🔹 1.
Basic SELECT, WHERE, DISTINCT
Q:Fetch employee names without duplicates who joinedafter 2020.
ELECT DISTINCT name
S
FROM employees
WHERE join_date > '2020-12-31';
🔹 2. Aggregate Functions with GROUP BY
Q:Find total salary spent per department.
ELECT department, SUM(salary) AS total_salary
S
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;
🔹 3. HAVING Clause
Q:Departments paying over ₹1,000,000 combined salary.
ELECT department, SUM(salary) AS total_salary
S
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING SUM(salary) > 1000000;
🔹 4. ORDER BY & LIMIT / TOP
Q:Top 3 highest earning employees.
ELECT name, salary
S
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3;
TOP 3instead of
(Use LIMIT 3in SQL Server)
🔹 5. JOINs
projects.manager_idref.
Q:List projects with their manager names (assuming
employees.id
).
ELECT p.project_name, e.name AS manager_name
S
FROM projects p
JOIN employees e
ON p.manager_id = e.id;
Explain the difference:
● INNER JOIN– only matching rows
● LEFT/RIGHT JOIN– includes unmatched rows from onetable
● F
ULL OUTER JOIN– includes all rows from both tables(synergisticit.com,
synergisticit.com)
🔹 6. UNION vs UNION ALL
● UNION– removes duplicates
● UNION ALL– keeps duplicates
ELECT name FROM employees
S
UNION
SELECT name FROM contractors;
🔹 7. Subqueries
Q:Employees earning above average salary.
ELECT name, salary
S
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees
);
🔹 8. Nested JOIN + WHERE vs JOIN filter
Q:Filter during JOIN vs after.
● Filtering in JOIN condition reduces intermediate result size;
● It can affect execution and results especially if it filters out rows before aggregations or
outer joins (reddit.com)
🔹 9. Find 2nd Highest Salary
ELECT MAX(salary) AS second_max
S
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees
);
Another option using window functions:
ELECT DISTINCT salary
S
FROM (
SELECT salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rnk
FROM employees
) sub
WHERE rnk = 2;
🔹 10. Window Functions
Q:Show running total of salary per department.
SELECT id, name, department, salary,
SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY id
ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS
running_total
FROM employees;
indow functions (a.k.a. analytics functions) like ROW_NUMBER(), AVG() OVER(...) etc., are
W
common in interviews (arxiv.org).
🔹 11. UPDATE with JOIN
Q:Give a ₹5,000 bonus to employees in Sales.
PDATE employees e
U
SET bonus = bonus + 5000
WHERE e.department = 'Sales';
🔹 12. DELETE with Condition
Q:Remove temp employees.
ELETE FROM employees
D
WHERE status = 'Temp';
🔹 13. CREATE Table + Constraints
Q:Create table with PK, NOT NULL, UNIQUE.
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
department VARCHAR(50)
);
🔹 14. Explain Normalization & Joins
● Normalizationreduces redundancy: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF etc.(synergisticit.com)
● E
xplainSQL relationships: One-to-one, One-to-many,Many-to-many
(synergisticit.com)
● Types of joins: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL (synergisticit.com,synergisticit.com)
15. SQL Query to fetch employee(s) with max salary
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);
16.Find duplicates in an array
Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
for (int num : arr) {
if (!set.add(num)) {
System.out.println("Duplicate: " + num);
}
}
🔹 1. Find employees whose name starts with
'A'
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE name LIKE 'A%';
🔹 2. Get the number of employees in each
department
SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;
🔹 3. Get employee details who have not been
assigned a project
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE project_id IS NULL;
🔹 4. List all employees who joined in 2023
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE YEAR(join_date) = 2023;
🔹 5. Get the average salary of employees in
the 'HR' department
SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
WHERE department = 'HR';
🔹 6. Find the third highest salary
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2;
Or using subquery:
SELECT MIN(salary) AS third_highest
FROM (
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3
) AS temp;
🔹 7. Find employees who earn more than their
department average
SELECT name, salary, department
FROM employees e
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department = e.department
);
🔹 8. Display department name and number of
employees using JOIN
SELECT d.dept_name, COUNT(e.id) AS employee_count
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e ON d.id = e.dept_id
GROUP BY d.dept_name;
🔹 9. Get employees who work on more than one
project
Assuming a
employee_project
table with many-to-many
relationship:
SELECT employee_id, COUNT(project_id) AS project_count
FROM employee_project
GROUP BY employee_id
HAVING COUNT(project_id) > 1;
🔹 10. List duplicate employee names (same
name more than once)
SELECT name, COUNT(*) AS count
FROM employees
GROUP BY name
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
🔹 11. Update salary: give 10% raise to
‘Sales’ department
UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.10
WHERE department = 'Sales';
🔹 12. Delete all interns
DELETE FROM employees
WHERE job_title = 'Intern';
🔹 13. Select all employees who joined
between Jan and March
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE MONTH(join_date) BETWEEN 1 AND 3;
🔹 14. Find total salary paid in each month
SELECT MONTH(payment_date) AS month, SUM(amount) AS total_paid
FROM salaries
GROUP BY MONTH(payment_date);
🔹 15. Display employee names and their
manager’s name
Assuming
manager_id
is a foreign key in the same
employees
table:
SELECT e.name AS employee_name, m.name AS manager_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN employees m ON e.manager_id = m.id;
