Rural land Administration

Level II
Based on March, 2022, Version II Occupational
standard

Module Title: Spatial and Non-Spatial Data

LG Code: AGR RLA2 M10 LO (1-4) LG (30-33)
TTLM Code: AGR RLA2 TTLM 0123v1

January , 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Table of Contents

Introduction to the Module.......................................................................................................................1

Lo #1- Spatial and Non-Spatial Data.......................................................................................................2

Instruction sheet-1.................................................................................................................................2

Information Sheet 1...................................................................................................................................3

Self-check 1........................................................................................................................................7

LO #2- Basic Data Collection..................................................................................................................8

Instruction sheet-2.................................................................................................................................8

Information Sheet 2...............................................................................................................................9

Operation Sheet -2...........................................................................................................................15

LO #3- Data Management.......................................................................................................................17

Instruction sheet..................................................................................................................................17

Information Sheet 3.................................................................................................................................18

Self-check 3......................................................................................................................................24

Operation Sheet -3...........................................................................................................................25

LAP TEST-3....................................................................................................................................26

LO #4- Data Retrieval.............................................................................................................................27

Instruction sheet-4...............................................................................................................................27

Information Sheet 4.............................................................................................................................28

Self-Check – 4..................................................................................................................................39

Operation Sheet -4...........................................................................................................................40

Reference Material..................................................................................................................................41

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 Introduction to the Module
This module covers the competence required to prepare to collect basic spatial data, use equipment under
supervision, assist in gathering basic spatial data, maintain equipment under supervision, assist in
finalizing the data collection process, assist in the storage of spatial data, assist in accessing and retrieving
spatial data.

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LG #30 Lo #1- Spatial and Non-Spatial Data

Instruction sheet-1
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Introduction to the module
 Spatial data
 Non-spatial data
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify and describe Spatial data
 Identify and describe non-spatial/socio economic data

Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks
5. Perform Operation Sheets
6. Do the “LAP test”

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 Information Sheet 1

1. Introduction

In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for
movement or processing. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is
information converted into binary digital form. Data can come in the form of text, observations,
figures, images, numbers, graphs, or symbols. For example, data might include individual
prices, weights, addresses, ages, names, temperatures, dates, or distances. Data is a raw form of
knowledge and, on its own, doesn't carry any significance or purpose.

1.1. Spatial data

Spatial data are also known as geospatial data. Spatial data is information about a physical object
that can be represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinates system (latitudes and
longitudes). Generally speaking, Spatial data represents the location, size and shape of an object
on earth surface such as mountain, plain, township, people etc. it also provides all the attributes
of an entity that is being represented. Satellite maps and scanned images help to obtain spatial
data. Any data which are directly or indirectly referenced to a location on the surface of the earth
are spatial data. The Spatial data has the following features;
 It consist of location, shape, size and orientation/ it answers where things are/
 It is generally multi-dimensional
 It is includes spatial relationship or relationships among spatial attributes are implicit. /for
example, boundaries 1 and 2 could be neighbours, but cannot be explicitly represented/
 It describes the absolute and relative location of geographical objects.
 It is stored in a shapefile or geodatabase.

 Types of spatial data models

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 1. Vector
Vector data is graphical representations of the real world.
There are three main types of vector data: points, lines,
and polygons. Connecting points create lines, and
connecting lines that create an enclosed area create
polygons. Vectors present generalizations of objects or
features on the Earth’s surface. Vector data and the file
format known as shapefiles (.shp) are sometimes used
interchangeably. Vector data is most often stored in .shp
files.
2. Raster
Raster data is data that is presented in a grid of pixels. Each
pixel within a raster has a value, whether it be a colour or
unit of measurement. This communicates information
about the element in question. Raster typically refer to
imagery. However, in the spatial world, this may
specifically refer to orthoimagery which are photos taken
from satellites or other aerial devices. Raster data quality
varies depending on resolution and your task at hand.
Examples of spatial data are maps, photographs, satellite
images, scanned images, Roads Rivers, contours, etc.

Fig 1.1. Types of spatial data

1.2. Non-Spatial Data

Non-spatial data, simply, is data that contains ‘what’ instead of ‘where’. It is independent of
geographic location or cannot be related to a location on the earth surface. Examples of Non
Spatial data; parcel holder name, age, sex, parcel area, date of acquisition…..etc. The Non
Spatial data has the following features:
 It has no specific location in space/ It answers what and how much things are/.
 Tabular and attribute data are non-spatial data
 It is also called attributes or characteristics data
 It is generally one dimensional and independent data

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 It is stored in a database table.
 Generally one-dimensional and independent.
 Relationships among non-spatial attributes are explicit. For example, two different
attributes may be a part of, a subclass of, a member of, or represented in the form of
arithmetic values or orders.

 Types of non-spatial data

Table 1.1 Non-spatial data type and description

No Type Description
1. Nominal Data Text data (e.g. name of parcel holder, means of
acquisition….)
2. Ordinal Data Shows class (first, second, third …lower, medium,
high…………) e.g. Fertility of parcel
3. Interval Data Limit (lower to upper) e.g. parcel area
4. Ratio Data Shows fraction e.g. scale

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 Fig. 1.2. Spatial and non-spatial data structure

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 Self-check 1 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: give short and precise Answer for all the questions listed below.

1. what is spatial data? List and describe briefly.

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2. Discuss non spatial data with in example.
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LG #31 LO #2- Basic Data Collection
Instruction sheet-2
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Types of data and data collection method
 Data collection requirement
 Equipment and resources of spatial information service technologies
 Equipment and spatial information service
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Types of data and data collection method.
 Identify data collection requirement
 Equipment, resources and data collection Spatial Information Service (SIS) technologies
 Ensure equipment in safe working.
 Identify type and level of equipment and data collection technologies
 Store tools, resource and equipment and SIS
 Store and data documentation
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks
5. Perform Operation Sheets
6. Do the “LAP test”

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 Information Sheet 2

2.1 Types Of Data and Data Collection Method

2.1.1. Types of spatial data

Spatial data is the data collected through with physical real life locations like towns, cities,
islands etc. Spatial data are of three different types.

 Map data: Map data includes different types of spatial features of objects in map, e.g – an
object’s shape and location of object within map. The three basic types of features are points,
lines, and polygons (or areas).
A. Points: Points are used to represent spatial characteristics of objects whose locations
correspond to single 2-D coordinates (x, y, or longitude/latitude) in the scale of particular
application. For examples: Buildings, cellular towers, or stationary vehicles. Moving
vehicles and other moving objects can be represented by sequence of point locations that
change over time.
B. Lines: Lines represent objects having length, such as roads or rivers, whose spatial
characteristics can be approximated by sequence of connected lines.
C. Polygons: Polygons are used to represent characteristics of objects that have boundary,
like states, lakes, or countries.
 Attribute data: is the descriptive data that Geographic Information Systems associate with
features in the map. For example, Attributes: Population, largest city/town, area in square
miles, and so on.
 Image data: It includes camera created data like satellite images and aerial photographs.
Objects of interest, such as buildings and roads, can be identified and overlaid on these
images. Aerial and satellite images are typical examples of raster data.

2.1.2. Spatial Data Collection methods

Field Data Collection: This is one spatial data collection method, and is a first-step requirement
for spatial information users such as human geographers, physical geographers, geologists

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 crop scientists, ecologists, etc. Human geographers may want to collect public
opinions and other social activities in order to understand how social behavior
changes over space and time.

Components of field data: Field data collection is the foundation of many spatial analysis
processes. Like other spatial data, field data are composed of two elements, namely the
coordinate information of the spatial objects and their associated attribute information.
Coordinate information includes X ,Y and Z for the positions of spatial objects, while attribute
information includes properties of those spatial objects such as the soil nitrogen contents, the
names of plant or animal species, the angles of dips and strikes for each rock unit, and so on.
Planning and designing attribute data are at the heart of any field data collection process, and

thus it is very important that this be considered before going into the field.

The main methods used for data collection are the same as the methods used in the process of
data capturing. These are remote sensing, GPS, photogrammetry etc. Below we will see some
other methods and applications a bit more specialized, for data collection.

i. Surveying: It is the most holistic approach to data collection. Data are gathered either from on-
site surveys or from remote sensing, photogrammetry, and GPS techniques and through their
combination; we have primary data collection, which results in scientific maps and researchers.
ii. Digital Globe: It is an illustration of the earth in 3D and high-resolution configuration. Its
advantage in data collection is that we do not have to figure out with distortion and the user has
the ability to scale up and down, set it up in mobile or desktop and easily share files etc.
Moreover, digital globe provides interactive maps with many capabilities and a variety of topics
to overlay the globe. Popular digital globe include:

 Google Earth
 Google Maps
 Open Street Map

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iii. Location -Based Services (LBS): One more application based on smartphones and the users.
The manipulator allows the device to find his location on the map and if this location is
mistaken the user can interfere and put the right location. Some years ago, this process was
inaccurate but while the users help by giving data, it becomes nowadays better so that to collect
the right and upgraded data.

 Geo-visualization: It is one more source where we can find and collect data from. Interactive
maps on the web represent the globe and gather data about locations and touristic content
information such as hotels, restaurants, coffee shops etc. These data either can be collected
and used for a base map (from the global data) or for the above layers which overlap the map
(from all the other data of the visualization) (Lwin et al., 2012).

Data Collection Requirement

The requirement to collect data: The data should collected with appropriate persons, who is
professionals relate to geospatial. The required Persons to collect data are senior staff ,
Colleagues, Interpreter and Support persons.

Skills required in data collection are:

 Communication Skills
 Surveying measurement skills
 Planning
 Global Positioning System (GPS) Equipment Operation
 Geographic Information System (GIS) skills
Surveyors plan, direct and conduct survey work to determine, delineate, plan and precisely
position tracts of land, natural and constructed features, coastlines, marine floors and
underground works, and manage related information systems.
Cartographers apply scientific, mathematical and cartographic design principles to prepare and
revise maps, charts and other forms of cartographic output.

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Other Spatial Scientists acquire, integrate, analyse, interpret, present, manage and distribute
information about locations in space and time, and develop related equipment, software and
services.

D. Equipment and Resources of Spatial Information Service Technologies

GIS data collection hardware can be grouped into three basic categories: Digitizers, GPS units,
and mobile devices. With a broad range of capabilities and price points, each type of device has
it's own ideal use case.

1. Digitizers: Many devices are considered digitizers: digital cameras, digital tablets,
scanners, and more. A digitizer is hardware device that receives analog information, such
as sound or light, and records it digitally. Usually, the information is stored in a file on a
computing device. In the context of GIS, digitization refers to converting coordinates,
text annotations, or analog maps into digital form, so as to be read by a GIS software.
2. GPS Units: A GPS unit is any device capable of receiving information from GPS
satellites and calculating your geographical position. The Global Positioning System
(GPS) is a network of about 30 satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 20,000 km.
The system was originally developed by the US government for military navigation but
now anyone with a GPS device... can receive the radio signals that the satellites
broadcast. Remarkably, wherever you are on the planet, there are at least four “visible”
GPS satellites. These satellites transmit information between each other at light speed,
and can pinpoint your location based on how long it takes messages to move between
them. This process is called trilateration.
3. Mobile Devices: As mobile technology has evolved, smartphones and tablets have
become useful tools for GIS data collection. Smartphones specifically offer unparalleled
convenience. They are versatile, fit in your pocket, and most people already have one.
Though smartphones don't offer the same level of accuracy as GPS receivers, accuracy
can be approved by connecting to a broadband network or GPS device.

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The Spatial Information Technology relates to the use of the technological inputs in collecting,
storing, retrieving, displaying, manipulating, managing and analysing the spatial information. It
is an amalgamation of Remote Sensing, GPS, GIS, Digital Cartography and Database
Management Systems.

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 Self-check 2 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: give short and precise Answer for all the questions listed below.

1. what are types of data and data collection methods?

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2. Discuss the requerments of spatial data collection.
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3. What technologies used for spatial data collection techniques.
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4. Why spatial data is documented and stored?
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 Operation Sheet -2

2.1 Techniques/Procedures of spatial data handling

A. Tools and Equipment

 Computer
 Data collection templates
 Shelf
 Available spatial data

B. Procedures/Steps/Techniques

i. Loading the data.

ii. Converting a string to date format.
iii. Extracting month and year from the date format.
iv. Extracting observations for the desired time period.
v. Saving the data in a different format.
vi. Selecting the variables for the final table.

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 LAP TEST-2 Performance Test

Name………………………………. ID……………………………..
Date…………………………………….

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________

Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 1 hour. The project is expected from each student to do it.

Task 1: Document spatial data

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LG #32 LO #3- Data Management
Instruction sheet

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Management of discrepancies between data
 Organize and document metadata
 Join spatial and non-spatial
 Report
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify specifications, standards and actual activities
 Manage of discrepancies between data
 Organize and document metadata
 Administrative and legal framework
 Perform data collection operation
 Apply spatial data joining
 Prepare report

Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the information Sheets
4. Accomplish the Self-checks
5. Perform Operation Sheets
6. Do the “LAP test”

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 3.1.
Information Sheet 3
Id
entify specifications, standards and actual activities

A standard is a documented agreement between providers and consumers, established by

consensus, that provides rules, guidelines, or characteristics ensuring materials, products, and
services are fit for purpose. Spatial standards are technical documents that detail interfaces or
encodings. While specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied
by a material, design, product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard.
Here some spatial data specification/ standards are include:

 Projection specifications/standards

Projection specification shall be approved by the appropriate personnel.

Projection Universal Transverse Mercator
Zone 37
Datum Adindan
Spheroid Clark 1880
False Easting +5000000
False Northing 0
Units Meters

 Accuracy Standards

Scale and Spatial Resolution requirements for vector and raster/image data should be stated.
These requirements should be clearly specified in the spatial data.

 Spatial Data Format standards

The data format(s) should be clearly stipulated and agreed before data collection and processing
start. If there are questions about choosing a data format, converting between formats, or using
non-standard formats, contact the data managers for guidance before data collection begins.
Examples of data format standards include:

 Vector Data format standards

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 Shtapefile – (.SHP, .DBF, .SHX, and .PRJ files).

 Raster Data format standards

Imagine image(img)
GeoTIFF
JPEG

 Quality Control standards

Spatial and attribute data quality control standard should be set.

Figure 3.1. Spatial and attribute data quality control standard should be set

3.2. Manage of discrepancies between data

Discrepancy management is the process that systematically addresses discrepancies generated

within a study. Correcting and managing discrepancies ensures that the data is complete,
accurate, and compliant with the given protocol. Data discrepancy occurs when two or more
comparable data sets don't align. For example, when parcel size length measured using
orthophoto may or may not a numerical difference for a metric measurement.

Identifying discrepancies in data is simple. You compare two data sets for the same period of
time and look for numbers that don’t match up. The real challenge is understanding what caused
the discrepancies and how to reconcile them. It’s essential to do this quickly and confidently, as
most organization operate within thin margins and need to make budget allocation decisions
easily.

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3.3. Organize and document metadata

Metadata means data about data and appears in a standardized in format. The description of
parcel records on holding book and book of information are a good example of metadata. In the
context of data management, it forms a subset of data documentation that explains the purpose,
origin, time reference, geographic location, creator, access conditions and terms of use of a data
collection.

Document metadata is information attached to a text-based file that may not be visible on the
face of the document; documents may also contain supporting elements such as graphic images,
photographs, tables and charts, each of which can have its own metadata. Metadata summarizes
basic information about data, which can make finding and working with particular instances of
data easier. Having the ability to filter through that metadata makes it much easier for someone
to locate a specific document or other data asset in a variety of different ways. Document
metadata in Microsoft Word, for example, includes the file size, date of document creation, the
names of the author and most recent modifier, the dates of any changes and the total edit time.
Further metadata can be added, including title, tags and comments.

Metadata management is the process of managing metadata that is used to identify, describe, and
manage digital assets. It entails developing a clear strategy and policies to ensure that
information is easily accessed, shared, classified, and stored across organizations. The goal of
metadata management is to make sure that the metadata can be used by a variety of information
systems. This means that they need to make sure that the metadata is in an appropriate format
and is well-documented so that it can be easily understood. There are four basic steps that
organizations go through when managing their metadata: Identification, Storage, Retrieval and
Usage. The metadata management process includes four basic steps:
 Identification: Deciding what to manage and what not to manage
 Storage: Where to store the tags
 Retrieval: How to locate specific tags when needed
 Maintenance: How it should be updated as it changes or becomes obsolete.

Metadata standards are rules, guidelines, or formats that help define how metadata should be
structured and stored.

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 Figure 3.2. Example of Metadata

3.4. Administrative and legal framework

Spatial and non-spatial data needs an administrative response and legal frame works for collecting,
organizing, implementing and reporting.
 Quality Consciousness.
 Organizational Culture.
 Legislation.
 Organizational Structure.
 Planning Framework.

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 Figure 3.3. Governing data

3.5. Perform data collection operation

Spatial operations use geometry functions to take spatial data as input, analyze the data, and then
produce output data that is the derivative of the analysis performed on the input data. Derived
data you can obtain from a spatial operation includes the following:
 A polygon that is a buffer around an input feature
 A single feature that is a result of analysis performed on a collection of geometries
 A single feature that is the result of a comparison to determine the part of a feature that
does not inhabit the same physical space as another feature
 A single feature that is the result of a comparison to find the parts of a feature that
intersect the physical space of another feature
 A multipart feature that is made up of the parts of both input features that do not inhabit
the same physical space as one another

For example, you could include a buffer operation in the WHERE clause of an intersect query to
determine if the specified geometry intersects an area of specified size around another geometry.

3.6. Join spatial and non-spatial

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It allows attribute data in separate tables to be linked in a post hoc fashion. The two operations
commonly used to accomplish this are the join and relate. The join operation appends the fields
of one table into a second table through the use of an attribute or field that is common to both
tables. This is commonly utilized to combine attribute information from one or more no spatial
data tables (i.e., information taken from reports or documents) with a spatially explicit feature
layer. A second type of join combines feature information based on spatial location and
association rather than on common attributes. Three types of spatial joins are available. Users
may:
(1) Match each feature to the closest feature,
(2) Match each feature to the feature that it is part of, or
(3) Match each feature to the feature that it intersects.

Alternatively, the relate operation temporarily associates two map layers or tables while keeping
them physically separate. Sometimes it can be unclear as to which operation one should use. As a
general rule, joins are most suitable for instances involving one-to-one or many-to-one
relationships. Joins are also advantageous due to the fact that the data from the two tables are
readily observable in the single output table. The use of relates, on the other hand, are suitable
for all table relationships (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many); however,
they can slow down computer access time if the tables are particularly large or spread out over
remote locations.

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 Self-check 3 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Give short and precise answer for all the questions listed below.

1. what are specifications and standards in spatial data collection?

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2. what is metadata? Describe importance of metadata
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3. What are the basic metadata management process steps?
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 Operation Sheet -3

3.1 Techniques/Procedures of joining spatial and non-spatial data

C. Tools and Equipment

 Computer
 Available spatial data

D. Procedures/ major Steps/Techniques

i. JOIN a table representing spatial layer and attribute table data

ii. store result of the JOIN
iii. add a name for the new layer/view into the "GEOMETRY_COLUMNS" table

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 LAP TEST-3 Performance Test

Name………………………………. ID……………………………..
Date…………………………………….
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________

Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 1 hour. The project is expected from each student to do
it.
Task 1: Join spatial and non-spatial data

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LG #33 LO #4- Data Retrieval
Instruction sheet-4
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Data storage type and attribute
 Data index
 Types of data storage
 Spatial Data backup and update
 Cadaster and land registration
 Data source location
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify data storage type and attribute
 Describe data index/order
 Identify types of data storage
 Perform data compliment
 Perform Spatial data backup and update
 Cadaster and land registration data
 Identify data source location
 Retrieve in different format
 Conduct data retrieve from source
Learning Instructions:
Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
Follow the instructions described below.
Read the information written in the information Sheets
Accomplish the Self-checks
Perform Operation Sheets
Do the “LAP test”

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 Information Sheet 4

4.1. Data Storage Type and Attribute

Data storage essentially means that files and documents are recorded digitally and saved in a storage
system for future use. Storage systems may rely on electromagnetic, optical or other media to preserve
and restore the data if needed. Data storage makes it easy to back up files for safekeeping and quick
recovery in the event of an unexpected computing crash or cyberattack. Data storage can occur on
physical hard drives, disk drives, USB drives or virtually in the cloud. The important thing is that your
files are backed up and easily a vailable should your systems ever crash beyond repair.

 Types of Data Storage

There are two broad types of data storage, including direct attached storage and network attached storage.
There are many devices that fit into each of these categories, each with their own unique advantages and
disadvantages, which we’ll explain in more detail below.

 Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

As the name might suggest, direct attached storage (DAS) includes types of data storage that are
physically connected to your computer. This storage is generally accessible to only a single machine.
Some common devices in this category include:
Hard Drives
Solid-State Drives (SSD)
CD/DVD Drives
Flash Drives

 Network Attached Storage (NAS)

Network attached storage (NAS) allows for multiple machines to share storage over a network. This is
accomplished with multiple hard drives or other storage devices in a RAID configuration. One of the key
benefits of NAS is the ability to centralize data and improve collaboration. Data can be easily shared
among connected machines, and permission levels can be set to control access. While NAS solutions
tend to be more costly than DAS solutions, they are still very affordable as storage technology has
advanced significantly.

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 Attribute Data

Attribute data are descriptions, measurements, and/or classifications of geographic features in a

map. Attribute data can be classified into Four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval
and ratio. The nominal level is the lowest level of measurement for distinguishing features
quantitatively using type or class (e.g. tree species). Ordinal data are ranked into hierarchies but
does not show any magnitude of difference (e.g. city hierarchy). The interval measurement
indicates the distance between the ranks of measured elements, but a starting point is arbitrarily
assigned (e.g. Celsius Temperature). Ratio measurements, the highest level of measurements,
includes an absolute starting point. Data of this category include property value and distance.
Attribute data is the detailed data used in combination with spatial data to create a GIS. The
more available and appropriate attribute data used with spatial data, the more complete a GIS is
as a management reporting and analysis tool.

4.2. Data Index

An index is a copy of selected columns of data, from a table, that is designed to enable very
efficient search. An index normally includes a "key" or direct link to the original row of data
from which it was copied, to allow the complete row to be retrieved efficiently. In a database,
data is stored in rows, which are organized into tables. Each row has a unique key, which
distinguishes it from all other rows, and those keys are stored in an index for quick retrieval.
Since keys are stored in indexes, each time a new row with a unique key is added, the index is
automatically updated. However, sometimes we need to be able to quickly lookup data that is
not stored as a key. For example, we may need to quickly lookup customers by telephone
number. It would not be a good idea to use a unique constraint because we can have multiple
customers with the same phone number. The syntax for creating an index will vary depending
on the database. However, the syntax typically includes a CREATE keyword followed by the
INDEX keyword and the name we would like to use for the index. Next should come the ON
keyword followed by the name of the table that has the data we would like to quickly access.
Finally, the last part of the statement should be the name(s) of the columns to be indexed.

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Indexes are a powerful tool used in the background of a database to speed up querying, contain
all the necessary information needed to access items quickly and efficiently, serve as lookup
tables to efficiently store data for quicker retrieval. Indexes for non-key values can be created
with a CREATE INDEX statement.

 Index System

An index is a systematic guide, in list form, with references to the page where each item is
located. There are many ways to index. They might be arranged alphabetically, by volume, or by
time period. Some indexing systems are so complex that they require guides, keys, or tables to
decipher. Indexing offers a wide range of benefits for businesses and organizations who are
looking to cut costs and improve efficiencies:

 Easier and faster collaboration

 Time savings
 Audit compliance
 Absence of physical storage space
 Safety and security

4.3. Types of data storage

There are many types of computer data storage systems that have been used and have been
created by brilliant minds in the data storage industry. However, there are 4 types of computer
data storage that literally stand out because of their efficiency and functionality. Types of
Computer Data Storage (Rosario, 2020).
I. Cloud Storage

II. Cloud Backup

III. USB Flash Drive

IV. Optical Media Storage

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 I. Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is a type of computer data storage that has become popular in recent years. In fact,
most people nowadays are using the services of the best cloud storage providers in order to
secure their important files, folders, and computer data easily by sending all the information to
the cloud. This means that people no longer need to store computer data on a physical storage
device in order to retain an extra copy of their files in case the hard disk drive of the local
computer itself crashes or whenever a file becomes corrupted due to a lot of possible
reasons. One prominent aspect of cloud storage as a computer data storage is that the sharing of
files to other people is relatively easy.

Figure 4.1. Cloud data storage

II. Cloud Backup

Cloud backup is another form of computer data storage that you should actually try using. In a
way, cloud backup is a type of online backup solution that works quite similarly with a cloud
storage service. Primarily, just like a cloud storage provider, your files and computer data are
sent securely to the cloud by the cloud backup provider. This means that your files and computer
data are stored securely on multiple servers on various data centers across different geographical
locations. In case the hard disk drive of your local computer crashes, you can restore everything.

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 Figure 4.2.Cloud back up system

III. USB Flash Drive

Computer data in a USB flash drive is stored locally on the physical storage device. It is easy to
carry and very portable because of its design. In a simple sense, a USB flash drive is actually an
embedded flash memory inside a USB interface, which is needed in order to be connected to a
local computer. Most of the existing USB flash drives weigh only 30 grams. Depending on
programmed memory, these USB flash drives can contain data as low as 1 GB and as high as 2
TB. In recent years, the most common types of USB flash drives contain data from 8 GB to 256
GB.

Figure 4.3 USB Flash Drive

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IV. Optical Media Storage

Optical media storage is one of the most common types of computer data storage that has been
previously built. Before USB flash drives have been invented, optical media storage has become
the world’s favorite for a very long time in previous years. This form of computer data storage
includes the Compact Discs (CDs), the Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) as well as the Blu-Ray
Discs (BDs). Traditional Compact Discs are only efficient in storing audio files and audio
recordings as this type of disc can only accommodate 700 MB worth of data. DVDs, on the other
hand, can hold a larger amount of data than the Compact Discs. DVDs can hold as much as 4.7
GB worth of data. It is primarily used to store video files and movies that are of high-definition.
The Blu-Ray disc is the most common type of optical media storage that is still being used today.
It can hold as much as 25 GB to 50 GB worth of data.

Figure 4.4. Optical Media Storage

4.4. Spatial Data backup and restore

Backup and recovery methods are essential to data protection and security. Any loss of data due
to file corruption, virus, security or human error is a loss of time and money. Furthermore, loss
of data can severely influence the success of a project, department, or college. An effective
server backup and recovery plan is crucial to the organizations. Data can be backup and restore
based on organizational guidelines and schedules.
 Why Backup and Recovery is important?

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The purpose of the backup is to create a copy of data that can be recovered in the event of a
primary data failure. Primary data failures can be the result of hardware or software failure, data
corruption, or a human-caused event, such as a malicious attack (virus or malware), or accidental
deletion of data. Backup copies allow data to be restored from an earlier point in time to help the
business recover from an unplanned event.
Storing the copy of the data on separate medium is critical to protect against primary data loss or
corruption. This additional medium can be as simple as an external drive or USB stick, or
something more substantial, such as a disk storage system, cloud storage container, or tape drive.
The alternate medium can be in the same location as the primary data or at a remote location.
The possibility of weather-related events may justify having copies of data at remote locations.
For best results, backup copies are made on a consistent, regular basis to minimize the amount
data lost between backups. The more time passes between backup copies, the more potential for
data loss when recovering from a backup. Retaining multiple copies of data provides the
insurance and flexibility to restore to a point in time not affected by data corruption or malicious
attacks.

4.5. Cadaster and land registration

Cadastre is a technical term for a st of records showing the extent, value and ownership (or other
basis for use or occupancy) of land. Strictly speaking, a cadastre is a record of areas and values
of land and of landholders that originally was compiled for purposes of taxation.
“Cadaster” refers to a permanent national system that registers and publicly discloses the
physical status and legal rights for real estate (lands and buildings) and manages any
modifications to this information. Cadastral maps are essentially descriptions of the parcels of
land (survey plots or holdings) with reference to which rights in land are defined and the holders
of these rights identified.
Land registration is a process of official recording of rights in land through deeds or as title on
properties. It means that there is an official record (land register) of rights on land or of deeds
concerning changes in the legal situation of defined units of land. It gives an answer to the
questions who and how.

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 Figure 4.5 cadastral land information

4.6. Source of Spatial Data

A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data. The most common
general sources for spatial data are:
I. Hard copy maps
II. Aerial photographs;
III. Remotely-sensed imagery
IV. Point data samples from surveys; and
V. Existing digital data files.
I. hard copy maps: hardcopy map is a topographic map, which contain several elements of
maps that include legend, title, north indicator, map frame, scale and geographic features,
which describe the characteristics of certain area such as contour lines, river, road, buildings
or other.

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 Figure 4.6. Hard copy map

II. Aerial Photographs

An aerial photograph, in broad terms, is any photograph taken from the air. Normally, air photos
are taken vertically from an aircraft using a highly accurate camera. There are several things to
determine what makes one photograph different from another of the same area including type of
film, scale, and overlap. Other important concepts used in aerial photography are stereoscopic
coverage, fiducial marks, focal length, roll and frame numbers, and flight lines and index maps.

Film: most air photo missions are flown using black and white film, however color, infrared, and
false-color infrared film are sometimes used for special projects.
Focal length: the distance from the middle of the camera lens to the focal plane (i.e. the film).
As focal length increases, image distortion decreases.

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 Scale: the ratio of the distance between two points on a photo to the actual distance between the
same two points on the ground (i.e. 1 unit on the photo equals "x" units on the ground).

Figure 4.7. Aerial photographs

III. Remotely-Sensed Imagery

Remote sensing images are characterised by their spectral, spatial, radiometric, and temporal
resolutions. Spectral resolution refers to the bandwidth and the sampling rate over which the
sensor gathers information about the scene. High spectral resolution is characterised by a narrow
bandwidth (e.g., 10 nm). Spatial resolution refers to the smallest features in the scene that can be
separated (resolved). The radiometric resolution refers to the dynamic range or the total number
of discrete signals of particular strengths that the sensor can record.

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 figur
e 4.7. Remotely-Sensed Imagery

4.7. Data Retrieval

In databases, data retrieval is the process of identifying and extracting data from a database,
based on a query provided by the user or application. It enables the fetching of data from a
database in order to display it on a monitor and/or use within an application. Data retrieval
typically requires writing and executing data retrieval or extraction commands or queries on a
database based on the query provided, the database looks for and retrieves the data requested.

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 Self-Check – 4 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Give Answer all the questions listed below.

1. What is data storage?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. What are types of data storage? Lis and describe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. what is attribute data?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. what is data index? Describe the advantage of data index
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Operation Sheet -4

4.1 Backup and Recovery Procedures

A. Tools and equipment
1. Computer
2. Backup software
3. Back up external disk

Backup and Recovery techniques/ Procedures

B.1 Backup Plan

 Server backups will be performed as per required time and date.

 Backups performed on required date.
 The last backup of every time period will be considered for that time backup and kept for
a time before recycling.
 Backup device will be stored in a fireproof safe.
 Backups will be performed and monitored by a fulltime responsible staff member.
 Backups will be automated using Veritas Backup Exec, Arcserve or similar software
product.
 Backup device will be inserted as perschedule before leaving work.
 Backup failures will be reported to the assigned personnel and action will be taken
quickly to fix the problem.
 Backups will always be performed before upgrading or modifying a server.

B.2 Restoration of data

i. proceed to restoration of data from backup media

ii. determine the time and date of the lost data
iii. Determine the appropriate backup media to restore the data
iv. Insert the backup media into the appropriate server
v. Invoke the Backup/Restore software, such as Veritas Backup Exec or Arc serve
vi. Schedule the restore of the appropriate data within the Backup/Restore software

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 vii. Monitor the restore of data.
viii. Upon restore, evaluate the integrity of the restored data
ix. contact the end-user of the data to finalize restore
x. Upon approval from the end-user, the restore is considered finished

LAP TEST-4 Performance Test

Name………………………………. ID……………………………..
Date…………………………………….
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 8 hours.
Task 1. Plan data back up
Task 2. Perform data restoration

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 Reference Material
Lwin, K. K., Estoque, R. C., & Murayama, Y. (2012). Data Collection, Processing, and
Applications for Geospatial Analysis. In Y. Murayama (Ed.), Progress in Geospatial Analysis
(pp. 29–48). Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54000-7_3

Rosario, R. R. (2020, February 14). 4 Types of Computer Data Storage—Cloudstorageinfo.org.

https://cloudstorageinfo.org/4-types-of-computer-data-storage

Says, C. G. (2021, October 25). What is Spatial Data and Non-Spatial Data? Safe Software.
https://www.safe.com/blog/2021/10/non-spatial-data-difference-fme/

Spatial and non-spatial data—Google Search. Retrieved January 1, 2023, from

https://www.google.com/search?q=Spatial+and+non-spatial+data&oq=Spatial+and+non-
spatial+data&aqs=chrome.69i57j0i19i22i30l9.1471j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-
8#imgrc=UHZRtDNwOBMLoM

Spatial data collection procedures—Google Search. Retrieved January 1, 2023, from

https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Spatial+data+collection+procedures

What Is Backup and Recovery? - Why It’s Important | NetApp. Retrieved January 2, 2023, from
https://www.netapp.com/cyber-resilience/data-protection/data-backup-recovery/what-is-backup-
recovery/

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Author/Copyright
 Aknowledgement

Ministry of Labor and Skills and Ministry of Agriculture Rural Land Administration and Use
wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of TVET instructors and
respective industry experts who donated their time and expertise to the development of this
Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM)

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Author/Copyright
 The experts who developed
N Name Qualificatio Educational background Region/college Phone number E-mail
o n
1 Dessaleg MSc Land Administration (BSc) Assosa ATVET +251-920104909 Dessalegnaddis19@gm
n Addis Land Administration and ail.com
Management(MSc)
2 Abay MSc Land Management(BSc) Agarfa ATVET +251-910784067 [email protected]
Mustefa Land Management(MSc) m
3 Shumet MSc Land Administration (BSc) Addis Ababa +251_984004128 mengeshashumet8@G
Mengesh Geodesy and MPTC mail.Com
a geomatics(MSc)
4 Dessaleg MSc Land Administration (BSc) Addis Ababa MPTC +251-912604368 [email protected]
n Gashu Business Management(MBA)
5 Hamid MSc Land Administration (BSc) Assosa ATVET +251-938479541 hamidkemaladem@gma
Kemal Land Administration and il.com
Management(MSc)
6 Dilnesa MSc Land Administration (BSc) Assosa ATVET +251-989426464 dilnesafentahun@gmail
Fentahun Land Administration and .com
Management(MSc)
7 Abreham MSc Land Administration (BSc) Addis Ababa MPTC +251-910006950 [email protected]
Desybele Geodesy and geomatics(MSc)
w
8 Reta MSc Natural Resource Agarfa ATVET +251-940626042 retamoti2004ec@gmail.
Moti Management(Bsc) com
Land administration and
management(MSc)

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