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Week1e Notecomputersss3networking1firstterm

Computer networking involves connecting multiple computers to share resources and information, with various types of networks including LAN, WAN, and PAN. Different network architectures such as Ethernet, Token Ring, and ARCNET define how these connections are structured. Networking offers benefits like resource sharing and communication ease, but also presents challenges such as data security and potential system failures.

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7 views13 pages

Week1e Notecomputersss3networking1firstterm

Computer networking involves connecting multiple computers to share resources and information, with various types of networks including LAN, WAN, and PAN. Different network architectures such as Ethernet, Token Ring, and ARCNET define how these connections are structured. Networking offers benefits like resource sharing and communication ease, but also presents challenges such as data security and potential system failures.

Uploaded by

jibakin4life
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week 1

NETWORKING
WHAT IS NETWORKING OR COMPUTER NETWORKING?

Computer Networking can be defined as an act of connecting two


or more computers together, so that they can exchange and/or
share resources and information. Peripheral equipment can also
be shared such as printers, scanners etc.

WHAT IS A NETWORK/ COMPUTER NETWORK?

Computer Network is a connection of two or more or a group


of computers and other hardware devices that are linked
together to share resources, information and facilities such as
printers, scanners, files etc.
COMPUTER NETWORKING

Host System (Server)


Central System

Node or
Terminal

(Scanner) (Printer)

This shows an example of Computer


Network and Networking

The central computer is called the HOST computer while the linked computers
are known as GUESTS or CLIENTS or WORKSTATIONS or NODES.
“QUICK WITS AND FACTS”
The interconnection of the computers is done through a
communications link, which can be through:

1. Cables or wires
2. Telephone lines
3. Radio waves
4. Infrared beams
5. Wireless or Satellite links
6. Microwave

When a computer is turned on and is able to have access to the

network, the computer is said to be ON-LINE while when


the computer is unable to access the network, it is said to be

OFF-LINE.
A computer could be OFF-LINE for several reasons:

1. It could be turned off.


2. The cable connecting it to the network could be unplugged.
3. The node itself may have a local problem.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Network architecture combines standard, topologies and
protocols to produce a working network.

TYPES OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURE


There are three major types of network architectures:

1. Ethernet

2. Token ring

3. ARCnet

1. ETHERNET

Ethernet is a bus topology LAN network system.

Ethernet LANS use coaxial or twisted pair cables to connect computer systems.

It is a protocol that controls the way data is transmitted over a local area
network.

It uses wires (i.e. it is not a wireless technology).

It uses a bus or star topology and supports data transfer rates of 10Mbps.
2. TOKEN RING
A token ring is a type of computer network in which all the computers are
arranged in a circle.

A token, which is a special bit pattern, travels around the circle.

To send a message, a computer catches the token, attaches a message to it, and
then allows it continue to travel around the network.

An example of a token ring network is IBM Token Ring.

Token ring Local Area Network (LAN) technology is a ring topology network.

3. ARCNET

ARCNET (an acronym from Attached Resource Computer Network) is a star LAN
topology network.

It was defined as a group of nodes that communicates to one another over a


geographically-limited area usually within one building or a campus of buildings.

ARCNET was developed by John Murphy at Datapoint Corporation in 1976 in San


Antonio, Texas.

A special advantage of ARCnet is that it permitted various types of transmission


media to be mixed on the same network:
(i) Twisted-pair wire (Max. extension 150m)
(ii) Coaxial cable (650m) and
(iii) Fibre Optic Cable (2000m).
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
(BASED ON DISTANCE)
Computer Networks are categorized into four types based on the distance

covered by the networking:

1. Personal Area Network (PAN) – Bluetooth, Flash share, Xender

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

4. Wide Area Network (WAN)

5. Internet (International Network)


1. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around an
individual person within a single building.
This could be inside a small office or residence.
A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral
devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices.
For example it makes use of the following Bluetooth, Flash share, Xender and so
on.

2. Local Area Network (LAN)


A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single site,
typically an individual office building.

A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and printers.
LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, network
adapters and Ethernet cables.

The smallest LAN may only use two computers, while larger LANs can
accommodates thousands of computers.

A LAN typically relies mostly on wired connections for increased speed and
security, but wireless connections can also be part of a LAN.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)


A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network across an
entire city, college campus or small region.

A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or site,
Depending on the configuration, this type of network can cover an area from
several miles to tens of miles.

A MAN is often used to connect several LANs together to form a bigger network.
When this type of network is specifically designed for a college campus, it is
sometimes referred to as a campus area network, or CAN.
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an entire

country or the entire world.

A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs.

5. Internet (International Network)

Internet is the world’s largest computer network and is referred to as a network


of networks.

The internet is the best known example of a public network.

A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among


interconnected devices.

Network exists for one major reason: to share information and resources.

One of the subsets of the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW).
Transmission Modes In computer
networks
Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It is also

called communication mode.

These modes direct the direction of flow of information.

There are three types of transmission mode. They are:

1. Simplex mode

2. Half duplex mode

3. Full duplex mode.


1. SIMPLEX MODE

In this type of transmission mode data can be sent only through one direction i.e.

communication is unidirectional.

We cannot send a message back to the sender.

Unidirectional communication is done in simplex systems.

Examples of simplex mode


Examples of simplex mode are

1. Loudspeaker,

2. Television Broadcasting,

3. Television and Remote,

4. Keyboard and Monitor etc.


2. HALF DUPLEX MODE

In half duplex system we can send data in both directions but it is done one at a

time that is when the sender is sending the data then at the time we can’t send

the sender our message.

The data is sent in one direction.

Example of half-duplex mode


Example of half-duplex is a walkie-talkie in which message is sent one at a time

and messages are sent in both the directions.


In full duplex system we can send data in both directions as it is bidirectional.

Data can be sent in both directions simultaneously.

We can send as well as we receive the data.

Example of full duplex


Example of full duplex is a telephone network in which there is communication

between two persons by a telephone line, through which both can talk and listen at

the same time.


BENEFITS or ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
The benefits or advantages or merits of computer networking are:
1. It allows sharing of files, data and other types of information.

2. It allows sharing of resources and hardware devices e.g. HDD, FDD, CD

drives

3. It allows sharing of peripheral devices e.g. printers, scanners, fax machine

etc.

4. It allows sharing of network and computing devices.

5. It allows ease of communication e.g. E-mail, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram

etc.

6. Helps to enhance connectivity.

7. It allows people communicate and share resources across the globe.

8. Software can be shared among different users.

9. Communication across the network is cheap and fast.

DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
1. Crashes or system failures

2. Data security and privacy

3. Cabling can be expensive to install and replace

4. A fault with the server will prevent the whole network from working.

5. Loss of privacy, if adequate control is not in place.

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