2

Experiment

n(A x B) =pg and the total

To verify that for two set A and B(where n(A) =p and n(B) = ),
number of relations from A to B will be
2P%.

Material Required
Thick white sheets, sketch pen, pencil, scale.
Procedure
(say x) and set B has one element (say y).
1. Draw (fig-1) a set A which has one element
and B with two elements (1, V2)
2. Draw( fig-2) set A with two elements (x1, X2)
white
(fig-3) set A with three elements (X1, X),
x3) and B (V), V2, V3) on the thick
3. Same way draw
sheet.

Fig.2 Fig. 3
Fig. 1

Observation
We noticedthat in:
the cartesian product n(A x B) = 1.
() Fig-1, there is only one correspondence therefore,
therefore, the cartesian product n(A x B) =4.
(ii) In fig-2 there are four correspondence (four arrows)
therefore, the cartesian product n(A x B)= 9.
(tii) In fig-3 there are nine correspondence (nine arrows)
B therefore in fig-1, the number of
(iv) Relations are the subset of the cartesian product of A and
relations from A to B will be 2'= 2.

2= 16. Similarly.
() In fig-2, the number of relations from A to B will be
512.
(vi) In fig -3the number of relations will be 2=
Mathematics 3
Conclusion
the cartesian produ:
Thus,we conclude that if the set A hasp elements and set B has q elements then
product of A x B are known as th:
of n(A x B) n(A).n(B) pg and the number of subsets of cartesian
possible relations from A toB i.e. 2".

Oiva Ooce
Q. 1. What is an ordered pair ?
Ans. An ordered pair consists oftwo objects or elements in a given order.
Q. 2. What is Cartesian product of sets?
A andb¬
Ans. Let A and B be any two non empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that aE
Bis called the Cartesian product of the sets A and B and is denoted by A x B.
Q. 3. What is a relation ?
Ans. Á relation R from a non-empty setA to a non empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product set A
x B

Q. 4. What is a function?

Ans. Arelation ffromaset Atoset Bis called a function, if every element of set Ahas only one imag:
in B.

0.5. Ifa set Ahas m

elements and set Bhas nelements then the number of relations from set A
set B will be

Ans. 2mn
Q. 6. What is the total number of proper subsets of a set containing n elements ?
Ans. It will be 2"- 1.
Q.7. If A and B are two sets, then what do we mean by A-B ?
Ans. A-B= number of elements present in A but not in B.
Q.8. What is union of two sets ?
Ans. IfA and B are finite sets then AUB= elements of Aas well as B both.
Q.9. What is intersection of two sets ?
Ans. IfA and B are finite sets thenAnB= elements common to A andB.
Q. 10. What is complement of a set A ?
Ans. Compliment ofa set A means,the elements other than Athose present in universal set.
0.11. What is the number of functions from A to B?
Ans. Ifa set A has in elements and set B has in elements, then number of functions possible from A to B
is n.

Q.12. What is the domain of the function f(*) =

Ans.

0.13. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = 2- sin 3x

Ans. Domain = R and Range= [1/3, 1]

0.14. Find the domain and range of function f()=-|x |.
Ans. Domain = R, Range = (- o,0).
0.15. Define Signum fun
1, x>0
n0
Ans. f()= or f()= 0, x=0.
0 n0 -1, x<0
 3
Experiment
To represent set theoretic operations using Venn Diagrams.
Material Required
Thick sheet, white sheets, pencil, sketch pens, glue stick.
Procedure
1. Cut rectangular strips using the white sheet and paste it on the thick sheet name it U as universa
set.

2. Cut two circles named them A andB sets.

3 Now paste them as shown in the following figures. And shade them using sketch pen as shown.

A
A U B

Fig. 1: AnB AUB

A
A

B B

Fig. 3:AB= Fig. 4: AnB

 B B

Fig. 5 : A =U- A Fig. 6 : B = U- B

Fig. 7 :(A U B) = A'n B Fig. 8: (An B) =AUB

A
A

B
B

Fig. 9 :A -B Fig. 10:BcA

Observation
Fig. 1.: Represent the intersection of the two sets A andB, area common is shaded.

Fig. 2.: Represent the Union of the two sets A and B, it means the elements of set A as well as
elements of set B.

Fig. 3. : Represent two disjoint sets, the intersection of the two sets A andB is null set, nothing is
common in both the sets.

Fig. 4. : Represent of non-disjoint sets as it contains the common of set A and set B.
Fig. 5. : Represent the compliment of set A, it means all the elements of universal set except set A
elements.
 except set l:
Fig. 6. : Represent the compliment of set B, it means all the elements of universal set
elements.
excep:
Fig. 7. : Represent the compliment of set A UB, it means all the elements of universal set
union ofA and B.
excep:
Fig. 8. : Represent the compliment of set A B, it means all the elements of universal set
set An B elements.

Fig. 9. : Represent the elements of set A only as its is A-B (difference of two sets).
Fig. 10. : Representing B is a subset of set A. (as B is contained in A).

Conclusion
This way we can easily understand the operation on sets.

Oiva oce
Q. 1. What is universal set ?
Ans. The set which is considered to be the super set, as all other sets or subsets are in context to this set
Q.2. What is complement of aset ?
Ans. Compliment of set Ameans all the elements of universal set, except the elenments of setA.
Q.3. What is difference of setAand B ?
Ans. Difference of set A-B it means all the elements of A but not of B or vice-versa.

Q. 4. What is idempotent law ?

Ans. AUA = Aand AnA=A.
Q. 5. What is identity law ?
Ans. A U = Aand A U= A.

Q. 6. What is commutative law ?

Ans. A UB=BUA and AnB=BoA.

Q.7. What is associative law ?

Ans. AU(BUC) =(AU B)UCand A n(B^C)= (AnB)oC.
Q. 8. What is distributive law ?
Ans. AU(B^C) =(AuB)^ (A UC) and An (BUC)=(A oB)U(AnC).
0.9. VWhat is De' Morgans law ?

Ans. (AUB =A'o B and (An B) = AUB.

0. 10. If Aand B are finite sets and Uis the universal set, then what are the laws of cardinal
numbers ?

Ans. nAUB) =n(A) +n(B) -n(AnB)

n(A -B) = n(A) - n(An B).
n(A AB) = n(A - B) +n (B - A) or n(A) + n(B) - 2n(A O B).
Q. 11. For two sets, A UB=A iff
Ans. BSA.

0. 12. IfAnB=Bthen
Ans. BGA.
 4
Experiment

To verify distributive law for three given non-empty sets A, B and C. i.e. AU(Brn C
-(AUB)o(AUC).
Material Required
White thick sheet, geometry box, sketch pens, scissors, glue.
Procedure
On the thick sheet paste few rectangles (say five) in two rows of (three rectangles in first row and tw
in second row) considering them to be universal set (say U). Now draw three circles in each of th
rectangles so that all three are intersecting. Mark them A, B and C use three different colour for each A, E
and C.
U
U

Fig, 2. AUB Fig. 3. A U

C
Fig. 1. Bn c

Fig, 4. AU(BNC) Fig. 5. (A UB)n (A UC)

Observation
We noticed that A, B and C are the subsets of each universal set U in figure I we noticed th:
intersection of Band C(B n C)in figure 2we noticed nion of Aand B(A V
B) in figure 3we noticed th.
union of Aand C(A UC) in figure we noticed AU(BnC) in figure Swe noticed(A u B)n AUC).
Thus we see that distributive property is verified.
al Mathematics XI M:
Conclusion
And the other distributive
Distributive property can be used to simplify the property of set operations.
property can be proved by using this i.e. A n(BUC)=(AoB)U(AnC).

Oiva Ooce
0. 1. Whatdo you mean by the intersection of two sets?
Ans. Intersection of two sets A andB means the elements common to both the sets.
Q.2. What is the compliment of a universal set ?
Ans. Compliment of universal set is null set
Q.3. What is the number of elements in exactly two sets A, Band C?
Ans. It willbe n(An B) + n(Bn C)+ n(Cn A) - 3n(AnBAC).
Q. 4. What do you mean by the union of two sets ?
Ans. Union of the two sets means the elements of both the sets together.

Q.5. What are disjoint sets ?

Ans. Two sets are said to be disjoint sets, when they do not have anything common
to them.
 7
Experiment

tourth quadrants using thelr

Tu tnd the vales of sineand cosiuefuactions in seond, third and
ghea values in flrst quadrant.
Material Required
Procedure

Paste awhite chart N M

and YOY representing xaxis
3 ThrNgh the centre of the cinele, drawwo xpnticular ines N'ON
and yaxiseivey.
respvtively
Mark the ints as A, BC aN D, whee the cincle cuts the aaxis and iaxis,
epetively
Draw angles POX, PON and PON oAsuNs
and the other end to nmove
Take a neile of unit length. Fix one end otit at the ventre of the ciele
freely along the cinke.

(QD8

(.0X
A(l.0)

The coordinates of the points P are because its xcoondinates is Cas and ycoordinat is

Sim
6

The coordinates of the points P and P, are respee.

Mathematics
 4
(0,DB
6

A(1,0)
-1,0)C X
X* 0,2r

3r
2
Y'
27 with the
anticlockwise direction making an angle POX
of measure 3
9. Rotate the needle in
positive direction of xaxis.
toy axis.
10. Now OP4 is the mirror image of OP; with respect
2T 1
1V3 Thus Sin 2 and Cos 32
11. The coordinate of P4 are 3 2
2' 2
4T -2
say z+ , 1.¬. in third quadrant,
12. To find the value of Sine or Cosine of someangles 3 3 3

47 with the positive direction of

of
rotate the needle in anticlockwise direction making an angle 3

axis.

(0,1)B
|

(-1,0)C A(1,0)
X X
0,2
P.
4n (-2)
3 3 D (0,-1)

3
2
Y'

lat
 13. New Position OP,of the needle represent the mirror image of the point P, with respect to x
axis.
P,OX |P,OX".

14. Now coordinates of P, areand hence sin sin

4T
3 2
3
and cos
21
COS

47 -1
2

15. To find the value of sine or cosine of some angle in the fourth quadrant say 77
, rotate the needle

7
in anticlockwise direction making an angle of with the positive direction of x axis represented
by OP.
77
16. Angle 4
in anticlockwise direction = Angle in the clockwise direction.
4

47

(0,1)B P
P'
P

,0)C A(1,0)
X*
0.21

P P
4n 2)
3 3 D (0,-)

37
2
Y

17. Ps is the mirror image of P with respect to x axis. Therefore coordinate of P, are

18. Thus Sin - Sin =

-- and cos -cos

19. Rotate the needle in anticlockwise direction to find the value of Sine or Cosine of some angle
1377
which is greater than one revolution, say 6

Mathematics 19)
 137
20. Covert to 27 + the needle will reach at the position OP,.

21. sin (37 sin

(137
and cos COS

Observation
1 Angle made by the needle in one complete revolution is 2r
COs = cos (cose is an even function)
2

1
sin = sin
2

4. Sine function is non negative in first and second quadrant.

Cosine function is non negative in 3" and fourth quadrants.
Application
functions also.
1. The activity can be used to get the values of tan, Cot, Sec and Cosec
2. Students may learn that
3. Sin (-0)= -Sin and Cos (-0) = Cos 0
ie. Sine is an odd function and Cosine is an even function.
angles.
4. Students may find any value of Sine and Cosine it different

Oiva oce
quadrant?
Q. 1. Name the rule to remember the sign of -ratio in different
tan and cot, C= cos and secanct).
Ans. Add Sugar To Coffee. (A =all, S= sine and cosec. T =

Q. 2. In which quadrant sine is +ve ?

Ans. Sine is +ve in 1 and 2 quadrant.

Q.3. Inwhich quadrant cosine is tve?

Ans. Cosine is -Ve in l and 4 quadrant.
Mathematics
Practical Lab Manual
 Q4 In which quadrant tangent is +ve ?
Ans Tangent is vein I and 3 quadrant.
Q.5 What is the relation of radian with degree ?

Ans. t radian = 180

Q.6. Nhat is the value of sin (-0) and cos (-0) ?

Ans. sin ()=- sin , whereas cos (-) =cos (e) because (-0) lies in 4h quadrant, and it belongs to
cOsine and secant only est otheS are negative here.

Q.7. What is the value of one radian in degree ?

Ans. l radian = $7.27 degrees

Q. 8. What is the value of 1 degree in radians ?

Ans. Idegree =0.0174 radian.

Q.9. In number system. z is rational or irrational ?

Ans. Its irational.

Q. 10. What is reflex angle ?

Ans. An angle is said to be reflex, when 180°<e<360.

Q. 11. What isthe minimum value of sin + cos 0?

Ans. -2A

Q. 12. What is the maximum value of 3sin + 4 cos ?

Ans. 5

Q. 13. VWhat is the value of the tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° .Tan 89°
Ans. 1

4
Q. 14. If tan 6 = -- then sin e is equal to
3

-4 4
Ans. Or

Mathema
 9
Experiment
coordinate axes.
To plot the graph of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x and sin |, using same
2

Material Required
Card board, graph papers, glue stick, geometry box, sketch pens.
Procedure
1. On the card board past a graph paper,
coordinate axes XOX and YOY
2. Draw twomutually perpendicular lines on the graph paper as
for different values of:1
3. Now using the following ordered pairs for sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x and sin 2

27 9 57
T
0 3 12 6 12
Ratios 12 6 4 3 12 2 12

Sin x 0.26 0.50 0.71 0.86 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.86 0.71 0.50 0.26

Sin 2x 0 0.50 0.86 1.00 0.86 0.50 0 -0.5 -0.86 -1.0 -0.86 -0.50 0

2 Sin x 0.52 1.0 1.42 1.72 1.94 2.00 1.94 1.72 1.42 1.00 0.52

0 0.13 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.61 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.92 0.97 0.99 1.0
Sin
2

y=2 sin x ig

y= sinx |y= sinx/2

-2

y 2sin x

-2

26 Practical Lab Manual Mathematics M

 175

125

0.75
0.50 sin x
0.25

925

0.75
12 6 43 12 2 123 4 6 1 63 236

Angles (in radians) -+

Observation
Plot the ordered pairs from the above table on the same graph for sinx
, sin 2x, 2sin x and sin with
2
four different colours. We noticed that

(() The graphs of sinx and 2 sin x are of same shape but maximum height of the graph of sin
x is
Iand maximum height of the graph of 2 sin x is 2 at x=
2

(ii) The maximum height of sin 2x is also I atx= and the maximum height of sin is also l at
4 2
X.

Conclusion

This way we can plot the graphs of cosine functions also, we noticed that whatever may be the value of
angle, the minand max value lies in (-1,1].

Oiva Ooce
Q.1. What is the periodicity of sine function ?
Ans. The periodicity of sine function is 2.
Q.2. Is graph of trigonometric functions are continuous?
Ans. Not all the trigonometric functions are continuous, only sine and cosine are continuous whereas
tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant are not continuous functions.
Q.3. What is the maximum and minimum values of sine function ?
Ans. We know that-1 s sin xS 1(min =-1 and max = 1).
X
Mathematics
 Q.4. What is the maximum and minimum values of cosine functions ?
Ans. We know that -1 s cos xs 1(min = - and max = 1).
Q.5. What is the value of sin (90 +0) ?
Ans. Its cos .
3
Q.6. Findthe value of sin 2x if, sin x = 2
and n x<
2

Ans.
2

3 3J
Q.7. Find the value of sing if, tan xr= andI<x<
2 4 2
3
Ans.
 16
Experiment
Todemonstrate that the Arithmetic mean of two different positive numbers is always greater tnat
the Geometric mean.

Material Required
Coloured chart paper, scale, sketch pens. glue and CGcometry box.
Procedure
Using the coloured chart paper, we willcut off four rectangular pieces of dimension a x h (a >b).
Then arrange the rectangular pieces as shown below :
a ’ W-b-’ D

P IV

a-b

S a-b R

B III
a

In the diagram ABCD is a square of side (a + b) units. Then area of ABCD =(a + b)*Sq. units, Area of
rectangular piece CXSY = Area of rectangular piece RXDW = WAZQ = PZBY = ab Sq.
Units. Area of four
rectangular pieces = 4ab = 4ab Sq. Units. In the diagram PQRS 1s a square of side (a -b) units. Now area of
area of 'square PQRS.
ABCD =sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces +
Therefore,Area of ABCD> Sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces,
(a + b)'> 4ah

a+b
Therefore., > ab
2

a+b
Therefore, >yab, AM >GM
2

Mathematics 4)
Observation verified using different values of
Now take a = 6unit,b = 3 unit and verify the result, this can be
and b.

Then area of ABCD =(a + b)} = 81 Sq. Units

Area of each rectangle = ab = 18 Squnits
Area of thesquare PQRS = (6-3) =9 Sq Units.
Area of ABCD = 4 (area of rectangular piece) + Area of the square PQRS
81= 4 (18) + (9)
’81 > 4(18)

’ (at b)'> 4ab or

a+b
Or >yab.
2

Conclusion
A.M.of two different positive numbers is always greater than their geometric mean.
Oiva oce
Q. 1. VWhat we mean by A.M. of two numbers a and b ?
a+b
Ans. A.M. of two numbers is A.M. =
2

0. 2. What is G.M of two numbers a and b ?

Ans. GM = Jab.
0.3. IfnAM's are inserted between 'a' and 'b' then what is the common difference ?
b-a
Ans. d= where b is the last term a is the first term and n is the number of A.M.'s inserted.
n+]

Q.4. Ifn GM's are inserted between a and b then what is the common ratio ?

Ans. r= , where b is the last term, a is the first term and n is the number of GM's inserted.

Q. 5. What is the productof n GM's between two numbers a' and b' ?
Ans. Its nth power of theGM between the two numbers a andb.
G, xG, xG,x..x G, =(aby2
42 XA
Rn Practical Mathematics
 0. 6. What is the sum of nAM's between two numbers a' and 5'?

Ans.

0.7. What is the nth term of G.P. ?

Ans. a, = a x ,whereais first term and r is the common ratio.
0. 8. What is the sum of n terms of G.P. ?

Ans. a(r"-1) when r>1

r-1

and S.. a(l-r").; when r<l

1-r

Q.9. What is the sum of square of first n natural numbers ?

Ans. 1+2 +3+...+2 (n+1)(2n+1)
6

Q. 10. What is the sum of cubes of first n natural numbers ?

Ans. 1'+2 +3 +...+n

Q.11. Ifx, y, z are positive integers then value of theexpression (x +y) (y +) (z +x) is ..
(a) >8 xyz (6) <8xyz
(c) =8 xyz (a) =4 xyz
Ans. (a) >8xyz
Q. 12. The minimum value of 4* + 4'-,xE R, is :
(a) 2 (6) 4
(c) 1 () 0
Ans. (b) 4
 19
Experiment
To construct different types of conte sections.

Material Required
Transparent shect, seissors, thick shect, glue,coloured paper and geometry box
Procedure
Take a thick sheet of suitable size and paste coloured paper on it, now cut the transparent sheet in the
shape of sector of the cirele and fold ittoobtain ariht circular conc, just make this way 4comes of sarne
size. Now cut these cones with transparent sheet in diflerent position as shown in four figures below.

Observation
is parallel to
We noticedthat in Fig. Ithe transparent sheet cuts the cone in sucha way that the sheets
the base of the cone.The section so obtained is a circle.
obtained is an
In Fig. 2 the plane sheet is inclined slightly to the axes of the cone. The section so
ellipse.
obtained is
In Fig. 3 the plane sheet is parallel to the generator (slant height of the cone). The section so
a parabola.
ahyperbola
In Fig. 4 the plane is parallel to the axis of the cone. The sections so obtained is part of

Mathernatics 49
Conclusion
Following points tonoted when plane cuts the section of cone (other than the
vertex)
the cone 1.e. the section
: When B 90°, the section is a circle. The plane cuts only one section of
the cone bythe plane l tothe axis ofthe cone, here a =ß.
generator d
2. When a <B< 90, the section is an cllipse, in this case the plane is note parallel to any
the cone and intersecting plane cuts only one section of the cone.
3. When a =ß in this case the section is parabola, as the intersecting plane is parallel to the generatg
and again only one section of the cone is cut by plane.
4. When 0sB<a the section so obtained is hyperbola in this case the intersecting plane is along the
generator and it cuts both the sections of the plane.

k-Axis
Plane
Upper m Generator
nappe

Lower
nappe Cone

Oiva Ooce
Q. I. What are types of conics ?
Ans. Parabola, Hyperbola and Ellipse.
Q. 2. What is considered as conic section?
Ans. Conic sections are the sections obtained by intersectinga right circular coneby aplane.
Q.3. What are the equations of parabola?
Ans. y= Aax (right-handed parabola).
y=-4ar (left-handed parabola)
x=4ay (upward parabola)
x=-4ay (downward parabola)
o4 What are the standard equations of ellipse ?
Q.4.

Ans. =l:when a > b(horizontal ellipse)

and = 1;when a<b (vertical ellipse).

0.5. What are the standard equations of hyperbola ?

Ans. =1 (Transverse Hyperbola)

and =-1 (conjugate Hyperbola)

a?
eccentricity?
Q.6. How do we classify parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in terns of
Ans. For parabola eccentricity e = 1
for ellipseeccentricity e<1
and for hyperbola eccentricity e >1.
with centre (h, k) and radius r ?
0.7. What is the standard equation of circle

Ans. (r-h +(- W) =2.

circle ?
Q.8. What is the general equation of
Ans. +y + 2gr + 2f + d=0.