagnate the fluid element.
 The pressure and temperature which the fluid element
achieves when V=0 are defined as total pressure po and total
temperature To, respectively. (stagnation pressure and
temperature; the adjectives “stagnation” and “total” are
synonymous.)
 Both po and To are properties associated with the fluid
element while it is in actuality moving at velocity V with an
actual pressure and temperature equal to p and T,
respectively.
 The actual p and T are called static pressure and static
temperature, respectively, and are ramifications of the
random molecular motion at point A
SOME CONVENIENTLY DEFINED
FLOW PARAMETERS

Characteristic Mach number

Stagnation speed of sound

Total (or stagnation) density

Alternative forms of the Energy equation
u12 u22
h1   q  h2 
2 2
2 2
u u
Assuming no heat addition h1  1  h2  2
2 2
For calorically perfect gas h  c pT
u12 u22 R
c pT1   c pT2  cp 
2 2  1
 RT1 u12  RT2 u22
  
 1 2  1 2
p
a
Since a   RT 
  p1  u12   p2  u22
    
2 2 2 2
a u a u
1
  1
 2 2
  1  1  2   1  2  2
 1 2  1 2
   p1  u12   p2  u22
    
  1  1  2   1  2  2
 Point 1: Point A
 Point 2: Our imagined conditions where the fluid
element is brought adiabatically to Mach 1 at point A.
 At Point A:
The actual speed of sound “ a ”
The flow velocity “ u ”
 At the imagined condition of Mach 1 (point 2 in the
above equation), the speed of sound is a* and the flow
velocity is sonic, hence u2 = a *.
a2 u2 a*2 a*2
  
 1 2  1 2
a 2
u   1 *2
2
  a
  1 2 2   1
 u12 u22
c pT1   c pT2 
 Point 1: Point A in Figure 2 2
 Point 2: Imagined conditions where the fluid element is
brought to rest isentropically at point A.
 At point A: T and u are the actual values of static temperature
and velocity, respectively, then T1 = T and u1 = u.
 From definition of total conditions, u2 = 0 and T2 = To.
u2
c pT   c pT0
2
 1 u 
2 2 2 2
T0 u u u
 1  1  1 2  1   R
T 2c pT 2 RT   1 2a   1 2 a cp 
 1
T0  1 2
 1 M
T 2
The ratio of total to static temperature at a point in a flow as a function of the Mach number M
at that point
Ratios of total to static properties
T0  1 2
 1 M
T 2
1  1
   1  0   T0 
p0  0   T0    T 
       
p    T 
  1
p0    1 2 
 1  M 
p  2 
1  1
0    1 2 
 1  M 
  2 

The ratios of total to static pressure and density, respectively, at a point in the
flow as a function of Mach number M at that point
Isentropic flow properties
T0  1 2
 1 M
T 2
  1
p0    1 2 
 1  M 
p  2 
1  1
0    1 2 
 1  M 
  2 

Function of M for γ= 1.4

(which corresponds to air at
standard conditions).
Additional equations a12 u12 a22 u22
  
 1 2  1 2

a2 u2 a02
  where ao is the stagnation speed of sound
 1 2  1
  1 *2 a 2 a2 u2
 
  1 *2
a  0
  1 2 2   1
a
2   1  1
Solving for a*∕ao, 2
 a  T*
*
2
   
 a0  T0   1
  1 1  1
p  2 
*
  2 
*
   
p0    1  0    1 
Relation between the actual Mach number M and
the Characteristic Mach number M *
T* 2
For air at standard conditions, where γ = 1.4, these ratios are 
T0   1
T* p*
 *
 0.833  0.634
  1
 0.528 p  2 
*

T0 p0 0 p0    1 

  1 *2
1  1
a 2
u 2
  2 
*

  
a 0    1 
  1 2 2   1
Dividing the above equation by u2, we have
a u 1
2
  1  a* 
2
1 M     1  1   1
2 2

 
  1 2 2   1  u    1 2   1  M *  2

2
M  2 Characteristic
  1 M *2     1 Mach number M *
Relation between the actual Mach number M and
the Characteristic Mach number M *
2
M 2

  1 M     1
*2

M* 1 if M  1
M* 1 if M  1
 1
M*  if M  
 1
 Hence, qualitatively, M* acts in the same fashion as M, except when M goes to
infinity
 For shock and expansion waves, M* will be a useful parameter because it
approaches a finite number as M approaches infinity