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Development Of Error Control Coding
Technique In Digital Communication System
Mr.Vishal G. Jadhao*
Prof.Prafulla D. Gawande*
__________________________________________________________
Abstract:
During digital data transmission in digital communication system, noise is added and physical
defects in the communication medium can cause random errors during data transmission. Error coding is a
method of detecting and correcting these errors to ensure information is transferred intact from its source to
destination. Error coding is used for fault tolerant computing in computer memory, magnetic and optical
data storage media, satellite and deep space communications, network communications, cellular
telephone networks, and almost any other form of digital data communication. Error coding uses
mathematical formulas to encode data bits at the source into longer bit words for is transmission. Decoding
of the code word is possible at side of receiver. The extra bits in the code word provide redundant bit,
according to the coding scheme used, will allow the destination to use the decoding process to determine if
the communication medium’s expected error rate, signal to noise ratio and whether or not data
retransmission is possible. Faster processors and better communications technology make more complex
coding schemes, with better error detecting and correcting capabilities, possible for smaller embedded
systems, allowing for more robust communications.
The proposed title discloses a novel approach for detection and correction of binary stream
transmission errors such as random errors and bursts errors in digital communication systems. The fault
detection and correction will be accomplished by Linear Block Code, Convolution Code or concatenated
Code Error-Control Coding techniques.
Keywords- Fault Tolerant Computing, Embedded Communication, Real-Time System, Software
Reliability formatting, concatenated code error control coding technique.
* Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication, Sipna College Of Engineering and Technology,
Amravati, India
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1.INTRODUCTION:
Error coding is a method of providing reliable digital data transmission and storage
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Error coding is used in many digital applications like computer
memory, magnetic and optical data storage, media, satellite and deep space communications,
network communications, cellular telephone networks, rather than transmitting digital data in
raw bit form. The data is encoded with extra bits at the source. The longer “code word” is then
transmitted, and the receiver can decode it to retrieve the desire information. The extra bits
transform the data into a valid code word in the coding scheme. The space of valid code words is
smaller than the space of possible bit strings of that length. Therefore, the destination can
recognize invalid code words.
2.REVIEW OF PRIOR FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE:
Improved Analysis on Decoding and Its Application to Convolution Codes and BCH
Codes by Chunlong Bai and Bartosz Mielczarek. Their design employs a list decoder generates a
list of more than one codeword candidates, and decoding is erroneous if the transmitted codeword
is not included in the list. This decoding strategy can be implemented in a system that employs an
inner error correcting code and an outer error detecting code that is used to choose the correct
codeword from the list Probability.
On the Performance of Short Forward Error-Correcting Codes Shang Tong and
Dengsheng Lin they investigated the performance of short forward error-correcting (FEC) codes.
Convolution codes and modern simple iteratively decodable codes, respectively. Additionally,
random binary linear codes are used as a baseline reference.
I. TYPES OF ERROR AND COADING TECHNIQUES
A. Type Of Errors
In digital data transmission mainly two types of transmission errors encountered because
of noise in the communication channel.
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Random Errors: The transmission errors occurred due to white Gaussian noise are
called random errors. Sources of Gaussian noise include thermal and short noise in the
transmitting and receiving equipment, thermal noise in the channel, and radiation picked up
by the receiving antenna.
Bursts Errors: Bursts errors occur due to presence of impulse noise encountered in a
communication channel.
B. Types Of Codes
Following are the major types of coding schemes
Linear Block Codes: Linear block codes are characterized by segmenting a message into
separate blocks of fixed length, and encoding each block one at a time for transmission. Linear
block codes are so named because each code word in the set is a linear combination of a set of
generator code words. If a message are k bit long, and the code words are n bit long (where
n>k), there are k linearly independent code words of length n that form a generator matrix.
Convolutional codes: Convolutional codes are generally more complicated than linear
block codes, more difficult to implement, and have lower code rates ( < 0.90) but have powerful
error correcting capabilities. They are popular in satellite and deep space communications,
where bandwidth is essentially unlimited, but the BER is much higher and transmissions are
infeasible.
Concatenated codes: concatenated code form a class of error-correcting codes that are
derived by combining an inner code and an outer code that has both exponentially decreasing
error probability with increasing block length and polynomial-time decoding complexity. Natural
concept for a decoding algorithm for concatenated code is to first decode and inner code and then
the outer code for the algorithm to be practical if must be polynomial time in the final block
length consider that there is a polynomial time unique decoding algorithm for the outer code.
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3.SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS:
Fig. 1 Block Diagram
1. Information source
The information source generates the message single to be transmitted. In case of digital
communication, the information source generate a message single which is not continuously
varying with time. Rather the massage single is intermitted with respect to time in sampling the
analogy single the chopped off at regular time intervals it is chopped samples from a discrete
single.
2. Source encoder & decoder
The symbol produced by the information source are given to the source encoder. The
source encoder covert this symbol into the digital from.
3. Channel encoder and decoder
Channel encoder add some redundant binary bits to the input sequence this redundant bits
are added with some properly defined logic. For example, consider that code word from the
source encoder to make it four bit long. This 4th bit added such that number of one’s in encoded
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word remain even. At the receiver, if odd number of one’s are detected, then receiver comes to
know that there is an error in the received signal. The channel decoder at the receiver is thus able
to reconstruct error free accurate bit sequence, and reduce the effect of channel noise and
distortion.
4. Digital modulators and demodulators
whenever the modulating single is discrete then digital modulation techniques are used .
The carrier signal used by the digital modulators is always continued sinusoidal wave of high
frequency. The digital modulators maps the input binary sequence of 1’s and 0’s to analog signal
waveform. In the receiver, the digital modulators converts the input modulators signal to the
sequence of binary bits. The most impotent parameter for the demodulator is the method of
demodulation.
5. Communication channel
The connection between transmitter and receiver is established though communication
channel. The media such as optical disks, magnetic tape and disks etc. can also be called as
communication channel, because they can also carry the data though them.
In this project, we are trying to develop a software for detection and correction of
transmission errors such as random errors and bursts errors in digital communication systems.
The fault detection and correction will be accomplished by Error-Control Coding techniques.
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4.PROPOSED DESIGN DIAGRAM:
Main
File Channel Encoding Channel Decoding Errors Help
Linear Block Linear Block Random-
New
codes codes errors
Convolutional Convolutional Burst-
Open
Codes Codes errors
Concatenated Concatenated Error-
Save
codes codes analysis
Exit
Fig. 2 Proposed Design Diagram
To Design and Develop a Software for Simulation of Error-Coding Techniques in Digital
Communication systems. The software should be able to detect errors encountered in the data
transmission in digital communication systems, and it should also perform analysis of BER
(Bit-Error-Rate) and SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) for Linear Block Codes, Convolutional Codes
and Concatenated codes.
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Design a software give a input of analog or message signal system can perform different
error coding techniques. First can be encoded the given signal in three different coding techniques
linear block code, convolutional code and concatenated code.
Different parameter setting are required generator matrix, codeword length(n), message
length(k) then put the value after passing the signal to the noisy channel noise should be added
channel decoder remove the noise and result error can be detected whose bit can courted graph is
show.
START
Input block of k message bits {bk}
Bit rate=rb
Channel encoder
Choice 1 : Linear Block Codes
Choice 2 : Convolutional codes Choice 3 :Concatenated
Codes
condition
Ch=1 Ch=2 Ch=3
Linear Block Convolutional codes Concatenated
codes Codes
Channel decoder
Error Analyzer
STOP
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Fig.3 Flow Chart
5. Observations:
function varargout = errdet(varargin)
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @errdet_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @errdet_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin & isstr(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
function errdet_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
handles.output = hObject;
guidata(hObject, handles);
function varargout = errdet_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
varargout{1} = handles.output;
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function mFile_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
function mNew_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
system('c:\winnt\system32\notepad.exe')
function mOpen_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
a=uigetfile;
function mSave_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
a=uiputfile;
function mExit_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
close
function mCE_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
function mlbc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
lin
function mbcc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
cyclic_enco
function mCc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
convo_enco
function mCd_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
function mdlbc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
decoder
function mdbcc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
cyclic_decoder
function mdcc_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
convo_decoder
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function Untitled_9_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
noise
function errors_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
a=1;
disp(a);
6. Conclusion:
In today’s era, digital communication has become extremely important aspect of our life.
Diversified applications such as fault tolerant computing in computer memory, magnetic and
optical data storage media, satellite and deep space communications, network communications,
cellular telephone networks are based on this technology. Environmental interference and
physical defects in the communication medium can cause random bit errors during data
transmission.
The fault detection and correction can be accomplished by Error-Control Coding
techniques. Thus, theoretical aspects of Error-coding techniques are thoroughly studied and
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presented. However, the conceptual things become significant after their practical
implementation.
Important reasons to use coding are achieving dependable data storage in the face of
minor data corruption/loss mid gaining the ability to provide high precision I/O even on noisy
transmission lines such as cellular phones (error coding decouples message precision from
analog noise level).
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
We are thankful Prof. A. P. Thakare HOD (Department Of Electronics and
Telecommunication), Dr. Prof. A. A. Gurjar Sipna C.O.E.T. Amravati for their practical inputs.
8. References:
Kai Yang and Xiaodong Wang, Analysis of Message-Passing Decoding Of Finite-Length
Concatenated Codes,IEEE Transaction On Communication,VOL.59,No.8,August 2011.
Application of error control coding Deniel J. Costello, Jr. Fellow, IEEE, Joachim
Hagenauer, Fellow, IEEE, Hideki Imai, Fellow, IEEE, and Stephen B. Wicker, Sr. member,
IEEE. IEEE Transactions on Information theory, Vol. 44, No. 6, October 98.
Error Correction in a Convolutionally Coded System,Wang,Member,IEEE,Waniun
Zhao,Member,IEEE,and Georgios B. Giannakis,Fellow,IEEE Transaction On
Communications,Vol.56,No.11,November 2008.
K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems.
S. Lin and D. J. Costello, Error Control Coding. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1982.
W. W. Peterson and E. J. Weldon, Jr., Error Correcting Codes, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: The
MIT Press, 1972.
V. Pless, Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1998.
C. Schlegel and L. Perez, Trellis Coding. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1997
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April IJMIE Volume 2, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558
2012 ___________________________________________________________
S. B. Wicker, Error Control Systems for Digital Communication and Storage. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
Analysis of message passing decoding of finite length concatenated codes by Kai Yang and
Xiaodong Wang, Vol. 59, No. 8, August 2011.
www.wikipedia.org
Coding for Error detection and correction Carnegie Mellon University 18-849b Dependable
Embedded System Spring 1999 Author: Charles P. Shelton.
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9. Authors Information:
Mr. Vishal G. Jadhao: He is also pursuing his M.E. in Digital
Electronics from the Sipna’s College of Engineering and
Technology, Amravati (India). His areas of interest are
Digital Communication System and Digital Signal Processing.
Prof. Prafulla D. Gawande: is currently working as Professor
in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Department, Sipna College of Engineering, Amravati (India).
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