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Understanding Vector Embeddings

The document provides an overview of embeddings, which are numerical representations of data in a high-dimensional vector space that capture semantic meaning. It discusses how embeddings work, common models, and their applications in prompt engineering such as semantic search and text classification. Additionally, it covers techniques for measuring similarity and advanced directions for embedding development.

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14 views14 pages

Understanding Vector Embeddings

The document provides an overview of embeddings, which are numerical representations of data in a high-dimensional vector space that capture semantic meaning. It discusses how embeddings work, common models, and their applications in prompt engineering such as semantic search and text classification. Additionally, it covers techniques for measuring similarity and advanced directions for embedding development.

Uploaded by

comm100henry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp

What are Embeddings?


Learn word embeddings, how to use them and
their various use cases
What are Embeddings?

Embeddings are numerical representations of


data (text, images, audio) in a
high-dimensional vector space.

They capture semantic meaning, making


similar concepts appear close together
mathematically.

Core technology enabling many AI


applications, especially in natural
language processing.

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 2


How Embeddings Work

1. Tokenization: Break text into


tokens (words, subwords)
2. Vector Creation: Convert
tokens/images into
high-dimensional vectors
3. Contextual Understanding:
Position vectors based on meaning
in context

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 3


How Embeddings Work

As embeddings represent a
space within multiple
dimensions, different
embeddings will either be
closer or further away from
other embeddings.

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 4


Common Embedding Models

● OpenAI: text-embedding-ada-002,
text-embedding-3-small/large
● Cohere: embed-english-v3.0,
embed-multilingual
● Sentence Transformers:
all-MiniLM-L6-v2, all-mpnet-base-v2
● Google: PaLM, BERT, Universal Sentence
Encoder

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 5


Applications in Prompt Engineering - Semantic Search

● Match queries to documents based


on meaning, not just keywords
● Enable more intuitive information
retrieval

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 6


Applications - Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

● Find relevant information from a


knowledge base
● Incorporate into prompts/chat
history to provide context for
LLMs

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 7


Applications in Prompt Engineering - Text Classification

● Categorize content based on


semantic patterns
● Power content recommendation
systems

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 8


Embeddings in Practice

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 9


Measuring Similarity

● Cosine similarity: measures angle


between vectors
● Euclidean distance: measures
straight-line distance
● Dot product: simple
multiplication of vectors

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 10


Cosine Similarity - The Heart of Embedding Comparisons

● Mathematical measure of similarity


between two vectors regardless of
their magnitude
● Calculates the cosine of the angle
between vectors in a
multi-dimensional space
● Ranges from -1 (opposite direction)
to 1 (same direction), with 0
indicating orthogonality

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 11


Cosine Similarity - Coding Example

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 12


Advanced Techniques & Future Directions

● Domain Specialization: Fine-tuned embeddings for


industry-specific language and applications
● Multimodal Integration: Models like CLIP and
ImageBind creating unified vector spaces across
text, images, and audio
● Hybrid Approaches: Combining neural embeddings
with traditional methods (BM25/TF-IDF) for
optimal results
● Key Challenge: Keeping embeddings updated with
new knowledge without complete retraining

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 13


Next Steps 🚀

Let’s get hands on and practice learning how to create embeddings


within OpenAI, and using cosine similarity to compare different
embeddings!

The Complete Prompt Engineering for AI Bootcamp 14

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