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R - Programming BCA

R_Programming BCA

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manujangid8168
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2 views2 pages

R - Programming BCA

R_Programming BCA

Uploaded by

manujangid8168
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Frames in R

A data frame in R is a two-dimensional table-like data structure where each column


contains values of one variable and each row contains one set of values from each
column. It is similar to a spreadsheet or a database table. Data frames are used for storing
data tables.

Creating a Data Frame:


You can create a data frame using the data.frame() function.
Example:
data <- data.frame(Name = c("Alice", "Bob"), Age = c(25, 30))

Accessing Data Frame:


Access specific elements using `$`, `[row, column]`, or column name.
Example:
data$Name
data[1, 2]

Assigning Column and Row Names:


Use colnames() and rownames() to assign names.
colnames(data) <- c("Person", "Years")
rownames(data) <- c("Row1", "Row2")

Binding Data Frames:


Use rbind() to bind by rows and cbind() to bind by columns.
rbind(df1, df2)
cbind(df1, df2)

Various Operations:
- Filtering: subset(data, Age > 25)
- Sorting: data[order(data$Age), ]
- Summary: summary(data)

Lists in R:
A list is a collection of elements that can be of different types.
Example:
my_list <- list(Name = "John", Age = 28, Scores = c(85, 90))
Access: my_list$Name

Control Structures in R
Control structures in R allow conditional execution of code.
If-Then:
x <- 5
if (x > 3) { print("x is greater than 3") }

If-Else:
if (x > 3) { print("x > 3") } else { print("x <= 3") }

If-Else If-Else:
if (x > 10) {...} else if (x > 3) {...} else {...}

Switch Statement:
x <- 2
switch(x, "1" = "One", "2" = "Two")

For Loop:
for (i in 1:5) { print(i) }

While Loop:
i <- 1
while (i <= 5) { print(i); i <- i + 1 }

Break and Next:


Break: Exits loop early
Next: Skips current iteration
for (i in 1:5) { if (i == 3) next; print(i) }

Functions in R
Functions in R are used to encapsulate code for reuse.

Defining a Function:
square <- function(x) { return(x^2) }

Calling a Function:
square(4) # Returns 16

Scope of Variables:
Variables inside a function are local. Global variables are outside the function.

Returning Values:
Use return(). If omitted, the last evaluated expression is returned.
add <- function(a, b) { return(a + b) }

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