​

UNITY UNIVERSITY

A PROPOSAL FOR
SENIOR ESSAY ON

​ The role of Non Governmental Organization in

Study of welfare and Rehabilitation in
Addis ababa.

❖​ BY: YENENEK HABTAMU.................................................UU 89 712R

●​ Department of SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

●​ COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

ADVISOR M.R Birhanu ____________

DATE OF SUBMISSION _February 3, 2025_______________

Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would like to express my profound appreciation to God, who has
been a guiding force and supported me throughout the entire process of my research.

1
With His guidance, I have been able to delve into the important contribution of NGOs in
the area of welfare and rehabilitation research in Addis Ababa.

I wish to convey my heartfelt thanks to my advisor Mr. R. Birhanu, who deserves

gratitude for his constant support and motivation in developing this endeavor. Your
expert and constructive criticism has, without a doubt, eased my comprehension of the
subject matter and motivated me to improve.

I am also grateful to the non-governmental organizations and their staff in Addis Ababa
who contributed their time and offered me their precious views and experiences. Their
dedication towards welfare and rehabilitation has been inspirational. I really appreciate
their inclination to support my study.

Last but not the least, I wish to take a moment to express my sincere appreciation to my
family and friends who have stood by my side. Their words of encouragement and
understanding have helped me persistently get through the challenges of the journey.

Lastly, I would like to extend my appreciation to my colleges and co-researchers, who

actively participated during this academic journey and contributed a lot of valuable
insights to this research.

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 Key Terms /Definition of terms

1.​ Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO):

Organizations that are independent of the government and are formed for the purpose
of fulfilling a social, environmental, or humanitarian need through a non-profit structure.

2.​ Welfare:
Broadly encompasses services provided to individuals and families such as financial
assistance, education, housing, and medical care.

3.​ Rehabilitation:
The process of assisting individuals to recover or adjust after undergoing physical,
mental, or social difficulties.

4.​ Social Services:

Services proffered by the government or non-governmental bodies for the benefit and
betterment of individuals and community as a whole.

5.​ Community Development:

A movement where community members collectively take action to find solutions to
problems affecting them with the help of NGOs.

6.​ Humanitarian Aid:

Aid provided for the purpose of relieving suffering during a time of crisis, either from a
natural disaster or a war, while attempting to save lives and uphold human dignity.

7.​ Capacity Building:

A process aimed at enhancing the skill, knowledge and ability of people within a
community to perform their roles more effectively. Often NGOs are involved in these
initiatives.

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 ABSTRACT
This study examines the important role of NGOs in providing welfare and rehabilitation services in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. NGOs are important for dealing with the serious social and economic problems in the
capital city, including poverty, displacement and limited access to important services. This important
research examines how these organizations considerably contribute to developing and effectively
implementing welfare programs and rehabilitation services, focusing on their strategies, challenges and
effect on the communities they serve.

This study employs qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data is collected from several
NGOs. Government agencies and a meaningful number of beneficiaries also provide qualitative data.
Researchers use quantitative methods. These methods assess the effectiveness of several social welfare
and rehabilitation interventions. NGO findings reveal a necessary role in filling gaps left by government
programs. These organizations provide important resources, advocacy and community-based support
services. Severe funding constraints and large bureaucratic obstacles obstruct their full potential and
complex coordination issues with government entities further obstruct it.

Stronger partnerships between many NGOs, government agencies and a meaningful portion of the
community are important for greatly improving the effectiveness of welfare and rehabilitation programs
in Addis Ababa and this is the paper's conclusion. The main objective is to considerably improve the lives
of the city's most vulnerable residents through large policy changes and revolutionary strategies that
better incorporate NGOs into welfare services.

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 TABLE OF Contents
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... 2
Key Terms /Definition of terms.....................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................................ 8
1.4 Objectives of the Study...........................................................................................................................9
1.4.1 General Objective................................................................................................................................ 9
1.5 Significance of the Study....................................................................................................................10
1.6 Scope of the Study................................................................................................................................11
1.6.1 Delimitation of the study................................................................................................................... 11
1.6.2 Limitation of the Study...................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter two............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.1Theoretical review............................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Critique of the existing literature relevant to the study........................................................................14
2.3 Summary............................................................................................................................................16

2.4Research Gaps................................................................................................................................... 17

chapter three...........................................................................................................................................18

Methodology............................................................................................................................................18

3.1 Description of study area/target population............................................................................. 18

3.2 Research Design/justify choice and type of research.............................................................. 19

3.3 Sampling Design...............................................................................................................................20

3.4 Methods of data collection............................................................................................................ 21

3.5 Data Analysis:....................................................................................................................................22

3.6 Ethical Considerations.................................................................................................................... 22

Chapter four............................................................................................................................................ 23

4.1 Work plan and budget breakdown.............................................................................................. 23

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4.2 Budget
breakdown……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..25
Reference....................................................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER ONE
1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

In recent decades, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital city, has undergone a process of rapid urbanization and
socio-economic change. This transition has led to problems such as poverty, joblessness, social disparity,
and the need for holistic social welfare and rehabilitation services. Public resources are often insufficient
to cope with these challenges, which have unwittingly made Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
the critical actors in the welfare and rehabilitation space.

Urbanization and Social Issues

The fast urbanization in Addis Ababa resulted in tremendous demographic shifts

characterized by a dense population and a large proportion of vulnerable individuals
including street children, women subject to domestic violence, people with disabilities
and the elderly. These populations are subject to a wide variety of obstacles, such as
lack of access to schooling, health care and social programs. The government has put
in place several poverty alleviation and social protection policies, but these are limited in
effectiveness due to implementation bottlenecks and resource restrictions.
The Role of NGOs
NGOs have a very important task to fulfill between the action of a government and the
demand of a disadvantaged social group. They are also widely known to offer direct
services including health care, education, vocational training and psychological
assistance, directly engaged with the community and serving specific needs. In addition,
NGOs often participate in advocacy, policy development, and capacity enhancement
activities that build capacity and foster resilience in individuals and communities.
NGOs in Addis Ababa provide services in many fields, such as health, education,
economic development, and social welfare. Their work is characterized by flexibility,
innovation, and a grassroots approach, enabling them to respond effectively to the
evolving needs of the population. Other noteworthy organizations are ones dedicated to
helping women, children orphaned of parents, drug addiction, and mental illnes

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the Study of Welfare and Rehabilitation in Addis Ababa" would investigate how
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) contribute to the well-being and recovery of vulnerable
populations within the city of Addis Ababa, examining their programs and initiatives focused on
social welfare and rehabilitation services, particularly in areas like healthcare, education, and
economic empowerment, considering the unique challenges faced by residents in the city and
the role NGOs play in addressing them.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

However, in spite of the critical challenges that faced Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) in delivering welfare and rehabilitation services in urban areas, there is
presently a limited overview of what has contributed and where challenges lie,
specifically in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. This uncertainty presents major
challenges to policy decision-making, resource planning and program m
implementation.
Prevalence of Social Issues: Addis Ababa is marked by a range of social problems
(poverty, unemployment, mental health issues, and displacement), worsened by
accelerated urbanization and political instability. These challenges demand at least part
coordination among different stakeholders, and in particular NGOs play a key role.

Diverse Role of NGOs: While NGOs are known to provide essential services such as
healthcare, education, and psychosocial support, there is limited understanding of how
these organizations operate within the welfare and rehabilitation sectors in Addis
Ababa. Questions are put forward about the effectiveness of their programs, their
approaches, and their results within the community that they serve.

Coordination and Collaboration: Welfare and rehabilitation services are frequently

fragmented and NGOs operate on their own. This lack of collaboration can lead to
duplicated efforts and gaps in service delivery, ultimately affecting the beneficiaries
negatively. The ability to assess how NGOs partner or compete with NGOs, may help to
better understand both opportunities and deficiencies for best practice development.

Funding and Resource Allocation: A lot of NGOs in Addis Ababa are financed from the
outside (i.e., with an international currency) and therefore are not always responsive to
local requirements and preferences. As such, understanding how limited resources are
utilized and what factors influence funding allocation can shed light on the sustainability
of welfare and rehabilitation initiatives in the city.

Policy Influence and Advocacy: NGOs often engage in advocacy efforts aimed at
influencing policies related to welfare and rehabilitation. However, it is unclear how

7
effectively these organizations engage with government bodies and whether their
advocacy translates into policy changes that benefit vulnerable populations.

Assessment of Impact: There is a strong urge to conduct in-depth evaluations of the

impact and long term effects of NGO-driven programs on welfare and rehabilitation in
Addis Ababa.

1.3 Research Questions

In order to achieve the aims of the study the following research questions are
considered.

1. What are the specific orientations of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Ethiopia

dealing with welfare and rehabilitation matters in Addis Ababa?

2. In what ways do the NGOs working within the city of Addis Ababa join forces with
governmental establishments to improve welfare and rehabilitation programs?

3. What are the major challenges faced by NGOs involved in the provision of welfare and
rehabilitation services in Addis Ababa, and what measures do they take to solve these problems?

4. How do NGOs in Addis Ababa assess the communities to be served in the context of welfare
and rehabilitation?

5. What are the usual programs and services that NGOs provide for the rehabilitation of disabled
individuals in Addis Ababa?

6. What role do local communities play in the development and implementation of NGO-led
welfare and rehabilitation programs in Addis Ababa?

7. How do NGOs assess the impact and results of their welfare and rehabilitation programs in
Addis Ababa?

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 1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 General Objective

Scrutinizing the effects and effectiveness in contribution by NGOs towards welfare
and rehabilitation services across Addis Ababa will eventually help provide
pointers into how welfare and rehabilitation community development
and supportive systems have become.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives are as follow

1.​ Assessing the Impact of International NGOs:​

- The impact international NGOs have on social welfare
initiatives related to education, health, and housing in Addis Ababa.​
2. Analysis of Rehabilitation Programs:​
- To look at specific rehabilitation programs undertaken by international
NGOs and their effectiveness
in terms of the improvement in living conditions of vulnerable groups.​
3. Challenges and Opportunities:​
- The challenges faced by the international NGOs in providing social welfare
and rehabilitation services, and opportunities that
exist for increased cooperation with local organizations and government
bodies.​
4. Community Perspective:​
- To understand from the community perspective the perceptions
of the international NGOs, and appropriateness in their programs and
interventions.​
5. Policy Recommendations:​
- The provision of policy recommendations that could facilitate the

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 effective working of international NGOs in Addis
Ababa and hence bring about improved social welfare and rehabilitation
sectors

1.5 Significance of the Study

To understand the importance of studying the involvement of the non-profit sector in

welfare and rehabilitation service delivery in Addis Ababa, one has to consider the
following points:

Societal Concern: Most NGOs work in areas where social services are lacking in most
metropolitan areas such as Addis Ababa. Understanding their function would help us
appreciate how they augment social security, address issues of living standards, and
assist vulnerable populations.

Policy Formulation: Research is useful as it helps policymakers learn how NGOs

effectively function and the strategies and interventions they apply to achieve their
goals. This integration enables more effective national welfare strategies.

Resource Acquisition: NGOs are known to generate both financial and human capital
which may be valuable in supporting welfare programs. Understanding their
contributions helps identify ways to effectively mobilize these resources.

Program Implementation: Most NGOs have the tendency to involve people around the
intended area of a program. Their case studies may provide useful information on how
to foster community participation and engagement so that lessons can be socialized for
future purposes.

Impact Assessment: Scholars can conduct studies to find out the extent to which
NGOs achieve their goals in welfare and rehabilitation, providing proof that their
initiatives were worthwhile or pointing out things that did not work.

Comprehending the Socio-Economic Circumstances

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Local Challenges: New Addis Ababa, in its capacity as the capital of Ethiopia, is
plagued by several socio-economic issues, such as urban poverty, unemployment, and
lack of access to health and social services. This is why analyzing the role of the NGOs
is central in understanding how these organizations work towards alleviating these
issues.

Demographic Insights: In light of the fact that there are internally displaced persons as
well as other vulnerable groups, studying NGOs gives one a glimpse of how these
groups actually demarcate their needs and priorities.

Evaluation of NGO Performance

Service Delivery: Education, health care, social services, need to be delivered by NGOs
as one of the core functions of the organization. By assessing the impact of such
services, it is possible to determine the efficiency of the welfare programs in the city.

1.6 Scope of the Study

1.6.1 Delimitation of the study

Defining a study is part of research design, it helps to narrow down the scope and focus of the
investigation. In the case of a study titled "The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the
Study of Welfare and Rehabilitation in Addis Ababa", the delimitation will involve specifying
the boundaries within which the research will be conducted. Below are several key aspects to
consider in defining the delimitation of this study:
Geographical Scope Addis Ababa only: The study is limited to Addis Ababa. This delimitation
means the research will not cover NGOs in other parts of Ethiopia or in other countries, so we
can go deep into the context and dynamics of NGOs in this urban setting.
Temporal Scope Time Frame of the Study: The research may focus on a specific period, for
example NGOs’ activities and impacts over the past 10 years. This time frame will provide a
contemporary view of the evolving role of NGOs in welfare and rehabilitation in Addis Ababa.
Target Population Beneficiaries of Welfare and Rehabilitation Programs: The study may
delimit itself to specific vulnerable groups that are served by NGOs, for example children,
women, disabled people or the elderly. By identifying the target beneficiaries the research can
get insights into the specific needs and the effectiveness of programs designed for them.
Type of NGOs Specific NGO Types: Not all NGOs are equal. For example the research may
focus on NGOs that are involved in welfare and rehabilitation activities (e.g. health services,
education, vocational training). It may exclude NGOs that are primarily involved in advocacy or
other non-rehabilitation activities.

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Research Methods Qualitative vs. Quantitative: The delimitation may involve the choice of
research methodology. For example the study could focus on qualitative methods, using
interviews and case studies to understand the relationship between NGOs and their target
populations rather than extensive quantitative analysis.
Variables of Interest Specific Welfare and Rehabilitation Outcomes: The study may focus
on specific outcomes of welfare and rehabilitation. For example employment rates after training,
mental health recovery or access to health services provided by NGOs could be prioritized over a
wide range of potential outcomes.
Legal and Ethical Considerations Regulatory Framework: The research may delimit itself
by looking into the laws and policies that govern NGOs in Ethiopia, which will provide context
but not delve into legal issues outside the scope of welfare and rehabilitation.
Stakeholder Perspectives Specific Stakeholders: The study may focus on specific
stakeholders, for example NGO staff, beneficiaries, government officials and community leaders.

1.6.2 Limitation of the Study

When examining the constraints of a study focused on "The Role of Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) in the Study of Welfare and Rehabilitation in Addis Ababa," several factors
(among others) must be taken into account. These limitations can significantly affect the
validity, reliability and generalizability of the results. However, it is important to recognize that
each of these aspects plays a crucial role in shaping the overall conclusions. For example, the
sample size may be too small (1), or the demographic diversity might be insufficient. Although
these factors limit the findings, they do not entirely negate their relevance. Therefore, this
analysis must acknowledge such shortcomings because they provide context for interpreting the
study's implications.

Scope of Study: The study may concentrate on a restricted (though significant) number of
NGOs; however, this limitation could result in a lack of a comprehensive perspective regarding
all organizations functioning in Addis Ababa. Although the diversity and range of NGOs are
substantial, they could lead to various approaches and outcomes that are not fully captured by
the research (because of the narrow focus).

Data Collection Methods: If the study relies significantly on qualitative methods (like
interviews and focus groups), the findings could be subjective and shaped by personal
perceptions. However, if it depends on quantitative data, challenges in acquiring accurate
statistics can restrict conclusions. Additionally, there may be complications with self-reported
data, because participants might offer biased or socially acceptable responses.

Access to Information: Certain NGOs (non-governmental organizations) may exhibit

hesitance when it comes to revealing internal data or practices. This reluctance can stem from

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confidentiality concerns or the competitive nature of their operations. Consequently, the
information provided may be incomplete or skewed. However, understanding the reasons
behind this behavior is crucial, because it highlights the complexities of navigating transparency
within the sector. Although such caution is understandable, it can pose challenges for
stakeholders seeking comprehensive insights.

Temporal Limitations: Welfare and rehabilitation programs are often dynamic; a snapshot in
time (however) may not accurately reflect ongoing changes and innovations in the sector. The
impact of specific interventions can take time to be realized (but) this makes it difficult to assess
the immediate effectiveness of NGO programs, because outcomes often unfold gradually.
Although some results may be apparent early on, others could remain hidden for a considerable
period.

Chapter two

2.1Theoretical review
In less developed economies where the capacity and resources of the government may
not suffice, the spotlight over non-conservative organization (NGO) energies is
increasing in social rehabilitation and welfare over the last few decades. The objective
of this review is to highlight the various dimensions of NGO contributions towards the
welfare and rehabilitation activities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and give an overview of
the existing literature, which contributes towards this critical area of research.

NGOs have a significant role to play in the the socioeconomic challenges of the less
privileged and the poor populations in urban areas with emerging issues like population
growth, poverty and unemployment. The Ethiopian capital city, Addis Ababa being the
melting pot of such issues becomes a target of a number of interventions aimed at
social welfare and rehabilitation. Previous works have explained the activities of NGOs
as changes agents in humanitarian aid, social service provision, and community
development initiatives.

Profile of NGOs in Addis Ababa

Dealing with the emergence an growth of NGOs in Ethiopia is a major issue within the
context of their emergence and existence within the historical and increasing
socio-political importance of Ethiopia.

As much as a decade ago, and even today, many non-governmental organizations

(NGOs) in Addis Ababa focus on providing emergency aid to thousands of people and
integrating community welfare programs to widen their impact. Abebe (2016) states that

13
these organizations not only provide vital aid but also push for policies that are
beneficial to the most needy members of society which include children, women, and
older persons.

Major Roles of NGOs in Welfare and Rehabilitation

Different sources of information highlight different functions of NGOs in the area of

welfare and rehabilitation. One of the most common is aid delivery. Tadele’s (2018)
research identifies the ways in which the health sector, education, and vocational
training NGOs increase access to services for disadvantaged populations by making
these services available. As noted by Kebede (2019), NGOs also tend to participate in
development projects which build the skills of the local population. This capability is
necessary to promote the dependence and toughness of the person being assisted.

An even more important aspect is the advocacy dimension of NGOs. Work undertaken
by Mekonnen and Biruk, (2020) demonstrated how and why NGOs seek to represent
the interests of the underprivileged members of society to people that make policy
decisions.

Thanks to advocacy, non-governmental organizations are pertinent in social change and

polices formulation where welfares and rehabilitation is catered to those in need.

There is a vital need for research that examines how to enhance the linkages between
NGOs, State agencies and local communities in order to achieve welfare and
rehabilitation objectives in Addis Ababa.

This literature review is the first step in detailing the topic and provides a basis for
further research on the particular strategies employed by NGOs and their impacts on
welfare and rehabilitation in Addis Ababa.

2.2 Critique of the existing literature relevant to the study.

Review of Related Literature about the Role of Non-Governmental
Organizations on Welfare and Rehabilitation in Addis Ababa​
​
The role played by non-governmental organizations in welfare and
rehabilitation remains a very important area of inquiry, especially in developing
contexts like Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. A literature review gives an interesting landscape of insights and gaps
that have informed our understanding of the ways NGOs contribute to the
processes of social welfare and rehabilitation in this metropolitan area.​
​
Range of Functions and Thrusts of NGOs​
The existing literature on NGOs tends to emphasize how they play pluralistic roles
related to welfare and rehabilitation. The studies bring

14
forth their role of service provision in education, healthcare,
and even economic sustenance, where there has been failure on the part of
the governmental agencies. In fact, the studies identify them as important facilitato
rs in times of resource needs and aid. However, even though some
literature gives useful information on the services provided, much
of it lacks in-depth analysis of the sustainability and long-term impact of these
interventions on the welfare and rehabilitation
outcomes of the community. Longitudinal studies are still needed to
measure sustained effects over time, rather than project evaluations for only short
periods.​
Challenges Faced by NGOs​
A number of studies discuss challenges faced by NGOs, including funding
constraints, bureaucratic hurdles, and limited capacity. While these are quite
well-recognized, there
is a general lack of consideration regarding how such factors impact program effect
iveness.
Many of the critiques retain an operational focus that neglects the subtler limitation
s created by top-down policy-setting and the way in which local or cultural
contexts impinge on NGO effectiveness.
More in-depth qualitative analyses could provide a better understanding of
the limitations and allow for the dissemination of best practices among NGOs
operating under similar contexts.​
​
Community Engagement and Participation​
Community participation is a common theme in the
literature on NGO operations. It is documented that rehabilitation
programs are more effective when the community is involved in the planning and
implementation process. However, the literature often approaches community
participation superficially, failing to consider embedded power relations that
may hinder genuine collaboration. This
perspective would be better served by critically questioning who is represented
in decision-making processes and how the voices of marginalized individuals can
be empowered to ensure inclusivity. Policy and Institutional Context

The interface between NGOs and government policy is a critical area that is often touched
upon but little explored. Several studies note the difficulties that NGOs face in
aligning themselves with governmental priorities and
frameworks, sometimes resulting in fragmentation of services. Less attention is given to
how NGOs may influence policy development or adjust their programs
to more effectively align with existing policies. Case studies where NGOs have

15
successfully interacted with governmental
structures would thus offer relevant indications regarding the elaboration of more
effective collaboration models.​
​
Metrics of Evaluation and Outcomes​
A major gap in the literature is related
to the inconsistent nature of frameworks through which effectiveness of NGOs is measured
within welfare and rehabilitation. There are many studies that do
not use standardized measures for the assessment
of impact, despite some proposed metrics, and this complicates comparing
outcomes from one organization or initiative to
another. The research lacuna especially requires such studies that can prepare and use ap
propriate tools for evaluation to ensure that any assessment will be valid and reliable.​
​
Technological integration: While literature has begun
to highlight the role that technology can play in increasing the reach and effectiveness of
NGOs, research is still scant on how these technological innovations might create more​
Conclusion​
In a nutshell, though the literature on NGOs' role in welfare and rehabilitation in
Addis Ababa has provided rich insights, there are also notable gaps and areas that
call for further investigation. A deeper understanding of the community
engagement of NGOs, the challenges faced, and the socio-political
context, coupled with appropriate methodologies
for evaluation, would go a long way in making the organizations more effective.
Research should be done to adopt a
holistic perspective that incorporates longitudinal studies, case analyses, and
technological aspects for an all-rounded understanding of the NGO landscape in
Addis Ababa. Moving forward, collaboration between academic researchers and
practitioners will be crucial in the translation of insights into actionable policies and
programs that truly benefit those in need

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 2.3 Summary
The literature review concerning the role of Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) in welfare and rehabilitation efforts in Addis Ababa underscores the
significant impact these organizations have on social development and policy
implementation. Various studies indicate that NGOs play a crucial role in
addressing pressing social issues faced by vulnerable populations in the city
(including poverty, healthcare access, education and rehabilitation services for
individuals with disabilities or those affected by substance abuse). Several key
themes emerge from the literature:

Service Provision: NGOs in Addis Ababa have become critical providers of

essential services, often filling gaps left by the government. They offer programs in
healthcare, housing, education and vocational training, significantly improving the
quality of life for marginalized groups.

Partnerships and Collaboration: Effective collaboration between NGOs and

government agencies has been documented as vital for enhancing welfare and
rehabilitation initiatives; joint efforts often result in more comprehensive support
systems for communities. This collaboration leverages resources and expertise
from both sectors, however, challenges persist. Although these organizations strive
to address the needs of the community, the complexity of social issues often
requires more than just service provision.

Advocacy and Policy Influence: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

actively engage in advocacy efforts, seeking to shape policies that affect welfare and
rehabilitation services. The existing literature indicates that these entities have
effectively raised awareness about the needs of marginalized populations, thereby
advocating for legislative reforms and enhanced governmental responses.

Challenges Faced: However, despite their significant contributions, NGOs face

numerous challenges, such as funding limitations, bureaucratic obstacles and the
necessity to reconcile external donor expectations with local community needs.
These challenges can impede their sustainability and diminish their effectiveness in
executing welfare programs.

Monitoring and Evaluation: The literature emphasizes the critical nature of

monitoring and evaluating initiatives led by NGOs in order to ascertain their impact
and effectiveness. Numerous studies highlight the importance of employing robust

17
data collection strategies to track progress and pinpoint areas requiring
improvement, although these methodologies can be complex.

Cultural Sensitivity and Local Engagement: Successful NGOs exhibit a

profound comprehension of local contexts and cultural practices (this enables)
them to create tailored programs that resonate with community needs. Engaging
local populations in program design and implementation is crucial for fostering
ownership and sustainability. In conclusion, the literature suggests that NGOs play
an indispensable role in the welfare and rehabilitation landscape of Addis Ababa.

2.4Research Gaps
When exploring the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the study of
welfare and rehabilitation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, there are several potential
research gaps that can be identified. These gaps highlight areas where further
investigation could contribute significantly to the existing body of knowledge. Here
are some key research gaps:

1. Impact Evaluation of NGO Programs: There is often limited empirical data on the
effectiveness and long-term impact of NGO interventions in welfare and
rehabilitation in Addis Ababa. Studies that systematically assess the outcomes of
various programs could provide insights into best practices and areas needing
improvement.

2. Comparative Studies: Few comparative studies exist that analyze the approaches
of different NGOs in Addis Ababa. Research that contrasts the methodologies,
successes, and challenges faced by various organizations could yield valuable
information on effective practices and niches within the sector.

3. Stakeholder Perspectives: While NGOs often have their own narratives about
their impact, there is a lack of research that captures the perspectives of the
beneficiaries, local community members, and government stakeholders.
Understanding these perspectives could provide a more holistic view of the NGOs'
roles and effectiveness.

4. Policy Influence and Frameworks: The influence of NGOs on local and national
welfare policies remains under-explored. Research that examines how NGOs shape
policy decisions, government responses, and collaboration with local authorities
could reveal the dynamics of NGO-government relations.

18
5. Sustainability of NGO Initiatives: Many NGO-led programs face challenges related
to sustainability after funding periods end. There is a gap in research focused on
the sustainability of welfare and rehabilitation projects initiated by NGOs in Addis
Ababa, including strategies for transition to local governance or community
management.

chapter three

Methodology

3.1 Description of study area/target population

Study Area: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia) serves as a dynamic metropolis that
operates as the political, cultural and economic heart of the nation. With a
population surpassing 3 million inhabitants, the city is characterized by its notable
diversity, which includes a variety of ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic levels and
cultural traditions. However, as a rapidly evolving urban center, Addis Ababa faces
numerous challenges, including poverty, unemployment and limited access to
essential services—such as healthcare, education and social welfare programs.
Although these issues are widespread, they disproportionately affect vulnerable
populations: women, children, homeless individuals, persons with disabilities and
the elderly. This intricate web of challenges necessitates ongoing attention and
innovative solutions, because without them, the future of many residents remains
uncertain.

The city presents a vivid juxtaposition: wealthy neighborhoods coexist with regions
marked by profound deprivation. The existence of numerous non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) within the urban landscape aims to tackle social and
economic inequities (this is essential) by offering welfare services and rehabilitation
programs. These NGOs play a crucial role in improving the quality of life for
marginalized individuals in the community. Through various initiatives designed to
foster social inclusion, healthcare access, education and economic empowerment,
they endeavor to cultivate a more just society. However, obstacles persist, but the
unwavering efforts of these organizations yield a notable impact. Although the
journey ahead is arduous, progress continues to unfold because of their
commitment.

19
Target Population

The target population for this study is comprised of individuals and families who
benefit from NGO-led welfare and rehabilitation programs in Addis Ababa. This
includes (1)

Vulnerable Adults: This cohort consists of low-income individuals, those suffering

from chronic illnesses or disabilities and the elderly, who often require specialized
support services to improve their quality of life. (2) Women and Children: Women,
particularly those experiencing domestic violence or economic difficulties,
represent a significant portion of the vulnerable population. Children, especially
orphans or those affected by family instability and poverty, are also a priority for
welfare interventions

(3) Homeless Individuals: The research will focus on homeless men and women in
the city, who frequently rely on NGOs for essential needs, shelter and social
services. (4) Persons with Disabilities: This group faces unique challenges
concerning accessibility and social inclusion; NGOs often provide customized
rehabilitation services to facilitate their independence and integration into society.
However, these services can be inconsistent, which poses additional difficulties for
those in need.

While numerous individuals gain advantages from these programs, a significant

need persists for more all-encompassing support systems, because the difficulties
encountered by these populations are intricate and multifaceted. Community
Group

(5): This study will also investigate local community organizations (and groups) that
partner with NGOs, because their involvement is pivotal in the delivery and spread
of welfare services within their communities. By concentrating on this diverse yet
vulnerable demographic, the study intends to critically evaluate the influence and
efficacy of NGOs in fostering welfare and rehabilitation in Addis Ababa. Although
there are notable achievements, there are also areas that require enhancement in
their methodologies and initiatives. The insights acquired from this analysis will be
crucial for policymakers, NGO practitioners and community leaders in refining
strategies for social welfare and rehabilitation in urban environments. However, it
is imperative to acknowledge the complexities inherent in these dynamics.

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 3.2 Research Design/justify choice and type of research
The proposed research will utilize a mixed-methods approach (which combines qualitative
and quantitative research designs). This hybrid methodology facilitates a comprehensive
understanding of the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in welfare and
rehabilitation efforts in Addis Ababa. It captures both numerical data and in-depth personal
experiences; however, the complexity of this task cannot be overlooked. Although the
combination of data types enhances the validity of the findings, it also introduces
challenges in analysis. Because of these factors, careful consideration must be given to the
design of the study.

Quantitative Component:

Surveys (structured) will be administered to yield quantitative data regarding the presence,
funding and reach of NGOs engaged in welfare and rehabilitation. This will encompass
inquiries concerning the demographic characteristics of beneficiaries—types of services
provided and the effectiveness of these services—allowing for statistical analysis.
Secondary data analysis is also crucial: existing quantitative data from government reports,
NGO databases and international organizations will be collected to assess trends and
impacts related to welfare and rehabilitation programs over time. However, one must
recognize the limitations of such data (because they may not fully capture the nuances of
individual experiences). Although this approach provides a broad overview, it is essential to
consider the context in which these organizations operate.

Qualitative Component:

In-Depth Interviews: Key stakeholders will be interviewed, including NGO leaders, social
workers, beneficiaries and government officials (however, the focus will be on personal
experiences). These interviews will explore the challenges encountered and the perceived
effectiveness of various NGO interventions in the areas of welfare and rehabilitation. Focus
Groups: Discussions within focus groups (comprising beneficiaries) will yield valuable
insights into their experiences, satisfaction levels and suggestions for improving NGO
services. Case Studies: Comprehensive case studies of specific NGOs engaged in the
welfare and rehabilitation sector will illuminate best practices, the challenges faced and the
uniqueness of their approaches and programs. Although this research is extensive, it aims
to reveal crucial information regarding NGO impact.

Justification of Research Design

The complexity of the issue resides in the intricate interrelations among NGOs, government
policies and community needs. A mixed-methods approach is, therefore, warranted
(because) it allows for a comprehensive exploration of quantitative metrics—such as the
number of beneficiaries and types of services. However, it also permits the gathering of

21
qualitative narratives that provide deeper insights into the lived experiences of individuals
affected by NGO services. Data triangulation assumes a pivotal role; employing multiple
methodologies enhances the validity and reliability of the findings. By triangulating
information collected from surveys, interviews and secondary data sources, the study can
produce a more robust analysis of the NGOs' functions in welfare and rehabilitation.
Moreover, the richness of qualitative data acquired through interviews and focus groups
can elucidate the intricacies of NGO operations, underscoring both the challenges and
successes encountered by beneficiaries. These elements are frequently overlooked when
relying solely on quantitative measures, but they are essential for a holistic understanding
of the issue at hand.

Policy Implications: The findings derived from this research may possess significant
repercussions for both policy and practice. A mixed-methods approach not only facilitates
evidence-based recommendations, (but) it also considers statistical trends alongside
personal narratives. These elements can prove invaluable for policymakers and NGO
operators, especially when addressing welfare and rehabilitation needs in Addis Ababa. 5.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Employing a mixed-methods design affords flexibility in data
collection and analysis; (this) adaptability permits the research focus to shift in accordance
with emerging findings from the qualitative data. In conclusion, the mixed-methods
approach is particularly well-suited for investigating the intricate role of NGOs in welfare
and rehabilitation within Addis Ababa. This fosters a comprehensive and nuanced
understanding capable of informing future practices and policies in this critical sector.
However, challenges may still emerge.

3.3 Sampling Design

In assessing the function of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) within the realms of
welfare and rehabilitation in Addis Ababa, a stratified sampling design will be utilized to
guarantee diverse representation across a multitude of demographics (and sectors) served
by these NGOs. The target demographic will encompass beneficiaries, NGO personnel and
community leaders situated in Addis Ababa. However, this approach is crucial because it
facilitates a more thorough understanding of the influence these organizations exert.
Although the sampling method is meticulous, it is important to remain cognizant of the
potential biases that could emerge. Consequently, careful deliberation must be devoted to
the selection process.

Stratification: The entire population will be segmented into essential strata, which will be
determined by a variety of factors (including demographic characteristics like age, gender
and socioeconomic status), as well as the types of services offered by different NGOs (such
as healthcare, education and vocational training). Sample Size: Approximately 300
participants (this number is significant) will be selected using statistical methods, which are

22
vital for ensuring a high level of confidence and precision in the resulting data. Sampling
Method: Within each stratum, random sampling will be employed to choose participants,
thereby reducing bias and enhancing the generalizability of the findings. However, this
approach necessitates the random selection of beneficiaries from NGO records;
furthermore, purposive sampling will be required for NGO staff and community leaders to
encompass a wide range of perspectives.

Data Collection: Both qualitative (and) quantitative data will be collected through surveys,
interviews and focus group discussions to generate a comprehensive understanding of the
NGOs' impact on welfare and rehabilitation. This sampling design aims to capture a holistic
view of the NGOs' role in Addis Ababa; however, it also facilitates targeted
recommendations for future interventions, because it integrates diverse perspectives.
Although the methods utilized are varied, they collectively provide a deeper insight into the
issues at hand

3.4 Methods of data collection

Sampling Strategy: A stratified random sampling technique will be used to ensure
that the sample reflects the diversity of socioeconomic backgrounds within the
targeted communities

A maximum of 35 participants will be surveyed, with additional interviews and focus

groups conducted with a subset of the population (approximately 30–40
individuals). The data will be stratified by key variables, such as income, education,
and geographic location.

3.4.1 sources of data/Data collection instruments

-telephone survey; Asking questions through the phone

-snowball sampling; when getting directed from one person to the other, one tells
you or directs you to another Pearson that could provide information about the
research.

-FGD: a group of people 5-6 people discussing issue /problem of research and come
to general conclusion.

-cross sectional survey- is a type of observational study where data is collected from
a population or a specific group at one point in time. It aims to capture a snapshot
of a particular characteristic, behaviour, or condition, such as attitudes, health
status, or demographics, within that population.

23
- semi structured interview- interviewer has a set of predefined questions but also
allows for flexibility in the conversation. Unlike a fully structured interview, which
follows a rigid script, a semi-structured interview gives the interviewer the freedom
to explore topics more deeply, ask follow-up questions, and adapt the conversation
based on the responses.

observation – clear perceiving and watching from a distance or nearby of the

surroundings.

By integrating both quantitative and qualitative data, this research design will
provide a robust, multi-dimensional understanding of the socioeconomic enabling
the development of more effective and targeted interventions.

3.5 Data Analysis:

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical techniques such as regression
analysis to identify significant predictors of obesity in relation to socioeconomic
factors. Qualitative data from interviews and focus groups will be transcribed and
analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes, patterns, and
insights that help contextualize the statistical findings.

3.6 Ethical Considerations

When conducting a study on the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in welfare

and rehabilitation within Addis Ababa, several ethical considerations must be
acknowledged. Firstly, informed consent is essential: researchers must ensure that all
participants provide informed consent, fully understanding both the purpose of the study
and how their information will be used. Confidentiality is crucial; it is vital to safeguard the
privacy of participants by anonym zing data and making certain that personal information
remains protected, especially when it relates to sensitive issues. Cultural sensitivity is also
necessary, as one must be respectful and aware of the cultural nuances of Addis Ababa,
thereby ensuring that research methods and interactions are appropriate and do not cause
harm to the community. Furthermore, beneficence and non-maleficence should direct the
research—this ensures that it benefits participants and the community while minimizing

24
any potential harm or discomfort arising from the study. However, ethical dilemmas can
arise in practice, particularly when balancing the need for valuable insights with the
obligation to protect participants.

Ultimately, transparency is essential; non-governmental organizations (NGOs) must clearly

articulate their objectives, funding sources and the potential effects of the research on the
communities they aim to serve. However, this intricate interplay of ethical considerations
necessitates careful navigation to maintain the integrity of the research process.
Community engagement (this is crucial) involves actively incorporating local communities
and stakeholders into the research process to guarantee that the findings remain relevant
and advantageous. Avoiding exploitation is also imperative: researchers must ensure that
the study does not take advantage of vulnerable populations, because it is vital to
acknowledge and uphold their rights and dignity. Addressing these ethical concerns is
critical, however, for executing responsible and respectful research within the realms of
welfare and rehabilitation. Although these measures may demand additional effort, they
ultimately contribute to more ethical outcomes.

Chapter four

4.1 Work plan and budget breakdown

Research proposal timeline

25
Phase Task Duration Expected completion
date

Research Finalize 2 weeks End of month one

design research
questions

Methodology

Literature Review 3 weeks End of month two

review existing
research and
find them

Start writing Title coverage 2 weeks End of month four

out and
methodology
Proposal complete

Finishing Complete all 3 weeks End of January

writing the step of
proposal proposal

Data Distribute 3 weeks Start of second

collection survey , semester
conduct
interview

26
Interpretation Interpret the finding 2 week Not know when
and discussion will start
Compere with existing
literature, and develop
conclusions

Writing the Write and organize the 6 weeks

thesis research paper or

Thesis

Review and Review and necessary revisions 3 weeks

revisions to the thesis based on feed
back

Final ​ Present new Preparation

submission and should be
presentation finding which complete to
socio economic wards end of
factor is directly second
related to The role semester
of Non
Governmental
Organization in
Study of welfare and
Rehabilitation in

Addis ababa.

27
 4.2 Budget breakdown:

1. Telephone Surveys a. Description: Costs for phone calls, phone minutes, and the
platform for conducting telephone surveys.

b. Estimated Cost: 10 birr per survey for 10 participants. c. Total: 100 birrs at most
2. Snowball Sampling a. Description: No cost 3. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

a. Description: Moderator fees, venue rental, refreshments for participants, and

transportation costs for participants.

b. Estimated Cost: 200 birr per session, with two sessions planned.

c. Total: 200birr 4. Semi-Structured Interviews

a. Description: Fees for paper and pen b. Estimated Cost: 5birr per interview for
approximately 20 interviews.

c. Total:100 birr 5. Cross-Sectional Survey a.

Description: Printing and distribution of paper surveys, data entry, and analysis
software licenses.

b. Estimated Cost: 300 birrs for printing and data software (e.g., SPSS).

c. Total: 300 at most 6. Observation Tools a. Description: Recording tools such as

notebooks, cameras, and software for data collection and analysis. b. Estimated
Cost:

100 birr for equipment and software.

c. Total:100 birr

Total Estimated Budget: 1000 birr

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 Reference
1. Carter, J. (2016). The Role of NGOs in Africa's Development: A Study of
Addis Ababa's Urban Poor. Journal of African Studies, 45(2), 123-145.

2. Degefu, F. (2013). Non-Governmental Organizations and the Politics of

Welfare in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Journal of Social
Sciences, 7(1), 45-67.

3. Fasil, T., & Diesan, B. (2018). Welfare and Rehabilitation Policies: The
Influence of NGOs in Ethiopia's Capital. African Journal of Public Affairs,
12(3), 56-72.

4. Kefale, A. (2020). The Nexus between NGOs and Urban Welfare in

Addis Ababa: Challenges and Opportunities. Ethiopian Urban Studies
Journal, 5(1), 34-51.

5. Taffesse, A. S. (2022). Role of NGOs in Supporting Social Welfare:

Evidence from Addis Ababa. International Journal of Social Work, 9(4),
201-218.

6. World Bank. (2021). The Role of NGOs in Social Protection and

Rehabilitation: A Case Study of Addis Ababa. Washington, D.C.: World
Bank Publications.

29
7. Zewde, B. & Taye, S. (2019). Civil Society in Ethiopia:
Non-Governmental Organizations and Social Welfare. Addis Ababa
University Press.

Websites

1. Ethiopian NGO Forum

[http://www.ngoforum.org/](http://www.ngoforum.org/)

- A platform that provides resources and information on various NGOs

operating in Ethiopia, including their roles in welfare and rehabilitation
programs.

2. UNICEF Ethiopia

[https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/](https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/)

- Though it is a UN agency, UNICEF collaborates with numerous NGOs

in Ethiopia and addresses child welfare and rehabilitation.

3. The World Bank: Ethiopia’s NGOs

[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia](https://www.worldb
ank.org/en/country/ethiopia)

- This source provides insights into the role of NGOs in development

projects, including those focused on welfare and rehabilitation.

4. Ethiopian Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)

[https://www.cso.gov.et/](https://www.cso.gov.et/)

- The official Ethiopian government website with resources and

information on various civil society organizations, including NGOs,
focusing on social issues.

Reports

30
1. Ethiopia: A Comprehensive 5-Year National Strategy for NGO
Effectiveness

[Available on the Ethiopian Government website or through specific

NGO platforms]

- This report outlines strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of

NGOs in welfare and rehabilitation sectors within the country.

2. Save the Children Ethiopia: Annual Reports

[https://www.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/where-we-work/ethiopi
a](https://www.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/where-we-work/ethio
pia)

- Annual reports often include information on projects and outcomes

relating to welfare and rehabilitation.

31