NUMPY

NUMPY-Numpy stands for “Numeric Python” or

“Numerical python”.Numpy is a package that
contains several classes, functions, variables etc.
to deal with scientific calculations in Python.

• Numpy is useful to create and process single

and multi-dimensional arrays.
• In addition, numpy contains a large library of
mathematics like linear algebra functions and
Fourier transformations.
• Numpy installation:- pip install numpy

The arrays which are created using numpy are

called n dimensional arrays where n can be any
integer. If n = 1 it represent a one dimensional
array. If n= 2, it is a two dimensional array etc.

Numpy array can accept only one type of

elements. We cannot store different data types
into same arrays.
 ARRAY STRUCTURE IN NUMPY

PYTHON AND NUMPY

For working with numpy, we should first import numpy module into our

Python program.

Following line of code is use to import numpy in the python programme.

import numpy or

import numpy as <<name>>

 TYPES OF ARRAY IN NUMPY

An array in numpy is of the following types-

1. 1D Array
2. 2D Array
3. N-Dimension Array

1D ARRAY
1D Array- One dimensional array contains elements only in one dimension.
In other words, the shape of the numpy array should contain only
one value in the tuple.
.

5 6 9 4 3 1

A simple program to implement one dimensional array using numpy

Example 1

import numpy
a = numpy.array([10,20,30,40,50])

print(a)

Output: [10,20,30,40,50]
import numpy as np

a = np.array([10,20,30,40,50])

print(a)

Output: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Note: if we use the following statement then there is no need to add

anything in front of array function.

from numpy import *

a = array([10, 20,30,40,50])

print(a)

Output : [10, 20,30,40,50]

IMPLEMENTATION OF 1D ARRAY IN NUMPY

Creating array in numpy can be done in several ways. Some of the

important ways are-

i. Using array() function

ii. Using linspace() function
iii. Using arange() function
iv. Using zeros() and ones() functions
 1. Using array() function

Using this function we can create array of any data type, but if not
data types is mentioned the default data type will be the "int"

For e.g :
from numpy import *

Arr=array([10,20,30,40,50],int) is similar to

arr = array([10,20,30,40,50])

While creating array if one of the values in the specified list belongs
to float then all the values will be converted to float by default.

from numpy import *

a = array([10,30,40.5, 50,100])

print(a)

Output : = [10.0,30.0,40.5,50.0,100.0]
 2. linspace() Function

The linspace() function is used to create an array with evenly spaced

points between a starting and ending point. The following examples
demonstrate the use of linspace() function.

Syntax- linspace(start, stop, N)  Start represents the

starting number.
 Stop represents the
ending element.

e.g.-  N represents the number

of parts the elements
import numpy as np should be divided
a = np.linspace(1,10,10)

print(a)

Output :[ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.]
 3. arange() Function

The arange() function in numpy is same as range() function in Python.

The following format is used to create an array using the arange()
function.

Syntax-

arange(start,stop,stepsize)

arange(10) – will create an array with values [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

arange(5,10) – will create an array with values [5, 6,7,8,9]

arange(10,1,-1) will create an array with values[10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2]

Example
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(10)
b = np.arange(5,10)
c = np.arange(10,1,-1)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
Output-

[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

[5,6,7,8,9]

[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
 4. Creating array using ones() and zeros() functions

We can use zeros() function to create an array with all zeros. The
ones() function will is useful to create an array with all 1s. They are
written in the following format-

zeros(n,datatype

ones(n,datatype)
Note : if datatype is missing then the default value will be float.

Example 1

zeros(5) will create an array with five zero values.

ones(5) will create an array with five 1 values.

Example
import numpy as np

K = np.zeros(5)

R = np.ones(5)

print(K)

print(R)
Output :

[0.,0.,0.,0.,0.]

[1.,1.,1.,1.,1.]
 Mathematical Operations on Arrays

It is possible to perform various Mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, division etc. on the elements of any arrays. The functions
of math module can be applied to the elements of any array.

Example

import numpy as np
K = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40,50])
K = K+5 Add 5 to the Array
print(k)
K = K-5 Subtract 5 from each value of Array
print(k)
K = K*5 Multiply array by 5
print(k)
K = K/5 divide Array by 5
print(k)

Output-
[15 25 35 45 55]
[10 20 30 40 50]
[ 50 100 150 200 250]
[10. 20. 30. 40. 50.]
 Aliasing the Arrays
Aliasing in arrays does not make any new copy of the array defined
earlier. It means new array created only reference to the array k.

The following example demonstrates the use of aliasing.

import numpy as np

k = np.array ([3, 5, 6,7,8])

print(k)

h=k Give another name h to array k

print(h)

print(k)

k[0] = 45

print(h)

print(k)

Output-
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[45 5 6 7 8]
[45 5 6 7 8]
 copy() method
The copy() method is used to copy the contents of one array to
another. The following function demonstrates the use of the copy
method.

import numpy as np

k = np.array([3,5,6,7,8])

print(k)

h = k.copy() Create a copy of array k and call it h

print(h)

print(k)

k[0] = 45

print(h)

print(k)

Output-
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[45 5 6 7 8]
 2-Dimensional Arrays in Numpy
2D Array-The dimension of an array represents the arrangement of
elements in the array. If the elements are arranged horizontally, it is
called the row and if the elements are arranged vertically, then it is
called the column. When they contain only one row and one column of
elements, it is called the Single dimensional array or one dimensional
array. When an array contains more than one row and more than one
column of elements, it is called the two dimensional array or 2-D array.
The following example is used demonstrate how to declare the two
dimensional array in using numpy.

Indexes in 2d Array

2D Array structure
 Let us create a 2D array in numpy-
import numpy as np

x =np.array([[2,4,6],[6,8,10]] 2DArray elements

Print(x)

Output-

[ [2 4 6]
[6 8 10] ]

ndim Attribute
ndim attribute is used to represent the number of dimensions of axes
of the array. The number of dimensions is also known as 'rank'. The
following example demonstrate the use of the ndim attribute

import numpy as np

A = np.array([5,6,7,8])

R = np.array([[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])

print(A.ndim) Number of rows in array A

print(R.ndim) Number of rows in array R

Answer :

2
 shape attribute
The 'shape' attribute gives the shape of an array. The shape is tuple
listing the number of elements along each dimension. A dimension is
called an axis. For one dimensional array it will display a single value and
for two-dimensional array it will display two values separated by
commas represent rows and columns.

For Example

import numpy as np
k = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

print(k.shape) Number of elements in array k

d = np.array([[5,6,7],[7,8,9]])

print(d.shape) Number of rows and Columns in array d

Output-

(5,)
(2, 3)
 size Attribute
The size attributes gives the total number of elements in the array.
For e.g.

import numpy as np

a1 = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

print(a1.size) will result 5

In case of two dimensional array the result will be total rows* total
columns

import numpy as np

k = np.array([[5,6,7],[7,8,9]])

print(k.size) will result 6

 itemsize Attribute
The itemsize attributes gives the memory size of array elements in
bytes. For e.g.

import numpy as np

a1 = np.array([1, 2,3,4,5])

print(a1.itemsize) Give memory size of array elements in

bytes

Output-

reshape() Method
The reshape() method is useful to change the shape of an array. The
new array should have the same number of elements as in the original
array. For e.g.

import numpy as np

d =np.array([[4,5,6,7],[5,6,7,8],[7,8,9,6]])

print(d)

d = d.reshape(6,2) Reshape array d to 6 rows and 2 columns

print(d)

d = d.reshape(1,12) Reshape array d to 1row and 12 columns

print(d)

d = d.reshape(12,1) Reshape array d to 12rows and 1 column

print(d)

Output-

[[4 5 6 7]
[5 6 7 8]
[7 8 9 6]]
[[4 5]
[6 7]
[5 6]
[7 8]
[7 8]
[9 6]]
[[4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 6]]
[[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[6]]
 empty() function
This function is used to create the empty array or an uninitialized
array of specified data types and shape.

For e.g.

import numpy as np

x =np.empty([3,2], dtype = int)

y = np.empty([4,4], dtype = float)

print(x)

print(y)

Output-
[[0 0]
[0 0]
[0 0]]
[[6.23042070e-307 4.67296746e-307 1.69121096e-306 8.45593934e-307]
[6.23058028e-307 2.22522597e-306 1.33511969e-306 1.37962320e-306]
[9.34604358e-307 9.79101082e-307 1.78020576e-306 1.69119873e-306]
[2.22522868e-306 1.24611809e-306 8.06632139e-308 2.29178686e-312]]
 Indexing in 2-D dimension array

Index represents the location number. The individual elements of an

array can be accessed by specifying the location number of the row and

column of the array element as follow-

A[0][0] => represents 0th row and 0th column element in array A

A[1][3] => represents 1st row and 3rd column element in the array A

0 1 2

0 1 2 3

4 5 6
1

7 8 9
2
 Slicing in 1D Array

Syntax-

 Arrayname[start:stop:stepsize]

 The default value of stepsize is “1"

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

6 7 8 9 23
0 1 2 3 4
A[:5] will give [6 7 8 9 23]
A[::2] will give [6 8 23]
A[-1:-5:-1] will give [23 9 8 7]
A[2:-2] will give [8]

Slicing in 2-D Array

A slice represents a part or piece of the array.

Row Part Column Part

Array_Name[ start: stop: stepsize, start: stop: stepsize]

0th row to 1st row, 0th column to 2nd column

A[0:2, 0:3]
Or 11 2 3 56 14

A[:2, :3]
40 52 16 12 20
2Nd row to 3RD row,

3RD column to 4THcolumn 70 8 9 32 22

A[2:4, 3:]
18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82

Top 2 rows and Right 3 columns

A[0:2, 2:]
Or 11 2 3 56 14

A[:2, 2:]
40 52 16 12 20

Lower 3 rows and right 2 70 8 9 32 22

columns

A[2:, 3:] 18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82
0th row and 0th column
element 11 2 3 56 14
A[0:1, 0:1]
40 52 16 12 20

2nd row and 1th column

70 8 9 32 22
element

A[2:3, 1:2]
18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82

0th row and 4th row as( 0+4=4), 0th column and 3rd column as (0+3=3)

A[: :4, : :3] 11 2 3 56 14

40 52 16 12 20

70 8 9 32 22

18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82
Negative
Index -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

-5 11 2 3 56 14

(-2th row ), -4 40 52 16 12 20

(-5th column
and -3rd -3 70 8 9 32 22
column, -1st
column) -2 18 30 17 44 49
A[-2:-3, -5::2]
-1 25 55 66 78 82
 eye() or identity() Function
The eye() function creates a 2D array and fills the elements in the
diagonal with 1s.

Syntax-eye(n, dtype=datatype)

This function will create an array with n rows and n columns with
diagonal elements as 1s.The default data type is float.

e-g-

import numpy

a=numpy.eye(3)

print(a)

output-

[ [ 1. 0. 0.]

[ 0. 1. 0.]

[0. 0. 1.] ]
 zeros() function in 2D array
This function is used to create two dimensional array with the 0 as
default value and default data type is float.

import numpy
Q = numpy.zeros([3,2], dtype = int)

Z = numpy.zeros([4,4], dtype = float)

print(Q)

print(Z)

Output-
[[0 0]
[0 0]
[0 0]]
[[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]]
 ones() function in 2D array
This function will be used to create the array with 1 as default value
for each of individual defined element.

import numpy
Q = numpy.ones([3,2], dtype = int)

Z = numpy.ones([4,4], dtype = float)

print(Q)

print(Z)

Output-
[[1 1]
[1 1]
[1 1]]
[[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]]

Joins in Array
We can join array in numpy by following method-

1. Concatenate()
2. hstack()
3. vstack()
 1. concatenate()
concatenate()- is used to join more than one array

but the array must be of the same shape.

e.g.-

import numpy as np
Output-
a=np.array([2,3,4,50])
[2 3 4 50 8 9 10 11 15]
b=np.array([8, 9,10,11,15])

c=np.concatenate([a,b])

print (c)

import numpy as np

a=np.array([[2,3,4],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])

b=np.concatenate([a,a],axis=1) concatenate array a

with array a column wise

print (b) Output-

[ [2 3 4 2 3 4]

[4 5 6 4 5 6]

[7 8 9 7 8 9] ]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, P GT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

E.g-2
import numpy as np

a=np.array([[2,3,4],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])

b=np.concatenate([a,a],axis=0) concatenate array a

with array a row wise

Output-
print (b)
[ [2 3 4]

[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]
[2 3 4]

[4 5 6]
[7 8 9] ]
 2. hstack()
hstack() – It is used to join more than one array

horizontally or row wise.

e.g.-

import numpy as np

a=np.array([1,2,3])
Output-
b=np.array([10,11,12])
[1 2 3 10 11 12]
c=np.hstack((a,b))

print (c)
 3. vstack()
vstack() – It is used to join more than one array

vertically or column wise.

e.g.-
import numpy as np
Output-
a=np.array([1,2,3])
[[1 2 3 ]
b=np.array([10,11,12])
[10 11 12]]
c=np.vstack((a,b))

print (c)

Array subsets

We can get subsets of a numpy array by using any of the following-

1. split()

2. hsplit()

3. vsplit()
 split()

It is used to split a numpy array into equal or unequal parts.

import numpy as np

x = [1, 2, 3, 99, 99, 3, 2, 1]

x1, x2, x3 = np.split(x, [3, 5]) split array into 3 subsets like-

[0 : 3], [3 : 5] and [5 : ]

print(x1, x2, x3)

Output-[1 2 3] [99 99] [3 2 1]

1 2 3

0 1 2 99 99 3 2 1

3 4 5 6 7
 hsplit()

It is used to provide the subsets of an array after splitting it

horizontally.

import numpy as np

a= np.arange(16).reshape((4, 4))

print( a)

Output-

array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],

[ 4, 5, 6, 7],

[ 8, 9, 10, 11],

[12, 13, 14, 15]]) left right

e.g.-

left, right = np.hsplit(a, 2) 0 1 2 3

print(left) 4 5 6 7

print(right) 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15
Output-

[[ 0 1]

[ 4 5]

[ 8 9]

[12 13]]

[[ 2 3]

[ 6 7]

[10 11]

[14 15]]

vsplit()

It is used to provide the subsets of an array after splitting it

vertically.

Example:-

import nump as np
a= np.arange(16).reshape((4, 4))

print (a)

Output-

array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],

[ 4, 5, 6, 7],

[ 8, 9, 10, 11],

[12, 13, 14, 15]])

e.g.-

top, bottom = np.vsplit(a, 2) 0 1 2 3

print(top) 4 5 6 7

print(bottom) 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

Output-

[[0 1 2 3]

[4 5 6 7]]

[[ 8 9 10 11]

[12 13 14 15]]
Statistical Function in Numpy
Covariance– Covariance is a measure of how two variables vary togethe
r (like the height of a person and the weight of a person in a population
).

The covariance σ(x,y)of two random variables x and y is given by

with n samples.

e.g.-
importnumpyas np

x =np.array([0,1,2])

y =np.array([2,1,0])
print("\nOriginal array1:")

print(x)

print("\nOriginal array2:")

print(y)

print("\nCovariance matrix of the said arrays:\n",np.cov(x, y))

Output-

Original array1:

[0 1 2]

Original array2:

[2 1 0]

Covariance matrix of the said arrays:

[ [ 1. - 1. ]

[ -1. 1. ] ]
 Basic Statistical Method for Understanding Data

Mean / Average
Mean or Average is a central tendency of the data i.e. a
number around which a whole data is spread out. In a way, it is
a single number which can estimate the value of whole data
set.

Let’s calculate mean of the data set having 8 integers.

Median
Median is the value which divides the data in 2 equal parts i.e.
number of terms on right side of it is same as number of
terms on left side of it when data is arranged in
either ascending or descending order.

Median will be a middle term, if number of terms is odd

Median will be average of middle 2 terms, if number of terms

is even.

Mode
Mode is the term appearing maximum time in data set i.e. term
that has highest frequency.

Standard deviation
Standard deviation is the measurement of average distance
between each quantity and mean. That is, how data is spread
out from mean. A low standard deviation indicates that the
data points tend to be close to the mean of the data set, while
a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are
spread out over a wider range of values.

When we are asked to find SD of some part of a population, a

segment of population; then we use sample Standard Deviation.

where x̅ is mean of a sample.

Variance
Variance is a square of average distance between each
quantity and mean. That is it is square of standard deviation.