P.T.

LEE CHENGALVARAYA NAICKER

POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
VEPERY, CHENNAI – 600007

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1040233320
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
PRACTICAL

II/III
Year / Semester

Scheme R Scheme

PREPARED BY

Mrs. S.SATHYA B.E.,

LECTURER / ECE
P.T.LEE CNPT
VEPERY, CHENNAI
 PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
Course: Electronics and Communication Engineering

Subject: Electronic Devices and Circuits Practical

SUB Code: 1040233320

1. Test a PN Junction Diode and Construct a circuit using it to verify the forward
and reverse bias characteristics. Find the value of its cut-in voltage.
2. Test a Zener Diode and Construct a circuit using it to verify forward and reverse
bias characteristics. Find the value of its Reverse breakdown voltage.
3. Construct a Half wave rectifier and test its input and output waveforms.
4. Construct a full wave (bridge) rectifier and test its input and output waveforms.
5. Construct a Common Emitter Transistor circuit and test its input and output
characteristic curves.
6. Construct a Common Base Transistor circuit and test its input and output
characteristic curves.
7. Construct a Common Source Field Effect Transistor circuit and test its
characteristic curves.
8. Construct a circuit and test the negative resistance characteristics of UJT.
9. Construct and test the working of Positive clipper and Negative Clamper.
10. Construct and test the working of Positive clamper and Negative Clamper.
11. Using Open source Software tool, Find the Frequency Response of RC Coupled
Amplifier.
12. Test the working of Colpitts oscillator using open source software tool.
13. Test the working of Astable Multivibrator using open source software tool.
14. Test the working of Hartley oscillator using open source software tool.
15. Test the working of RC phase shift oscillator using open source software tool.
 PN JUNCTION DIODE
Ex No:1

Date:

Aim
To test a PN Junction Diode and Construct a circuit using it to verify the
forward and reverse bias characteristics. Find the value of its cut-in voltage.

Apparatus required
S.No Description Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power (0-30 V) 1
Supply
2 Ammeter (0-100 mA) 1
3 Ammeter (0-500 µA) 1
4 Voltmeter (0-1 V) 1
5 Voltmeter (0-15V) 1
6 Diode IN 4001 1
7 Resistor 150 Ω 1
8 Bread board - 1
9 Connecting Wires - -

Theory
 A PN junction diode is formed by joining P-type and N-type semiconductors.
 The P-type region has holes as majority carriers, and the N-type has electrons.
 At the junction, electrons and holes diffuse, creating a depletion region.
 The depletion region acts as a barrier, preventing further carrier movement.
 An internal electric field is created due to the ionized donor and acceptor atoms.
 When forward-biased, the external voltage reduces the barrier, allowing current
flow.
 In reverse bias, the barrier increases, blocking current except for a small leakage.
 The diode allows current in only one direction, showing rectification property.
 It is widely used in rectifiers, clippers, clampers, and signal demodulators.
 The ideal diode has zero resistance in forward bias and infinite in reverse bias.
Procedure for testing a diode: (Diode Mode)

 First, identify the anode and cathode of your diode.

 Then, ensure your digital multimeter stays in diode checking mode. You can do
this by adjusting the central knob towards the diode symbol.
 Once your multimer is in diode mode, it will supply approximately 2mA current
to the diode.
 Next, connect your probes to the diode-under-test. The red probe connects to the
anode, while the black probe connects to the anode. It will set the diode in a
forward bias state.
 Check your multimeter’s readings. You should have a healthy silicon diode if it
displays a voltage value between 0.6 to 0.7.
 The reading for a healthy Germanium diode is around 0.25 to 0.3.
 Finally, reverse your probe connections to set your diode in a reverse-biased
condition. If it reads OL or 1, your diode is healthy.

Procedure for testing a diode: (Resistance mode)

 First, ensure your central knob points towards the ohm symbol. It would set your
multimeter in ohmmeter mode.
 Then, set your diode in forward-bias condition. It’s the same connection as the
diode mode test.
 If your readings show low values (tens of ohms), your diode is faulty. On the
other hand, if it’s up a hundred ohms, then your diode is functional.
 Next, set your diode in a reverse-biased condition by reversing the probe
connections.
 Your diode should have very high resistance or OL. Or you’ll have a faulty diode.
Procedure
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch ON the power supply.
3) vary the power supply voltage step by step from zero volt.
4) Take the Voltmeter and Ammeter readings for every step variation of power
supply voltage.
5) Repeat the above procedure of 3 an 4 for reverse biasing also.
6) Draw the graph for forward and Reverse biasing.
7) Note its cut-in voltage.
8) Switch OFF the power supply.
9) Disconnect the components.

Result
The PN Junction diode is tested and its forward and reverse characteristics are
verified. The cut in voltage of the given semiconductor diode is _______________ V.
Tabular Column (Forward Bias)
S.No VF (Volts) IF (mA) RF=VF / IF ohms
Tabular Column ( Reverse Bias)

S.No VR (Volts) IR (mA) RR =VR / IR ohms

 ZENER DIODE
Ex No: 2

Date:

Aim
To test a zener Diode and Construct a circuit using it to verify forward and
reverse bias characteristics and also find its Reverse breakdown voltage.
Apparatus required
S.No Description Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power Supply (0-30 V) 1
2 Ammeter (0-100 mA) 1
3 Ammeter (0-500 µA) 1
4 Voltmeter (0-1 V) 1
5 Voltmeter (0-15V) 1
6 Zener Diode 1Z5.1 1
7 Resistor 150 Ω 1
8 Bread board - 1
9 Connecting Wires - -

Theory
 A Zener diode is a PN junction diode designed to operate in reverse bias.
 It conducts in reverse once the voltage reaches the Zener breakdown voltage.
 The voltage remains nearly constant during breakdown, making it useful for
voltage regulation.
 It protects circuits from overvoltage by clamping the voltage to a fixed value.
 Zener diodes are widely used in power supplies and voltage reference circuits.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING A ZENER DIODE

Using a Multimeter:

1. Diode Test:
Set the multimeter to the diode test function (usually a symbol of a diode).
2. Forward Bias:
Connect the red probe to the anode (cathode with the stripe) and the black probe to
the cathode. You should see a small voltage drop (around 0.6-0.7V).
3. Reverse Bias:
Connect the red probe to the cathode and the black probe to the anode. If the diode is
working correctly, the multimeter will not indicate any current flow, or a very small
voltage drop.
4. If it conducts in reverse:
A Zener diode is in good condition if the multimeter indicates a specific reverse
voltage when it starts conducting.
5. If it conducts in both directions:
A Zener diode is defective if it conducts easily in both forward and reverse bias, or if
there's a very small voltage drop in both directions.

Procedure
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch ON the power supply.
3) vary the power supply voltage step by step from zero volt.
4) Take the Voltmeter and Ammeter readings for every step variation of power
supply voltage.
5) Repeat the above procedure of 3 an 4 for reverse biasing also.
6) Draw the graph for forward and Reverse biasing.
7) Note its cut-in voltage.
8) Switch OFF the power supply.
9) Disconnect the components.

Result

The Zener diode is tested and its forward and reverse characteristics are
verified.
Its reverse breakdown voltage is ___________ V.
TABULAR COLUMN
S.NO VF Volts IF mA RF= VF / IF ohms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Model Graph
TABULAR COLUMN
S.NO VR Volts IR (µA) RR = VR / IR ohms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Ex No: 3

Date:

Aim
To construct a half wave rectifier circuit using diode and test its input and output
signal waveforms with and without filters, and find its maximum voltage.

Apparatus Required

S.No Description Range Quantity

1 Diode IN 4001 1
2 Transformer 230 V/9V 1
3 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
4 Capacitor 100 µFd/24V 1
5 CRO 20 MHz 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires - -

Thoery

 A half wave rectifier converts AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current)

using a single diode.
 During the positive half cycle of AC, the diode conducts and allows current to
pass.
 In the negative half cycle, the diode blocks the current, resulting in zero output.
 The output is a pulsating DC with gaps corresponding to the negative cycles.
 It is simple, low-cost, and used in low-power applications.
Procedure

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram ( Without filter).

2. Connect CRO across the output load resistor RL.
3. ON the AC input signal and CRO.
4. Trace the input and output waveforms.
5. Connect the capacitor (filter) across its output load terminals.
6. Again trace the output waveforms.
7. Find its input and output signal frequencies.
8. Switch OFF the AC input signal and CRO.
9. Disconnect the components.

Result
A half Wave rectifier circuit using diode is constructed, and its input and output
signal waveforms with and without filters are traced and tested.
Its maximum Voltage = ________________ V.
Tabulation

Description Amplitude Time

Input Signal

Output Signal
(Without Filter)

Output Signal
(With Filter)
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Ex No: 4

Date:

Aim
To construct a Bridge rectifier (Full wave Rectifier ) circuit and test its input and
output signal waveforms with and without filters, and find its maximum voltage.

Apparatus Required

S.No Description Range Quantity

1 Diode IN 4001 4
2 Transformer 230 V/9V 1
3 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
4 Capacitor 100 µFd/24V 1
5 CRO 20 MHz 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires - -

Theory
 A bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes connected in a closed loop.

 An AC input is applied across the two opposite corners of the bridge.

 During both half cycles, two diodes conduct to pass current in the same direction

through the load.

 The output across the load resistor is a pulsating DC voltage.

 A capacitor is often added to the output to filter and smooth the DC signal.
Procedure

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram ( Without filter).

2. Connect CRO across the output load resistor RL.
3. ON the AC input signal and CRO.
4. Trace the input and output waveforms.
5. Connect the capacitor (filter) across its output load terminals.
6. Again trace the output waveforms.
7. Find its input and output signal frequencies.
8. Switch OFF the AC input signal and CRO.
9. Disconnect the components.

Result
A Bridge rectifier circuit is constructed, and its input and output signal
waveforms with and without filters are traced and tested.
Its maximum Voltage = ________________ V.
Tabulation

Description Amplitude Time

Input Signal

Output Signal
(Without Filter)
Output Signal
(With Filter)

MODEL GRAPH
 COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT
Ex No: 5

Date:

Aim
To construct and test the input and output characteristics of the given NPN
transistor in Common Emitter Configuration.

Apparatus Required

S.No Description Range Quantity

1 NPN Transistor BC 147 1
2 Regulated Power Supply ( 0-30V ) 2
3 Voltmeter ( 0-1V) 1
4 Voltmeter (0-15 V) 1
5 Ammeter (0-500µA) 1
6 Ammeter (0-10 mA) 1
7 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
8 Bread Board - 1
9 Connecting Wires - -

Theory
 In a common emitter (CE) configuration, the emitter terminal is common to both
input and output.
 The input is applied between the base and emitter, and the output is taken from
the collector and emitter.
 A small input current controls a larger output current, providing current and
voltage gain.
 The transistor operates in active mode, acting as an amplifier.
 It is widely used in amplifier circuits due to its high gain and phase inversion
property.

Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram and switch ON the power supplies.
2. For input characteristics, to fix the output voltage (VCE) as constant.
3. Vary the input voltage (VBE) from 0V.
4. Take its corresponding input current (IB) readings.
5. Repeat the above procedures of 3 and 4 for different step values of output voltage.
6. Draw the graph in between input voltage (VBE) and input current (IB).
7. For Output characteristics , to fix the input current (IB) as constant.
8. Vary the output voltage (VCE) from 0V.
9. Take its corresponding output current (IC) readings.
10. Repeat the above procedures of 7 and 8 for different step values for input current
(IB).
11. Draw the graph in between output voltage (VCE) and output current (IC).
12. Calculate the input resistance and output resistance values from the graph.
13. Switch OFF the power supplies.
14. Disconnect the components.

Result
The input and output characteristics of common emitter configuration using NPN
transistor are tested.
MODEL GRAPH (INPUT CHARACTERISTICS)

MODEL GRAPH (OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS)

Tabular Column
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VCE = 0V VCE = 5V VCE = 10V
S.NO VBE IB VBE IB VBE IB
Volts µA Volts µA Volts µA

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

IB = 0 µA IB = 10 µA IB = 20 µA
S.NO VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC
Volts µA Volts µA Volts µA
 COMMON BASE TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT
Ex No: 6

Date:

Aim
To construct and test the input and output characteristics of the given NPN
transistor in Common base Configuration.

Apparatus Required

S.No Description Range Quantity

1 NPN Transistor BC 147 1
2 Regulated Power Supply ( 0-30V ) 2
3 Voltmeter ( 0-5V) 1
4 Voltmeter (0-15 V) 1
5 Ammeter (0-50 mA) 1
6 Ammeter (0-10 mA) 1
7 Resistor 1 KΩ 2
8 Bread Board - 1
9 Connecting Wires - -

Theory
 In a common base (CB) configuration, the base terminal is common to both input
and output.
 The input is applied between the emitter and base, and the output is taken from
the collector and base.
 It provides voltage gain but no current gain, as current gain (α) is less than 1.
 There is no phase shift between input and output signals.
 It is used in high-frequency applications due to its low input impedance and high
bandwidth.
Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram and switch ON the power supplies.
2. For input characteristics, to fix the output voltage (VCB) as constant.
3. Vary the input voltage (VEB) from 0V.
4. Take its corresponding input current (IE) readings.
5. Repeat the above procedures of 3 and 4 for different step values of output voltage.
6. Draw the graph in between input voltage (VEB) and input current (IE).
7. For Output characteristics , to fix the input current (IE) as constant.
8. Vary the output voltage (VCB) from 0V.
9. Take its corresponding output current (IC) readings.
10. Repeat the above procedures of 7 and 8 for different step values for input current
(IE).
11. Draw the graph in between output voltage (VCB) and output current (IC).
12. Calculate the input resistance and output resistance values from the graph.
13. Switch OFF the power supplies.
14. Disconnect the components.

Result
The input and output characteristics of common base configuration using NPN
transistor are tested.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH (INPUT CHARACTERISTICS)

MODEL GRAPH (OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS)

Tabular Column
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
S.NO VCB = 0V VCB = 5V VCB = 10V
VEB IE VEB IE VEB IE
Volts µA Volts µA Volts µA

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
S.NO IE = 0 µA IE = 10 µA IE = 20 µA
VCB IC VCB IC VCB IC
Volts µA Volts µA Volts µA
 JFET CHARCTERISTICS
Ex No: 7

Date:

Aim
To construct and test the drain and transfer characteristics of Junction FET in
common source mode and find its pinch off voltage.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Description Range Quantity

1 N-Channel JFET BFW 10 1
2 Regulated Power supply ( 0-30V ) 2
3 Ammeter ( 0-10 mA ) 1
4 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
5 Bread Board - 1
6 Connecting wires - -

Theory
 A Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is a voltage-controlled device with high
input impedance.
 In the practical setup, drain current (ID) is measured by varying gate-source
voltage (VGS) and drain-source voltage (VDS).
 The output characteristics show the relationship between ID and VDS for
different VGS values.
 The transfer characteristics show how ID varies with VGS at constant VDS.
 JFET operates in ohmic, active (saturation), and cut-off regions, useful for
amplification and switching.
Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON both VGS and VDS power supplies.
3. Keep VGS as constant for drain characteristics.
4. Vary the voltage VDS step by step from 0V and note its corresponding ID values.
5. Draw the graph between VDS and ID.
6. Repeat the above procedure of 4 and 5 for different values of VGS.
7. Note down its pinch off voltage.
8. Keep VDS as constant for transfer characteristics.
9. vary the voltage VGS step by step from 0 V and note its corresponding current ID value.
10. Draw the graph between VGS and ID.
11. Switch OFF the power supplies.
12. Disconnect the components.

Result
The drain and transfer characteristics of JFET in common source mode are
tested. The pinch off voltage of given JFET is _____________ V
MODEL GRAPH (DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS)

MODEL GRAPH (TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS)

Tabular Column
DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS
S.No VGS=0V VGS= -1V VGS= -2V
VDS (Volts) ID (mA) VDS(Volts) ID (mA) VDS(Volts) ID (mA)

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
S.No VGS (-) Volts ID mA
 UJT CHARCTERISTICS
Ex No: 8

Date:

Aim
To construct and test the negative resistance characteristics of Junction UJT and
note its peak current and valley voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No Description Range Quantity
1 UJT BFW 10 1
2 Regulated Power supply ( 0-30V ) 2
3 Ammeter ( 0-100 mA ) 1
4 Voltmeter ( 0-50V) 1
4 Resistor 2.2 KΩ 1
5 Bread Board - 1
6 Connecting wires - -

Theory
 A Unijunction Transistor (UJT) has three terminals: emitter (E) and two bases
(B1 and B2).
 When a gradually increasing emitter voltage (VE) is applied, the UJT remains off
until the peak voltage (Vp) is reached.
 At Vp, the UJT switches on, causing a sudden drop in emitter voltage and a rise in
emitter current (IE).
 This negative resistance region is useful for triggering and timing applications.
 The practical characteristic curve plots emitter current (IE) versus emitter
voltage (VE) showing these behaviors.
Procedure

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the power supplies.
3. Keep VBB voltage at constant level.
4. Vary the emitter voltage VE step by step from 0V.
5. Take its corresponding ammeter (IE) readings.
Draw the graph between VDS and ID.
6. Repeat the above procedure of 4 and 5 for different values of VBB.
7.Draw the graph between VE and IE.
8. Note down its peak current and Valley voltage.
9. Switch OFF the power supplies.
10. Disconnect the components.

Result
The negative resistance characteristics of UJT are obtained, and its peak current
and valley voltage are noted.

Peak current =
Valley Voltage =
Tabular column
S.No VBB=5V VBB=10V VBB=20V
VE (Volts) IE (mA) VE (Volts) IE (mA) VE (Volts) IE (mA)

CLIPPER
Ex No: 9
Date:

Aim
To construct and test the performance of positive clipper and negative clipper
circuits and draw its input and output waveforms.

Apparatus Required

S.No Description Range Quantity

1 Audio Oscillator 10 KHz 1
2 Diode IN4007 1
3 Resistor 1KΩ 1
4 Resistor 100Ω 1
5 CRO 20 MHZ 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting wires - -

Theory

 A clipper circuit removes or “clips” portions of an input AC signal above or below

a certain reference level.
 It typically uses diodes and sometimes resistors to limit voltage in one or both
directions.
 When the input voltage exceeds the diode’s threshold, the diode conducts and
clips the signal.
 The output waveform has portions of the input signal “cut off” or flattened at the
clipping level.
 Clippers are used in signal conditioning to protect circuits or shape waveforms.
Procedure

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect CRO at its output side.
3. Switch ON the audio Oscillator and CRO.
4. Trace the input signal and output signal.
5. Switch OFF the audio oscillator and CRO.
6. Disconnect the components.

Result
The performance of positive clipper and negative clipper are tested, and its input
and output signal waveforms are drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (POSITIVE CLIPPER)

TABULATION (Positive Clipper)

Description Amplitude Time

Input Signal

Output Signal

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (NEGATIVE CLIPPER)

TABULATION (Negative Clipper)

Description Amplitude Time

Input Signal

Output Signal

MODEL GRAPH
Amplitude
 CLAMPER
Ex No: 10
Date:

Aim
To construct and test the performance of positive clamper and negative clamper
circuits and draw its input and output waveforms.

Apparatus Required
S.No Description Range Quantity
1 Audio Oscillator 10 KHz 1
2 Diode IN4007 1
3 Capacitor 10µFd 1
4 Resistor 100Ω 1
5 CRO 20 MHZ 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting wires - -

Theory
 A clamper circuit shifts the entire input signal waveform up or down by adding a
DC level.
 It uses a diode, capacitor, and resistor to store and transfer charge during signal
cycles.
 During one half cycle, the capacitor charges to a peak voltage through the diode.
 In the next cycle, the capacitor’s stored charge shifts the output voltage level.
 Clampers are used to restore or change DC levels in signals without altering their
shape.
Procedure

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect CRO at its output side.
3. Switch ON the audio Oscillator and CRO.
4. Trace the input signal and output signal.
5. Switch OFF the audio oscillator and CRO.
6. Disconnect the components.

Result
The performance of positive clamper and negative clamper are tested, and its input
and output signal waveforms are drawn.
TABULATION (Positive Clamper)

Description Amplitude Time

Input Signal

Output Signal
TABULATION (Negative Clamper)

Description Amplitude Time

Input Signal

Output Signal

Model graph:
 RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
Ex No: 11
Date:

Aim
To find the frequency response characteristics of RC Coupled amplifier using Multisim
software tool.

Apparatus Required

PC loaded with Multisim software tool

Theory

 An RC coupled amplifier uses resistors and capacitors to connect multiple

amplifier stages.
 The coupling capacitor blocks DC but allows AC signals to pass between stages.
 This prevents DC biasing conditions of one stage from affecting the next.
 It provides voltage amplification of weak AC signals in audio and other
applications.
 The practical setup measures input and output voltages to determine gain and
frequency response.

Procedure

1. Switch ON the computer system.

2. Open the Multisim simulation software.
3. Place the required components of VCC, GROUND, Transistors Resistors, Electrolyte capacitors
by using click “Place” à “Components.
4. Place the function generator at its input.
5. Place the Oscilloscope at its output.
6. Set the values of the components as per the circuit diagram.
7. Rotate the required components.
8. Wire all the components as per the circuit diagram.
9. Simulate the circuit by click àSimulate , clickà Analysis, click àAC Analysis.
Start frequency (FSTART) : 0 Hz
Stop frequency (FSTOP) : 10 GHz
 Sweep type : Decade
Number of points per decade : 10
Vertical Scale : Logarithmic
Click àOutput ,then select à I (Q2 [I2]) then click -à Add,then click-à Simulate.
10. Verify the graph.
11. Close the multisim software.
12. Shut down and switch OFF the PC.

Result
The frequency response characteristics of RC Coupled amplifier is simulated by using
Multisim Software Simulation tool.
MODEL GRAPH
 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Ex No: 12
Date:

Aim
To find the Colpitts Oscillator using Multisim software tool.

Apparatus required

PC loaded with Multisim software tool

Theory

 The Colpitts oscillator generates sinusoidal oscillations using a transistor and an

LC tank circuit.
 The tank circuit consists of an inductor and two capacitors connected in series,
forming a voltage divider.
 The capacitive voltage divider provides feedback necessary for sustained
oscillations.
 The frequency of oscillation depends on the values of the inductor and
capacitors.
 In practice, output waveform and frequency are measured to verify stable
oscillations.

Procedure

1. Switch ON the computer system.

2. Open the Multisim simulation software.
3. Place the required components of VCC, GROUND, Transistors Resistors, Inductors,
capacitors by using click “Place”à “Components.
4. Place the Oscilloscope at its output.
5. Set the values of the components as per the circuit diagram.
6. Rotate the required components.
7. Wire all the components as per the circuit diagram.
8. Simulate the circuit by using “Simulate”à Click “Run”.
9. Set the amplitude and Time base of Oscilloscope.
Time base à
Scale : 500 µs/ Div
Xpos (Div) : 0
Select à Y/T
Channel A à
Scale : 1 V/ Div
Ypos(Div) = 0
Select : AC

Result

Thus the working of colpitts oscillator is simulated by using Multisim Simulation tool.
 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Ex No: 13
Date:

Aim
To simulate Astable Multivibrator using “Multisim “software tool.

Apparatus required

PC loaded with Multisim software tool

Theory

 An astable multivibrator is a free-running oscillator that continuously switches

between two states without any external trigger.
 It uses two transistors, capacitors, and resistors connected in a feedback loop.
 The capacitors charge and discharge alternately, causing the transistors to
switch ON and OFF.
 This produces a continuous square wave output with a specific frequency and
duty cycle.
 The frequency is determined by the values of the resistors and capacitors used in
the circuit.

Procedure

1. Switch ON the computer system.

2. Open the Multisim simulation software.
3. Place the required components of VCC, GROUND, Transistors Resistors, Inductors, capacitors
by using click “Place”à “Components.
4. Place the Oscilloscope at its output.
5. Set the values of the components as per the circuit diagram.
6. Rotate the required components.
7. Wire all the components as per the circuit diagram.
8. Simulate the circuit by using “Simulate”à Click “Run”.
9. Set the amplitude and Time base of Oscilloscope.
Channel A à
Scale : 10 V/Div
Ypos (Div) : 1
Select à DC
Channel Bà
Scale : 10 V/Div
Ypos (Div) : -2
Select à DC
Time base à
Scale : 50 ms/ Div
Xpos (Div) : 0
Select à Y/T
10. Verify the waveforms.
11. close the “Multisim” Software.
12. Shut down and switch OFF the PC.

Result
The Astable Multivibrator circuit is simulated by using “Multisim” Simulation tool.
 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
Ex No: 14
Date:

Aim
To find the Hartley Oscillator using Multisim software tool.

Apparatus required

PC loaded with Multisim software tool

Theory

 The Hartley oscillator generates sinusoidal oscillations using a transistor and an

LC tank circuit with a tapped inductor or two inductors in series.
 The tank circuit consists of the inductors and a capacitor, which determine the
oscillation frequency.
 Feedback is taken from the tapped point of the inductors to sustain oscillations.
 The transistor amplifies the signal and provides necessary gain to compensate
for losses.
 In practice, the output waveform and frequency are measured to confirm stable
oscillations.

Procedure

1. Switch ON the computer system.

2. Open the Multisim simulation software.
3. Place the required components of VCC, GROUND, Transistors Resistors, Inductors,
capacitors by using click “Place”à “Components.
4. Place the Oscilloscope at its output.
5. Set the values of the components as per the circuit diagram.
6. Rotate the required components.
7. Wire all the components as per the circuit diagram.
8. Simulate the circuit by using “Simulate”à Click “Run”.
9. Set the amplitude and Time base of Oscilloscope.
Time base à
Scale : 500 µs/ Div
Xpos (Div) : 0
Select à Y/T
Channel A à
Scale : 1 V/ Div
Ypos(Div) = 0
Select : AC

Result
Thus the working of Hartley oscillator is simulated by using Multisim Simulation
tool.
MODEL GRAPH
 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
Ex No: 15
Date:

Aim
To find the RC phase shift Oscillator using Multisim software tool.

Apparatus required

PC loaded with Multisim software tool

Theory

 The RC phase shift oscillator uses a transistor amplifier and a feedback network
of three RC stages.
 Each RC stage provides a phase shift, and together they produce a total of 180°
phase shift.
 The transistor amplifier provides an additional 180° phase shift, making a total
360° needed for oscillation.
 The frequency of oscillation depends on the values of the resistors and capacitors
in the feedback network.
 In practice, the output waveform is observed to verify stable sinusoidal
oscillations at the desired frequency.

Procedure

1. Switch ON the computer system.

2. Open the Multisim simulation software.
3. Place the required components of VCC, GROUND, Transistors Resistors, Inductors, capacitors
by using click “Place”à “Components.
4. Place the Oscilloscope at its output.
5. Set the values of the components as per the circuit diagram.
6. Rotate the required components.
7. Wire all the components as per the circuit diagram.
8. Simulate the circuit by using “Simulate”à Click “Run”.
9. Set the amplitude and Time base of Oscilloscope.
Time base à
Scale : 5 ms/ Div
Xpos (Div) : 0
Select à Y/T
Channel A à
Scale : 2 V/ Div
Ypos(Div) = 0
Select : AC

Result

Thus the working of colpitts oscillator is simulated by using Multisim Simulation tool.
MODEL GRAPH