Top 100 python interview questions:-

Basic Python Interview Questions for Freshers:-

1. What is Python?
 Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive,
and object-oriented scripting language. It uses
English keywords frequently. Whereas, other
languages use punctuation, Python has fewer
syntactic constructions.
 Python is designed to be
highly readable and compatible with different
platforms such as Mac, Windows, Linux, Raspberry
Pi, etc.

2. Python is an interpreted language. Explain.?

An interpreted language is any programming language
that executes its statements line by line. Programs
written in Python run directly from the source code,
with no intermediary compilation step.

3. What is the difference between lists and tuples?

Lists Tuples
Lists are mutable, i.e., Tuples are immutable (they
they can be edited are lists that cannot be edited)
Lists are usually slower Tuples are faster than lists
than tuples
Lists consume a lot of Tuples consume less memory
memory when compared to lists
Lists are less reliable in Tuples are more reliable as it is
terms of errors as hard for any unexpected
unexpected changes change to occur
are more likely to occur
Lists consist of many Tuples do not consist of any
built-in functions. built-in functions.
Syntax: Syntax:
list_1 = [10, ‘Intellipaat’, tup_1 = (10, ‘Intellipaat’ , 20)
20]

4. What is pep 8?
PEP in Python stands for Python Enhancement
Proposal. It is a set of rules that specify how to write
and design Python code for maximum readability.

5. What are the Key features of Python?

The key features of Python are as follows:

 Python is an interpreted language, so it doesn’t

need to be compiled before execution,
unlike languages such as C.
 Python is dynamically typed, so there is no need to
declare a variable with the data type. Python
Interpreter will identify the data type on the basis
of the value of the variable.
For example, in Python, the following code line will run
without any error:
a = 100
a = "Intellipaat"
 Python follows an object-oriented
programming paradigm with the exception of
having access specifiers. Other than access
specifiers (public and private keywords), Python
has classes, inheritance, and all other usual OOPs
concepts.
  Python is a cross-platform language, i.e., a Python
program written on a Windows system will also
run on a Linux system with little or no
modifications at all.
 Python is literally a general-purpose language, i.e.,
Python finds its way in various domains such as
web application development, automation, Data
Science, Machine Learning, and more.

6. How is Memory managed in Python?

 Memory in Python is managed by Python’s private
heap space. All Python objects and data structures
are located in a private heap. This private heap is
taken care of by Python Interpreter itself, and a
programmer doesn’t have access to this private
heap.
 Python memory manager takes care of the
allocation of Python private heap space.
 Memory for Python private heap space is made
available by Python’s in-built garbage collector,
which recycles and frees up all the unused
memory.

7. What is PYTHONPATH?
PYTHONPATH has a role similar to PATH. This variable
tells Python Interpreter where to locate the module
files imported into a program. It should include the
Python source library directory and the directories
containing Python source code. PYTHONPATH is
sometimes preset by Python Installer.

8. What are Python Modules?

Files containing Python codes are referred to as Python
Modules. This code can either be classes, functions, or
variables and saves the programmer time by providing
the predefined functionalities when needed. It is a file
with “.py” extension containing an executable code.
Commonly used built modules are listed below:
 os
 sys
 data time
 math
 random
 JSON

9. What are python namespaces?

A Python namespace ensures that object names in a
program are unique and can be used without any
conflict. Python implements these namespaces as
dictionaries with ‘name as key’ mapped to its
respective ‘object as value’.
Let’s explore some examples of namespaces:
 Local Namespace consists of local names inside a
function. It is temporarily created for a function
call and gets cleared once the function returns.
 Global Namespace consists of names from various
imported modules/packages that are being used in
the ongoing project. It is created once the package
is imported into the script and survives till the
execution of the script.
 Built-in Namespace consists of built-in functions of
core Python and dedicated built-in names for
various types of exceptions.

10. Explain Inheritance in Python with an example?

As Python follows an object-oriented programming
paradigm, classes in Python have the ability to inherit
the properties of another class. This process is known
as inheritance. Inheritance provides the code
reusability feature. The class that is being inherited is
called a superclass or the parent class, and the class
that inherits the superclass is called a derived or child
class. The following types of inheritance are supported
in Python:

 Single inheritance: When a class inherits only one

superclass
 Multiple inheritance: When a class inherits
multiple superclasses
 Multilevel inheritance: When a class inherits a
superclass, and then another class inherits this
derived class forming a ‘parent, child, and
grandchild’ class structure
 Hierarchical inheritance: When one superclass is
inherited by multiple derived classes

11. What is scope resolution?

A scope is a block of code where an object in Python
remains relevant.Each and every object of python
functions within its respective scope.As Namespaces
uniquely identify all the objects inside a program but
these namespaces also have a scope defined for them
where you could use their objects without any prefix. It
defines the accessibility and the lifetime of a variable.
Let’s have a look on scope created as the time of code
execution:
 A local scope refers to the local objects included in
the current function.
 A global scope refers to the objects that are
available throughout execution of the code.
 A module-level scope refers to the global objects
that are associated with the current module in the
program.
 An outermost scope refers to all the available built-
in names callable in the program.

12. What is a dictionary in Python?

Python dictionary is one of the supported data types in
Python. It is an unordered collection of elements. The
elements in dictionaries are stored as key-value pairs.
Dictionaries are indexed by keys.
For example, below we have a dictionary named ‘dict’.
It contains two keys, Country and Capital, along with
their corresponding values, India and New Delhi.
Syntax:
dict={‘Country’:’India’,’Capital’:’New Delhi’, }
Output: Country: India, Capital: New Delhi

13. What are functions in Python?

A function is a block of code which is executed only
when a call is made to the function. def keyword is
used to define a particular function as shown below:
def function():
print("Hi, Welcome to Intellipaat")
function(); # call to the function
Output:
Hi, Welcome to Intellipaat

14. What is __init__ in Python?

Equivalent to constructors in OOP terminology, __init__
is a reserved method in Python classes. The __init__
method is called automatically whenever a new object
is initiated. This method allocates memory to the new
object as soon as it is created. This method can also be
used to initialize variables.
Syntax
(for defining the __init__ method):
class Human:
# init method or constructor
def __init__(self, age):
self.age = age
# Sample Method
def say(self):
print('Hello, my age is', self.age)
h= Human(22)
h.say()
Output:
Hello, my age is 22

15. What are the common built-in data types in

Python?
Python supports the below-mentioned built-in data
types:
Immutable data types:
  Number
 String
 Tuple
Mutable data types:
 List
 Dictionary
 Set

16. What are local variables and global variables in

Python?
Local variable: Any variable declared inside a function
is known as Local variable and it’s accessibility remains
inside that function only.
Global Variable: Any variable declared outside the
function is known as Global variable and it can be easily
accessible by any function present throughout the
program.
g=4 #global variable
def func_multiply():
l=5 #local variable
m=g*l
return m
func_multiply()
Output: 20
If you try to access the local variable outside the
multiply function then you will end up with getting an
error.

17. What is type conversion in Python?

Python provides you with a much-needed functionality
of converting one form of data type into the needed
one and this is known as type conversion.
Type Conversion is classified into types:
1. Implicit Type Conversion: In this form of type
conversion python interpreter helps in automatically
converting the data type into another data type
without any User involvement.
2. Explicit Type Conversion: In this form of Type
conversion the data type inn changed into a required
type by the user.
Various Functions of explicit conversion are shown
below:
int() – function converts any data type into integer.
float() – function converts any data type into float.
ord() – function returns an integer representing the
Unicode character

hex() – function converts integers to hexadecimal

strings.

oct() – function converts integer to octal strings.

tuple() – function convert to a tuple.

set() – function returns the type after converting to set.

list() – function converts any data type to a list type.

dict() – function is used to convert a tuple of order

(key,value) into a dictionary.

str() – function used to convert integer into a string.

complex(real,imag) – function used to convert real

numbers to complex(real,imag) numbers.
18. How to install Python on Windows and set a path
variable?
For installing Python on Windows, follow the steps
shown below:
 Click on this link for installing the python:
Download Python
 After that, install it on your PC by looking for the
location where PYTHON has been installed on your
PC by executing the following command on
command prompt;
cmd python.
 Visit advanced system settings and after that add a
new variable and name it as PYTHON_NAME and
paste the path that has been copied.
 Search for the path variable -> select its value and
then select ‘edit’.
 Add a semicolon at the end of the value if it’s not
present and then type %PYTHON_HOME%

19. What is the difference between Python Arrays and

lists?
List Array
Consists of elements Consists of only those
belonging to different data elements having the same
types data type
No need to import a Need to explicitly import a
module for list declaration module for array
declaration
Can be nested to have Must have all nested
different type of elements elements of the same size
Recommended to use for Recommended to use for
shorter sequence of data longer sequence of data
items items
More flexible to allow easy Less flexible since addition
modification (addition or or deletion has to be done
deletion) of data element-wise
Consumes large memory Comparatively more
for the addition of compact in memory size
elements while inserting elements
Can be printed entirely A loop has to be defined to
without using looping print or access the
components
Syntax: Syntax:
list = [1,”Hello”,[‘a’,’e’]] import array
array_demo =
 array.array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3])
(array as integer type)

20. Is python case sensitive?

Yes, Python is a case sensitive language. This means
that Function and function both are different in
pythons like SQL and Pascal.

21. What does [::-1] do?

[::-1] ,this is an example of slice notation and helps to
reverse the sequence with the help of indexing.
[Start,stop,step count]
Let’s understand with an example of an array:
import array as arr
Array_d=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
Array_d[::-1] #reverse the array or sequence
Output: 5,4,3,2,1

22. What are Python packages?

A Python package refers to the collection of different
sub-packages and modules based on the similarities of
the function.
23. What are decorators in Python?
In Python, decorators are necessary functions that help
add functionality to an existing function without
changing the structure of the function at all. These are
represented by @decorator_name in Python and are
called in a bottom-up format.
Let’s have a look how it works:
def decorator_lowercase(function): # defining python
decorator
def wrapper():
func = function()
input_lowercase = func.lower()
return input_lowercase
return wrapper
@decorator_lowercase ##calling decoractor
def intro(): #Normal function
return 'Hello,I AM SAM'
hello()
Output: ‘hello,i am sam’

24. Is indentation required in Python?

Indentation in Python is compulsory and is part of its
syntax.
All programming languages have some way of defining
the scope and extent of the block of codes. In Python,
it is indentation. Indentation provides better readability
to the code, which is probably why Python has made it
compulsory.

25. How does break, continue, and pass work?

These statements help to change the phase of
execution from the normal flow that is why they are
termed loop control statements.
Python break: This statement helps terminate the loop
or the statement and pass the control to the next
statement.
Python continue: This statement helps force the
execution of the next iteration when a specific
condition meets, instead of terminating it.
Python pass: This statement helps write the code
syntactically and wants to skip the execution. It is also
considered a null operation as nothing happens when
you execute the pass statement.
26. How can you randomize the items of a list in place
in Python?
This can be easily achieved by using
the Shuffle() function from the random library as
shown below:
from random import shuffle
List = ['He', 'Loves', 'To', 'Code', 'In', 'Python']
shuffle(List)
print(List)
Output: [‘Loves’,’He’ ,’To ,’In’, ‘Python’,’Code’]

27. How to comment with multiple lines in Python?

To add a multiple lines comment in python, all the line
should be prefixed by #.

28. What type of language is python? Programming or

scripting?
Generally, Python is an all purpose Programming
Language ,in addition to that Python is also Capable to
perform scripting.

29. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
To access an element from ordered sequences, we
simply use the index of the element, which is the
position number of that particular element. The index
usually starts from 0, i.e., the first element has index 0,
the second has 1, and so on.

When we use the index to access elements from the

end of a list, it’s called reverse indexing. In reverse
indexing, the indexing of elements starts from the last
element with the index number ‘−1’. The second last
element has index ‘−2’, and so on. These indexes used
in reverse indexing are called negative indexes.

Python Intermediate Interview Questions:-

30. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re”
module in Python?
These methods belong to the Python RegEx or ‘re’
module and are used to modify strings.
  split(): This method is used to split a given string
into a list.
 sub(): This method is used to find a substring
where a regex pattern matches, and then it
replaces the matched substring with a different
string.
 subn(): This method is similar to the sub() method,
but it returns the new string, along with the
number of replacements.

31. What do you mean by Python literals?

Literals refer to the data which will be provided to a
given in a variable or constant.
Literals supported by python are listed below:
String Literals
These literals are formed by enclosing text in the single
or double quotes.
For Example:
“Intellipaat”
‘45879’
Numeric Literals
Python numeric literals support three types of literals
Integer:I=10
Float: i=5.2
Complex:1.73j
Boolean Literals
Boolean literals help to denote boolean values. It
contains either True or False.
x=True

32. What is a map function in Python?

The map() function in Python has two parameters,
function and iterable. The map() function takes a
function as an argument and then applies that function
to all the elements of an iterable, passed to it as
another argument. It returns an object list of results.
For example:
def calculateSq(n):
return n*n
numbers = (2, 3, 4, 5)
result = map( calculateSq, numbers)
print(result)

33. What are the generators in python?

Generator refers to the function that returns an
iterable set of items.

34. What are python iterators?

These are the certain objects that are easily traversed
and iterated when needed.

35. Do we need to declare variables with data types in

Python?
No. Python is a dynamically typed language, I.E.,
Python Interpreter automatically identifies the data
type of a variable based on the type of value assigned
to the variable.

36. What are Dict and List comprehensions?

Python comprehensions are like decorators, that help
to build altered and filtered lists, dictionaries, or sets
from a given list, dictionary, or set. Comprehension
saves a lot of time and code that might be considerably
more complex and time-consuming.
Comprehensions are beneficial in the following
scenarios:
  Performing mathematical operations on the entire
list
 Performing conditional filtering operations on the
entire list
 Combining multiple lists into one
 Flattening a multi-dimensional list
For example:
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list] # list comprehension
# output => [4 , 9 , 25 , 49 , 121]

squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list} # dict

comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 2: 4 , 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}

37. How do you write comments in python?

Python Comments are the statement used by the
programmer to increase the readability of the code.
With the help of #, you can define the single comment
and the other way to do commenting is to use the
docstrings(strings enclosed within triple quotes).
For example:
#Comments in Python
print("Comments in Python ")

38. Is multiple inheritance supported in Python?

Yes, unlike Java, Python provides users with a wide
range of support in terms of inheritance and its usage.
Multiple inheritance refers to a scenario where a class
is instantiated from more than one individual parent
class. This provides a lot of functionality and
advantages to users.

39. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Functions in Python, range() and xrange() are used to
iterate in a for loop for a fixed number of times.
Functionality-wise, both these functions are the same.
The difference comes when talking about Python
version support for these functions and their return
values.
range() Method xrange() Method
In Python 3, xrange() is not The xrange() function is
supported; instead, the used in Python 2 to
range() function is used to iterate in for loops
iterate in for loops
It returns a list It returns a generator
object as it doesn’t really
generate a static list at
the run time
It takes more memory as it It takes less memory as it
keeps the entire list of keeps only one number
iterating numbers in memory at a time in memory

40. What is pickling and unpickling?

The Pickle module accepts the Python object and
converts it into a string representation and stores it
into a file by using the dump function. This process is
called pickling. On the other hand, the process of
retrieving the original Python objects from the string
representation is called unpickling.

41. What do you understand by Tkinter?

Tkinter is a built-in Python module that is used to
create GUI applications. It is Python’s standard toolkit
for GUI development. Tkinter comes with Python, so
there is no separate installation needed. You can start
using it by importing it in your script.
42. Is Python fully object oriented?
Python does follow an object-oriented programming
paradigm and has all the basic OOPs concepts such as
inheritance, polymorphism, and more, with the
exception of access specifiers. Python doesn’t support
strong encapsulation (adding a private keyword before
data members). Although, it has a convention that can
be used for data hiding, i.e., prefixing a data member
with two underscores.

43. Differentiate between NumPy and SciPy?

NumPy SciPy
NumPy stands for Numerical SciPy stands for Scientific
Python Python
It is used for efficient and This module is a
general numeric collection of tools in
computations on numerical Python used to perform
data saved in arrays. E.g., operations such as
sorting, indexing, reshaping, integration,
and more differentiation, and more
There are some linear Full-fledged algebraic
algebraic functions available functions are available in
in this module, but they are SciPy for algebraic
not full-fledged computations

44. Explain all file processing modes supported in

Python?
Python has various file processing modes.
For opening files, there are three modes:
 read-only mode (r)
 write-only mode (w)
 read–write mode (rw)
For opening a text file using the above modes, we will
have to append ‘t’ with them as follows:
 read-only mode (rt)
 write-only mode (wt)
 read–write mode (rwt)
Similarly, a binary file can be opened by appending ‘b’
with them as follows:
 read-only mode (rb)
 write-only mode (wb)
 read–write mode (rwb)
To append the content in the files, we can use the
append mode (a):
 For text files, the mode would be ‘at’
 For binary files, it would be ‘ab’

45. What do file-related modules in Python do? Can

you name some file-related modules in Python?
Python comes with some file-related modules that
have functions to manipulate text files and binary files
in a file system. These modules can be used to create
text or binary files, update their content, copy, delete,
and more.
Some file-related modules are os, os.path, and
shutil.os. The os.path module has functions to access
the file system, while the shutil.os module can be used
to copy or delete files.
46. Explain the use of the 'with' statement and its
syntax?
In Python, using the ‘with’ statement, we can open a
file and close it as soon as the block of code, where
‘with’ is used, exits. In this way, we can opt for not
using the close() method.
with open("filename", "mode") as file_var:

47. Write a code to display the contents of a file in

reverse?
To display the contents of a file in reverse, the following
code can be used:
for line in reversed(list(open(filename.txt))):
print(line.rstrip())

48. Which of the following is an invalid statement?

1. xyz = 1,000,000
2. x y z = 1000 2000 3000
3. x,y,z = 1000, 2000, 3000
4. x_y_z = 1,000,000
Ans. 2 statement is invalid.
49. Write a command to open the file c:\hello.txt for
writing?
Command:
f= open(“hello.txt”, “wt”)

50. What does len() do?

len() is an inbuilt function used to calculate the length
of sequences like list, python string, and array.
my _list=[1,2,3,4,5]
len(my_list)

51. What does *args and **kwargs mean?

 .*args: It is used to pass multiple arguments in a
function.
 **kwargs: It is used to pass multiple keyworded
arguments in a function in python.

52. How will you remove duplicate elements from a

list?
To remove duplicate elements from the list we use the
set() function.
Consider the below example:
demo_list=[5,4,4,6,8,12,12,1,5]
unique_list = list(set(demo_list))
output:[1,5,6,8,12]

53. How can files be deleted in Python?

You need to import the OS Module and use
os.remove() function for deleting a file in python.
consider the code below:
import os
os.remove("file_name.txt")

54. How will you read a random line in a file?

We can read a random line in a file using the random
module.
For example:
import random
def read_random(fname):
lines = open(fname).read().splitlines()
return random.choice(lines)
print(read_random (‘hello.txt’))
55. Write a Python program to count the total number
of lines in a text file?
def file_count(fname):
with open(fname) as f:
for i, 1 in enumerate(f):
paas
return i+1
print(“Total number of lines in the text file: ”,
file_count(“file.txt”))

56. What would be the output if I run the following

code block?
list1 = [2, 33, 222, 14, 25]
print(list1[-2])
1. 14
2. 33
3. 25
4. Error
Ans. output:14

57. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

Operators are referred to as special functions that take
one or more values(operands) and produce a
corresponding result.
 is: returns the true value when both the operands
are true (Example: “x” is ‘x’)
 not: returns the inverse of the boolean value based
upon the operands (example:”1” returns “0” and
vice-versa.
 In: helps to check if the element is present in a
given Sequence or not.

58. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory

de-allocated?
 Whenever Python exits, especially those Python
modules which are having circular references to
other objects or the objects that are referenced
from the global namespaces are not always de-
allocated or freed.
 It is not possible to de-allocate those portions of
memory that are reserved by the C library.
 On exit, because of having its own efficient clean
up mechanism, Python would try to de-allocate
every object.
59. How can the ternary operators be used in python?
The ternary operator is the operator that is used to
show conditional statements in Python. This consists of
the boolean true or false values with a statement that
has to be checked.
Syntax:
[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]x, y = 10, 20
count = x if x < y else y
Explanation:
The above expression is evaluated like if x<y else y, in
this case, if x<y is true then the value is returned as
count=x and if it is incorrect then count=y will be
stored to result.

60. How to add values to a python array?

In python, adding elements in an array can be easily
done with the help of extend(),append() and insert()
functions.
Consider the following example:
x=arr.array('d', [11.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )
x.append(10.1)
print(x) #[11.1,2.1,3.1,10.1]
x.extend([8.3,1.3,5.3])
print(x) #[11.1,2.1,3.1,10.1,8.3,1.3,5.3]
x.insert(2,6.2)
print(x) # [11.1,2.1,6.2,3.1,10.1,8.3,1.3,5.3]

61. How to remove values to a python array?

Elements can be removed from the python array using
pop() or remove() methods.
pop(): This function will return the removed element .
remove():It will not return the removed element.
Consider the below example :
x=arr.array('d', [8.1, 2.4, 6.8, 1.1, 7.7, 1.2, 3.6])
print(x.pop())
print(x.pop(3))
x.remove(8.1)
print(x)
Output:
3.6
1.1 # element popped at 3 rd index
array('d', [ 2.4, 6.8, 7.7, 1.2])

62. Write a code to sort a numerical list in Python?

The following code can be used to sort a numerical list
in Python:
list = [“2”, “5”, “7”, “8”, “1”]
list = [int(i) for i in list]
list.sort()
print (list)

63. Can you write an efficient code to count the

number of capital letters in a file?
The normal solution for this problem statement would
be as follows:
with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as countletter:
count = 0
text = countletter.read()
for character in text:
if character.isupper():
count += 1
To make this code more efficient, the whole code block
can be converted into a one-liner code using the
feature called generator expression. With this, the
equivalent code line of the above code block would be
as follows:
count sum(1 for line in countletter for character in line
if character.isupper())

64. How will you reverse a list in Python?

The function list.reverse() reverses the objects of a list.

65. How will you remove the last object from a list in
Python?
list.pop(obj=list[-1]):
Here, −1 represents the last element of the list. Hence,
the pop() function removes the last object (obj) from
the list.

66. How can you generate random numbers in

Python?
This achieved with importing the random module,it is
the module that is used to generate random numbers.
Syntax:
import random
random.random # returns the floating point random
number between the range of [0,1].
67. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?
lower() function is used to convert a string to
lowercase.
For Example:
demo_string='ROSES'
print(demo_string.lower())

68. Why would you use NumPy arrays instead of lists

in Python?
NumPy arrays provide users with three main
advantages as shown below:
 NumPy arrays consume a lot less memory, thereby
making the code more efficient.
 NumPy arrays execute faster and do not add heavy
processing to the runtime.
 NumPy has a highly readable syntax, making it
easy and convenient for programmers.

69. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Polymorphism is the ability of the code to take multiple
forms. Let’s say, if the parent class has a method
named XYZ then the child class can also have a method
with the same name XYZ having its own variables and
parameters.

70. Define encapsulation in Python?

encapsulation in Python refers to the process of
wrapping up the variables and different functions into a
single entity or capsule.Python class is the best
example of encapsulation in python.

71. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over

(nested) Python lists?
Nested Lists:
 Python lists are efficient general-purpose
containers that sup
 port efficient operations like
insertion,appending,deletion and concatenation.
 The limitations of lists are that they don’t support
“vectorized” operations like element wise addition
and multiplication, and the fact that they can
contain objects of differing types mean that
Python must store type information for every
element, and must execute type dispatching code
when operating on each element.
Numpy:
 NumPy is more efficient and more convenient as
you get a lot of vector and matrix operations for
free, which helps to avoid unnecessary work and
complexity of the code.Numpy is also efficiently
implemented when compared to nested
 NumPy array is faster and contains a lot of built-in
functions which will help in FFTs, convolutions, fast
searching, linear algebra,basic statistics,
histograms,etc.

Advanced Python Interview Questions for

Experienced Professionals:-

72. What is the lambda function in Python?

A lambda function is an anonymous function (a
function that does not have a name) in Python. To
define anonymous functions, we use the ‘lambda’
keyword instead of the ‘def’ keyword, hence the name
‘lambda function’. Lambda functions can have any
number of arguments but only one statement.
For example:
l = lambda x,y : x*y
print(a(5, 6))
Output:30

73. What is self in Python?

Self is an object or an instance of a class. This is
explicitly included as the first parameter in Python. On
the other hand, in Java it is optional. It helps
differentiate between the methods and attributes of a
class with local variables.
The self variable in the init method refers to the newly
created object, while in other methods, it refers to the
object whose method was called.
Syntax:
Class A:
def func(self):
print(“Hi”)

74. What is the difference between append() and

extend() methods?
Both append() and extend() methods are methods
used to add elements at the end of a list.
 append(element): Adds the given element at the
end of the list that called this append() method
  extend(another-list): Adds the elements of another
list at the end of the list that called this extend()
method

75. How does Python Flask handle database requests?

Flask supports a database-powered application (RDBS).
Such a system requires creating a schema, which needs
piping the schema.sql file into the sqlite3 command.
Python developers need to install the sqlite3 command
to create or initiate the database in Flask.
Flask allows to request for a database in three ways:
 before_request(): They are called before a request
and pass no arguments.
 after_request(): They are called after a request and
pass the response that will be sent to the client.
 teardown_request(): They are called in a situation
when an exception is raised and responses are not
guaranteed. They are called after the response has
been constructed. They are not allowed to modify
the request, and their values are ignored.

76. What is docstring in Python?

Python lets users include a description (or quick notes)
for their methods using documentation strings or
docstrings. Docstrings are different from regular
comments in Python as, rather than being completely
ignored by the Python Interpreter like in the case of
comments, these are defined within triple quotes.
Syntax:
"""
Using docstring as a comment.
This code add two numbers
"""
x=7
y=9
z=x+y
print(z)

77. How is Multithreading achieved in Python?

Python has a multi-threading package ,but commonly
not considered as good practice to use it as it will result
in increased code execution time.
 Python has a constructor called the Global
Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL ensures that only
one of your ‘threads’ can execute at one time.The
 process makes sure that a thread acquires the GIL,
does a little work, then passes the GIL onto the
next thread.
 This happens at a very Quick instance of time and
that’s why to the human eye it seems like your
threads are executing parallely, but in reality they
are executing one by one by just taking turns using
the same CPU core.

78. What is slicing in Python?

Slicing is a process used to select a range of elements
from sequence data type like list, string and tuple.
Slicing is beneficial and easy to extract out the
elements. It requires a : (colon) which separates the
start index and end index of the field. All the data
sequence types List or tuple allows us to use slicing to
get the needed elements. Although we can get
elements by specifying an index, we get only a single
element whereas using slicing we can get a group or
appropriate range of needed elements.
Syntax:
List_name[start:stop]
79. What is functional programming? Does Python
follow a functional programming style? If yes, list a
few methods to implement functionally oriented
programming in Python.
Functional programming is a coding style where the
main source of logic in a program comes from
functions.
Incorporating functional programming in our codes
means writing pure functions.
Pure functions are functions that cause little or no
changes outside the scope of the function. These
changes are referred to as side effects. To reduce side
effects, pure functions are used, which makes the code
easy-to-follow, test, or debug.
Python does follow a functional programming style.
Following are some examples of functional
programming in Python.
filter(): Filter lets us filter some values based on a
conditional logic.
list(filter(lambda x:x>6,range(9))) [7, 8]
map(): Map applies a function to every element in an
iterable.
list(map(lambda x:x**2,range(5))) [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
reduce(): Reduce repeatedly reduces a sequence pair-wise
until it reaches a single value.
from functools import reduce >>> reduce(lambda x,y:x-
y,[1,2,3,4,5]) -13

80. Which one of the following is not the correct

syntax for creating a set in Python?
1. set([[1,2],[3,4],[4,5]])
2. set([1,2,2,3,4,5])
3. {1,2,3,4}
4. set((1,2,3,4))
Ans.
set([[1,2],[3,4],[4,5]])
Explanation: The argument given for the set must be
iterable.

81. What is monkey patching in Python?

Monkey patching is the term used to denote the
modifications that are done to a class or a module
during the runtime. This can only be done as Python
supports changes in the behavior of the program while
being executed.
The following is an example, denoting monkey patching
in Python:
# monkeyy.py
class X:
def func(self):
print "func() is being called"
The above module (monkeyy) is used to change the
behavior of a function at the runtime as shown below:
import monkeyy
def monkey_f(self):
print "monkey_f() is being called"
# replacing address of “func” with “monkey_f”
monkeyy.X.func = monkey_f
obj = monk.X()
# calling function “func” whose address got replaced
# with function “monkey_f()”
obj.func()

82. What is the difference between / and // operator

in Python?
 /: is a division operator and returns the Quotient
value.
10/3
3.33
 // : is known as floor division operator and used to
return only the value of quotient before decimal
10//3
3

83. What is pandas?

Pandas is an open source python library which
supports data structures for data based operations
associated with data analyzing and data Manipulation .
Pandas with its rich sets of features fits in every role of
data operation,whether it be related to implementing
different algorithms or for solving complex business
problems. Pandas helps to deal with a number of files
in performing certain operations on the data stored by
files.

84. What are dataframes?

A dataframe refers to a two dimensional mutable data
structure or data aligned in the tabular form with
labeled axes(rows and column).
Syntax:
pandas.DataFrame( data, index, columns, dtype)
 data:It refers to various forms like ndarray, series,
map, lists, dict, constants and can take other
DataFrame as Input.
 index:This argument is optional as the index for
row labels will be automatically taken care of by
pandas library.
 columns:This argument is optional as the index for
column labels will be automatically taken care of
by pandas library.
 Dtype: refers to the data type of each column.

85. How to combine dataframes in pandas?

The different dataframes can be easily combined with
the help of functions listed below:
 <li
>Append():
This function is used for horizontal stacking of
dataframes.
data_frame1.append(data_frame2)
 concat(): This function is used for vertical stacking
and best suites when the dataframes to be
 combined possess the same column and similar
fields.
pd.concat([data_frame1, data_frame2])
 join(): This function is used to extract data from
different dataframes which have one or more
columns common.
data_frame1.join(data_frame2)

86. How do you identify missing values and deal with

missing values in Dataframe?
Identification:
isnull() and isna() functions are used to identify the
missing values in your data loaded into dataframe.
missing_count=data_frame1.isnull().sum()
Handling missing Values:
There are two ways of handling the missing values :
Replace the missing values with 0
df[‘col_name’].fillna(0)
Replace the missing values with the mean value of that
column
df[‘col_name’] =
df[‘col_name’].fillna((df[‘col_name’].mean()))
87. What is regression?
Regression is termed as supervised machine learning
algorithm technique which is used to find the
correlation between variables and help to predict the
dependent variable(y) based upon the independent
variable (x). It is mainly used for prediction, time series
modeling, forecasting, and determining the causal-
effect relationship between variables.
Scikit library is used in python to implement the
regression and all machine learning algorithms.
There are two different types of regression algorithms
in machine learning :
Linear Regression: Used when the variables are
continuous and numeric in nature.
Logistic Regression: Used when the variables are
continuous and categorical in nature.

88. What is classification?

Classification refers to a predictive modeling process
where a class label is predicted for a given example of
input data. It helps categorize the provided input into a
label that other observations with similar features
have. For example, it can be used for classifying a mail
whether it is spam or not, or for checking whether
users will churn or not based on their behavior.
These are some of the classification algorithms used in
Machine Learning:
 Decision tree
 Random forest classifier
 Support vector machine

89. How do you split the data in train and test dataset
in python?
This can be achieved by using the scikit machine
learning library and importing train_test_split function
in python as shown below:
Import sklearn.model_selection.train_test_split

# test size =30% and train= 70 %

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y,

test_size=0.33, random_state=0).

90. What is SVM?

Support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised machine
learning model that considers the classification
algorithms for two-group classification problems.
Support vector machine is a representation of the
training data as points in space are separated into
categories with the help of a clear gap that should be
as wide as possible.

Python Programming Interview Questions

91. Write a code to get the indices of N maximum

values from a NumPy array?
We can get the indices of N maximum values from a
NumPy array using the below code:
import numpy as np

ar = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6])

print(ar.argsort()[-3:][::-1])

92. What is the easiest way to calculate percentiles

when using Python?
The easiest and the most efficient way you can
calculate percentiles in Python is to make use of
NumPy arrays and its functions.
Consider the following example:
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns the 50th percentile which
is also the median
print(p)

93. Write a Python program to check whether a given

string is a palindrome or not, without using an
iterative method?
A palindrome is a word, phrase, or sequence that reads
the same backward as forward, e.g., madam, nurses
run, etc.
Consider the below code:
def fun(string):
s1 = string
s = string[::-1]
if(s1 == s):
return true
else:
return false
print(fun(“madam”))

94. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of a

list of numbers?
def sum(num):
if len(num) == 1:
return num[0] #with only one element in the list,
the sum result will be equal to the element.
else:
return num[0] + sum(num[1:])
print(sum([2, 4, 5, 6, 7]))

95. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble

sort algorithm?
def bubbleSort(x):
n = len(x)
# Traverse through all array elements
for i in range(n-1):
for j in range(0, n-i-1):
if x[j] > x[j+1] :
x[j], x[j+1] = x[j+1], x[j]
# Driver code to test above
arr = [25, 34,47, 21, 22, 11,37]
bubbleSort(arr)
print ("Sorted array is:")
for i in range(len(arr)):
print ("%d" %arr[i]),
Output:
11,21,22,25,34,37,47

96. Write a program in Python to produce Star

triangle?
def Star_triangle(n):
for x in range(n):
print(' '*(n-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))
Star_triangle(9)
Output:
*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************

97. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in

Python?
Fibonacci series refers to the series where the element is
the sum of two elements prior to it.
n = int(input("number of terms? "))
n1, n2 = 0, 1
count = 0
if n <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer")
elif n == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence upto",nterms,":")
print(n1)
else:
print("Fibonacci sequence:")
while count < n:
print(n1)
nth = n1 + n2
n1 = n2
n2 = nth
count += 1

98. Write a program in Python to check if a number is

prime?
num = 13
if num > 1:
for i in range(2, int(num/2)+1):
if (num % i) == 0:
print(num, "is not a prime number")
break
else:
print(num, "is a prime number")
else:
print(num, "is not a prime number")
Output:
13 is a prime number

99. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset

in Python?
code to sort a list in Python:
my_list = ["8", "4", "3", "6", "2"]
my_list = [int(i) for i in list]
my_list.sort()
print (my_list)
Output:
2,3,4,6,8

100. Write a Program to print ASCII Value of a

character in python?
x= 'a'
# print the ASCII value of assigned character stored in x
print(" ASCII value of '" + x + "' is", ord(x))
Output: 65