Introduction For The Cardiovascular System 1
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Abdallah Essam Al-ZireeniIntroduction For The Cardiovascular System 1
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Abdallah Essam Al-ZireeniIntroduction to the cardiovascular system (CVS)
First of all, the doctor talked about the exam, so make sure you'll attend the exam because the makeup exam will be a difficult essay. And he said that there is a review lecture this Thursday.
The heart:
A heart is a vital organ. It receives deoxygenated blood from all over the body then pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery in order to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. The heart pumps the oxygenated blood and it travels all through the body. The Pulmonary artery: is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood. The Pulmonary vein: is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood.
Anatomy of the heart:
-The heart is composed of 4 chambers, 2 superior right and left atria and 2 inferior right and left ventricles. -The right side of the heart is separated from the left side by a fibrous tissue. (There's NO opening except in the fetal life, there is an opening in the atrium called fossa ovalis and it should be closed shortly after birth). Failure of the fossa ovalis to close results in a disorder known as patent foramen ovale. And there is another opening which is a vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery to the aortic arch and it's called ductus arteriosus and it must be closed. -The ventricles and the atria are separated by a fibrous tissue. So the impulses are transmitted in the heart by a conductive system not directly between the atrium and ventricle. Except in a rare situation called muscular bridge in which the impulse returns again to the atrium.
The location of the heart:
- It extends from the second intercostal space to the
fifth intercostal space. (The base is above and the apex is below) On the apex there is a point called PMI. (PMI): The point of maximum intensity.
Cardiomegaly: It's a condition wherein the heart is enlarged that the (PMI) is located at the sixth or the seventh intercostal space. -the heart is located in the mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity.
Papillary muscles (chordae tendineae)
It's attached to the valves. It prevents plugging of the valves to the atrium during ventricular contraction. The rupture of the papillary muscles leads to back flow of the blood to the atrium and reduces the output of the heart.
Atrial sensation: The atrium contracts as a one unit because the impulse
originates from the SA node and the leak of ions. So when action potential starts in one cell it will spread all over the atrium very quickly.
Conductive system of the heart:
1. SA node. 2. AV bundle. 3. Purkinje fibers.
Blood vessels:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arteries. Arterioles. Capillaries. Veins. Venules.
Each one of these blood vessels has its own anatomical structure that enables it to do its functions.
Artery: conduct the blood to the body. Arterioles: control blood pressure. Capillaries: exchange gases and nutrients between blood vessels and interstitial space. Veins: conduct blood to the heart.
**Note: The vein has a very important function. It's a blood reservoir.
Specific features of the heart:
1234Contractility. Conductivity. Excitability. Rhythmicity.
Contractility: Its the contraction of the heart. It's different from the
contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles. In skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles we have sodium channels but in cardiac muscles we have additionally slow Ca-Na channels which are responsible for platen. Platen: is the rest period between contraction of the atrium and contraction of the ventricle. They don't occur together because of the plateau.
Excitability: The heart itself is excited. That means that the action potential
and the impulse are initiated in the heart itself from the pace maker of the heart (SA node).
**What is the role of the brain in the CVS?
The heart doesn't work under the direct control of the brain. But it is affected by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems [Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)]. So if the patient's brain is dead, his heart may still function.
Innervations of the heart:
-The heart is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. -The atrium is innervated by the parasympathetic nerve (vagus nerve) which affects the heart rate (parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate). -The ventricle is innervated by the sympathetic nerve (the stimulation of the sympathetic system increases the heart rate and increases the cardiac output).
*The Sympathetic nerve originates from T1-L2.
The heart is affected by hormones mainly adrenaline and noradrenalin which are secreted by the adrenal gland. They cause central vasodilatation and peripheral vasoconstriction.
The Sympathetic system is innervated by the left ventricle more than any other part because it can increase the cardiac output. The heart has receptors the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic systems. They are alpha-1 and beta-2. Alpha-1 receptors are located in blood vessels, and beta-2 receptors are located in the lungs.
1: increases heart rate and contractility. 2: bronchodilatation. 1: vasoconstriction. 2: vasodilatation.
Why are veins affected by the sympathetic nerve more than other blood vessels?
- Because veins are blood reservoirs so we need more blood.
The electrocardiogram reflects the action potential of the heart. It's used for diagnosis of most diseases of the heart.
ECG:
The wisdom of the day:
It does not matter how much fatigue effort for others, but it is important that you see the joy in their eyes when they see your creativity
