IoT Protocols and communication

modes
Lecture-2
Dr. Naushin Nower
Professor, IIT DU
 Contents
• IoT protocols
• Communication Modes
• IoT level
 IoT Protocol
• IoT communication is based on a layered
architecture that efficiently organizes data
exchange across different protocols.
• Data exchange between devices goes through
several layers from storage, to processing and to
the user interface.
• Each layer is responsible for a specific task and
communicates with the layers below and above
it.
OSI layer
 OSI layer..
• Mr. Cooper wants to send Ms. Palmer an email. Mr. Cooper
composes his message in an email application on his laptop and
then hits ‘send’. His email application will pass his email message
over to the application layer, which will pick a protocol (SMTP)
and pass the data along to the presentation layer.
• The presentation layer will then compress the data and then it
will hit the session layer, which will initialize the communication
session.
• The data will then hit the sender’s transportation layer where it
will be segmented, then those segments will be broken up into
packets at the network layer, which will be broken down even
further into frames at the data link layer.
• The data link layer will then deliver those frames to the physical
layer, which will convert the data into a bits tream of 1s and 0s
and send it through a physical medium, such as a cable.
 OSI layer..
• Once Ms. Palmer’s computer receives the bit stream through a
physical medium (such as her wifi), the data will flow through the
same series of layers on her device, but in the opposite order.
• First the physical layer will convert the bits tream from 1s and 0s into
frames that get passed to the data link layer. The data link layer will
then reassemble the frames into packets for the network layer. The
network layer will then make segments out of the packets for the
transport layer, which will reassemble the segments into one piece of
data.
• The data will then flow into the receiver's session layer, which will pass
the data along to the presentation layer and then end the
communication session. The presentation layer will then remove the
compression and pass the raw data up to the application layer. The
application layer will then feed the human-readable data along to Ms.
Palmer’s email software, which will allow her to read Mr. Cooper’s
email on her laptop screen.
OSI layer..
 IoT protocols layers
• Physical layer: this layer includes the physical equipment
involved in the data transfer, such as the cables and switches.
• it converts into a bit stream, which is a string of 1s and 0s. The
lowest layer physically connects devices and transmits the bits
via cable or mobile communications.
• Wi-Fi Bluetooth ZigBee LTE LoRaWAN

• Data link layer: the data link layer facilitates data transfer
between two devices on the same network.
• The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and
breaks them into smaller pieces called frames.
• responsible for flow control and error control in intra-network
communication
• Ethernet, PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), IEEE 802.15.4

8
IoT protocol layers
 IoT protocols layers..
• Network layer
• The network layer is responsible for facilitating data
transfer between two different networks.
• The network layer breaks up segments from the
transport layer into smaller units, called packets, on
the sender’s device, and reassembling these
packets on the receiving device.
• The network layer also finds the best physical path
for the data to reach its destination; this is known
as routing.
• IP, RPL, 6LowPAN
 IoT protocols layers..
• Transport layer: This layer controls the
transmission of data between end-to-end
communication between the two devices ensuring
reliable and orderly transmissions of data packets.
TCP, UDP
• The application layer provides network services
directly to end-user applications. It defines
protocols for specific data exchange and
communication needs. HTTP, CoAP, MQTT, AMQP
etc

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open-systems-interconnection-model-osi/
 Communication Models in IoT
• Request & Response Model
• Publisher-Subscriber Model
• Push-Pull Model
• Exclusive Pair
 Request & Response Mode
• In IoT, the client device sends a request to the
server.
• The request may be an upload or transfer of data.
The Server responds to the request.
• The server may be remote or local and can handle
the requests of multiple clients.
• The server receives the request, processes (decides)
the response to that request, and fetches the data
from resources (i.e., database).
 Publisher-Subscriber Model
• Publisher: It transfers data to the broker. Publishers
don’t know about consumers.
• Broker: It accepts publisher data and sends it to the
appropriate subscriber.
• Subscriber: It consumes the topics that the broker
manages.

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models
 Push-Pull Model
• Push-pull involves a direct, often one-to-one, connection
between sender and receiver, with either the sender
pushing data or the receiver pulling data.
• Publisher: It pushes the data into Message Queue
• Message Queue: it is a buffer that stores data pushed by a
publisher
• Subscriber: It pulls data from the message queue.
 Exclusive Pair
• It is a bi-directional.
• In an exclusive pair, the client establishes a connection
with the server by sending a request, and this
connection remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection.
 IoT Ecosystem
• An IoT ecosystem is a network of interconnected devices, objects, and
even people that all work together to collect, share, and act on data.
It's like a giant web of things, all communicating with each other to
achieve a common goal.
• Devices: These are the smart gadgets that we typically associated with
IoT, like thermostats, fitness trackers, and even industrial machines.
• Sensors: These are the eyes and ears of the devices, picking up things
like temperature, motion, or air quality.
• Networks: This is how all the devices communicate with each other
and send their data to the cloud. It can be through WiFi, cellular
networks, or other methods.
• Cloud Platforms: This is the big data storage center. The data collected
by the devices is sent here to be analyzed and used.
• Applications: These programs allow users to interact with the data
and control their devices. This could be anything from a phone app to
a complex industrial control system.
 IoT system ..
• Resources : Resources are software components
on the IoT device for accessing, processing and
storing sensor information, or for controlling
actuators connected to the device.

• Controller Service : Controller service is a native

service that runs on the device and interacts
with the web services. Controller service sends
data from the device to the web service and
receives commands from the application (via
web services) for controlling the device
 IoT system..
• Database : Database can be either local or in the
cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT
device. Web Service : Web services serve as a
link between the IoT device, application,
database and analysis components.
• Web service can be implemented using HTTP
and REST principles (REST service) or using the
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service)
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rnet-of-things-iot-levels
Thank you