Chapter PROBABILITY 3.1 Introduction: What does it mean to say that a probability ofa fair coin is one half or that the chances one passes in class is 80 percent or that the probability of RCB winning the IPL this season is 1? First think of some event where the outcome is uncertain examples of such outcomes would be the rollofa die, the amount of rain that we get tomorrow, the state of the economy in one ‘month, who willbe the prime minister in the next elections, In each ease, we don’t know for sure what will happen, For example we don’t know exactly how much rain we will get tomorrow, Life is full of random events. Many events cannot be predicted with total certainty. Is everything on this planet determined by randomness? This question is open to philosophical debate. What is certain is that every day thousands and thousands of engineers, scientists, business persons, manufacturers and others are using tools from probability, AGambler’s dispute in 1654 led to the creation ofa mathematical theory of probability by ‘wo famous French Mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Understanding the nature of simple probability is key to understanding all gambling related matters. In gambling terms we define probability ofa winning event as follows, “The number of ways of winning divided by total number of possible outcomes”. ‘The study of probability helps us to figure out the likelihood of something happening. For instance when you roll pair of dice, you might ask how likely you are to roll a seven. In math, we call the “something happening” an “event”, The probability of the occurrence of an event can be expressed as a fraction or a decimal from 0 to event tat are unlikely to happen will have a probability near 0 and events that are likely to happen have probabilities near 1. Inany probability problem, itis very important to identify all the different outcomes that could occur for instance, in the question about the dice, you must figure out all the different ways the dice could land and different ways you could roll a seven, Reasoning based on probability and statistics give moder societies the ability to cope with uncertainty, Ithas astonishing powers to improve decision making, accuracy and test new ideas. Today probability theory is a well establishing branch of mathematics that funds applications in every area of scholarly activity fiom music to physics and in daily experience from weather prediction to predicting the risks ofnew medical treatments.(i Puc), 3.2. Definitions and some important terms (A) Experiment : An operation which can produce some well defined outcomes is known as an experiment. There are two types of experiments (1) Deterministic experiment, when repeated under identical conditions the results or outcomes is always the same, For example science experiments 1) Blue litmus paper when dipped in acid always turns red and hence only one outcome. (i) Random experiment ; Any experiment that results in two or more outcomes is called a random experiment, Exampl tossing a fair coin has 2 outcomes —head or tail drawing a card randomly from a pack of 52 cards any one of 52 cards, (3) rolling ofa dice has 6 outcomes ~any one of the numbers fiom I to 6 {B) Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called as sample space and is generally denoted by S. (@)_Intossing ofa fair coin, there are two possible outcomes head (H) and tail (T) 2 S={H,T} (b) When two fair coins are tossed together, the possible outcomes ofthe experiment are HH, HT, TH&TT = (HH, HT, TH, TT} (©) When 3 fair coins are tossed S= (HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TIT} (@) Whena unbaised die is thrown, S={1,2,3,4,5, 6} (©) When two unbiased dice are rolled simultaneously there are total 6 x 6 = 36 possible ‘outcomes s= (0) G2 43) 04) 05) 6 QD 22) @3) 24) @5) (2,6) BD 62 G63) 64 BS) G6) 0 42) 43) 44) (45) 4,6) (1) 6.2) 63) 64) 65) 6,6) (1) 6.2) (63) (64) 6.5) (6,6) (© Whena die and a coin are tossed simultaneously then there are 12 possible outcomes. S= (LH) (2H), GH), (4H), GH), (6H) an 2, BD, 4. 6D, 61 ayBasic Mathematics (© Event : Any subset ofa sample space is called an event. For example: 1) Inasingle throw ofa dice the sample space = {1,2, 3,4, 5, 6} E= (4,5, 6} isa subset of S Hence the Event E can be described as getting a number greater than 3 ina single thow ofa die. 2) When two coins are tossed S= (TT, HH, TH, HT} getting atleast one head E = {HH, TH, HT} is subset of S and hence E is an event, (D) Null event (Impossible event) : An event which does not contain any outcome is called an null event. In is denoted by 4. Since CS, itis an event also called as impossible event. For example getting a number greater than 6 in a single throw of a dice is an impossible event. (©) Sure event (Certain event) : An event which contains all the outcomes equal to sample space is called sure event of certain event. Simple event (elementary event) : An event which has only one outcome is an simple event or elementary event. Example : Ina single throw of a dice ifE is the event of getting an even prime number then = {2} isa simple event. (©) Compound event : An event which has more than one outcome is called as compound event. Example: Consider a random experiment in which two dice are rolled simultaneously the sample space S = {(1,1) (1,2)... (6,5) (6,6)} then E,= {(1,5) (2,4) 3,3) (4,2) 6, D} E,={(,1) 2.2) 8,3) 4,4) 65) (66)} are compound events Here B, is the event of getting the sum of 6. Here E, is the event of getting identical results. Equally likely events: Two or more events are equally likely if they have equal chance of occurence. Example : Ifan unbiased die is rolled, then each of the six outcomes are equally likely to happen. however the dice is so formed that a particular face occurs most often, then the dice is biased so in this case, the outcomes are not equally likely to happen. (G) Exhaustive events : The total number of possible outcomes of an experiment is known as exhaustive events, Eg. In drawing a card from a pack of 52 cards, all the 52 cards are exhaustive events.(ll PUC). (H) Mutually exclusive events (Disjoint events) : Iftwo events cannot occur simultaneously ina random experiment then they are called mutually exclusive events. Eg. Consider the random experiment of throwing a die. Let E,, E,, E, be three events such that E,= (1,3, 5} the event of getting an odd number E,= (2,4, 6} the event of getting an even number E,= {2,3, 5} the event of getting a prime number clearly E,E,=6, E,OE,# 6, EOE, 46 Hence E, and E, are mutually exclusive events but E, and E,, E, and E,are not mutually exclusive, IfAand Bare mutually exclusive events then 1) AN B=6 2)P(ANB)=$ 3) P(AUB)=P(A) + P(B) IfAand B are not mutually exclusive events then 1) AN B#6 2P(ANB) #6 3) P(AUB)=P(A) + P(B)-P(AMB) (Independent events : Events are said to be independent, ifthe occurence ofone does not depend upon the occurence of the other. Suppose an umn contains mred balls and n green balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the other. Ifthe ball drawn in the first draw is not replaced back in the bag, then two events of drawing the ball are dependent because first draw of the ball determine the probability of drawing the second ball, Ifthe ball drawn inthe first draw is replaced back in the bag, then two events are independent because first draw ofa ball has no effet on the second draw. ‘Two events A and B associated with the same sample space of.a random experiment are independent ifand only if P(A > B)= P(A) P(B). Similarly if, A,A......A, are independent events associated with a random experiment then PEA, OA vere OA) = P(A) P(A,) vvneee (AY) (J) Complementary events : Ina random experiment. Let S be the sample space and let E be an event. Then E S, So E° is also an event, called the complementary of E, It is also denoted by E of E'and also called as ‘not E’. Thus it is clear that E occurs only when E does not occur. Also in a trial one and only one ofE and E must occur, a+Basic Mathematics Examples in tossing a fair die S~={1,2,3,4, 5, 6} IPE = {2, 4, 6} then E ~ {1, 3,5} Note: It is clear that AUK =S (K) Union and intersection of two events: IfA and B are two events then the occurence of either Aor B is knownas union of two events and occurence of both A and B is known as intersection of events, When a die is tossed let the events A and B be A= {1, 3, 5} and B= {1, 2,3} then AU B= {1,2,3, 5} ANB= {3} Consider a fortune wheel which is divided into 7 equal sectors each sector coloured with one rainbow colour. Terminologies Examples Experiment spinning the fortune wheel Outcome getting any one of the VIBGYOR Event a) pointer landing on Red b) pointer landing on Red or Blue Nullevent getting brown colour Sure event getting a rainbow colour Sample space S = {violet, Indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red} Simple event pointer landing on yellow Compound event getting a six lettered colour ie. {V, 1, Y} Mutually exclusive events {4lettered colour} = {Blue} E, = {5 lettered colour} = {Green} Independent events occurence ofany of the colours out of seven colours, 3.3 There are three systematic approaches to the study of probability Theyare 1) cla 2) frequency approach or empirical approach 3) axiomatic approach In this chapter we confine ourselves to mathematical approach only. lor mathematical approach(il Puc), 3.4 Classical or Mathematical approach Let arandom experiment have n equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes. Let mof these outcomes be favourable to an event A. Then, probability of A is P(ay = Number of favourable outcomes Total number of outcomes n Limitations: 1) The outcomes should be equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive, 2) The number of outcomes n should be finite. Note : 1) The least value of m is 0 and highest value of m is n. Hence P(A) is a value between 0 and 1 2) if P(A)= 1 the event is certain 3) if P(A)=0, the event is impossible 4) P(A” P(A) Example 1: Find the probability of getting a head in a throw ofa coin. Solution : When a coin is tossed we either get (H) or tail (T) upwards. ~. Total number of cases = 2 = n, number of favourable cases to get H= 1 =m No. of favourable cases_m_1 POR) = Total no. of cas a Example 2: An unbiased die is rolled. Find the probability of a) getting a multiple of 3 b) getting a prime number Solutior : When adie is rolled we can get any one of the 6 numbers 1, 2, 3,4, 5 or 6 +. Total number of cases=n=6 a) Let event A be A: getting a multiple of 3. Then A= {3, 6} om=2 P(A) n 6 3 b) Let event BbeB: getting prime number B= {2,3,5) .m=3 . P(BY=Basic Mathematics Example 3: A card is drawn from a wellshuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that a) card drawn is red b) card drawn is queen ©) card drawn is black and king 4) card drawn is red and number card ©) card drawn is either king or queen. Note: Before solving this problem let us recall the game of cards. One deck of cards contains totally 52 cards. Among them we have 13 spades and 13 clubs which are all black in colour, 13 diamonds and 13 hearts all of which are red. In the 13 spades, 9 are numbered cards numbered from 2 to 10, one ace card and 3 face cards namely Jack, Queen and King. Similarly for the clubs, diamonds and hearts also. Solution Totally there are 52 cards and any one can be drawn :. Total number of cases =n = 52 a) There are 13 diamonds which are red and 13 hearts which are red *. number of red cards =m = 26 i . 26 v P(getting red) = 5 b) There are 4 queens om=4 +. P (getting queen) = "= = = ©) Theking of spade and clubs are black . no, of cards which isking and black =m=2 m 2 1 P (king and black) = "= = =7- d) The 9 number cards ofhearts and 9 number cards of diamonds are red. <. no, of cards whieh are red and number cards = m= 18 18 9 v» P(ted and number) = =(ul Puc), ¢) There are 4 queens and 4 kings ©. no, of favourable case = m= 8 m 8 P(queen or king) = “== Example Abag contains 6 white beads and 4 red beads. A bead is drawn at random. What is the probability that the bead drawn is white, Solution : Total no, of beads in the bag = 6 + 4= 10 -n=10 Any one of the 6 white bead can beselected . m=6 m_ 6 3

PB) 55 ANB=0 -. PANB)=0 +. P(diamond or heart) = P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B) —P(AMB) 1313 5252 b) Let A:cardis aking B:cardis a club 4 13 P= 5 PB) =5 1 ANB=1 PANB)= 35 P(king or club) = P(A UB) = P(A) + P(B)- (ANB) 413 1 16 4 Sgn 52°52 52 52 13(il Puc), ©) Let A: card is spade B: card is Jack 1 ANB=1 PANB)=35 P(spade or Jack) = P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)-P(ANB) ) Let A: cardis red B : card is gueen 26 4 2 PAY PBZ PAN BY 5 . P (red or gueen) = (AUB) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A B) 2 4 2 Example 16: 1 The probability that a doctor gets job in Army is > and the probability that he will 3 2 not get a job in Navy is = . Ifthe probability of getting atleast one jobis 7. What is the probabi Solution : that he will get both jobs. A: doctor gets job in Army B : doctor get job in Navy given P(A) = PB)- 2 2 P(B)=1-P(B)Basic Mathematics 3 P(atleast one job) = P(AU B) = 5 P(AUB)=P(A) + P(B)-P(AMB) or (AB) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A UB) 1,3 3 + Example 17: According to a survey conducted on 500 women it was observed that 30% women like lakme products, 40% women liked loreal products and 12% women liked both the products. Find the probability that a woman randomly selected a) likes atleast one of the products b) does not like both the products Let A: number of women who like Lakme B : number of women who like Loreal 30 umber of women who like Lakme is +55 500 =150 150 POA 509 number of women who like Loreal = = $00 = 200 200 - PB) = Sy 12 number of women who like both = 755x500 =60 60, PAN B)= 355 a) P(atleast one product) = P(AUB) = P(A) +P(B)-P(AMB)(il Puc), 150 500 290 500 50 b) n(AUB)=n(A) +1(B)—-1(A 4B) = 150 + 200-60 =290 . number of women who do not like both products = 500 -290=210 ‘| ~ 2021 P(do not like both) = $55 = 55 Example 18: A couple appears in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability 1 1 of husbands section is — and the probability of wife's selection is = . What is the probability that a) both of them will be selected _ b) only one of them will be selected c) none of them will be selected. A: Husband selected B: Wife selected Then A' implies husband not selected, B' implies wife not selected Solution P(A)= P(B)= PB) = 1- a) both ofthemare selected implies Husband is selected and Wife is selected = P(A) x P(B) b) Only one of them is selected implies Husband selected and Wife not selected OR Wife selected and Husband not selected. = P(A). P(B')+P(B). P(A). lo 2 16 = =xt 577 ey} 14 sxtt 7s 357Basic Mathematics c) None of them are selected implies Husband not selected and Wife not selected. 24 “35 Example 19 : There are 20 boys and 40 girls in a class. Half of the boys and half of the girls have brown eyes. Find the probability that a student chosen at random is a boy or a student with brown eyes. Solution Let A: student is a boy B:: student has brown eyes. 20 ‘Then P(A)= 5 Number of students with brown eyes, = 10 boys + 20 girl ©. P(boy or brown eyes) = P(AUB)=P(A) + P(B)- P(A B) 1 2 3°26 3 Example 20: Student A.can solve 35% of the problems. Students B can answer 80% of the problem and student C can answer 50% of the problem. Find the probability that the problem is solved, if they try independently. Solution : A: Asolves the problem At: Awillnot solve : B solves the problem B': B will not solve C: Csolves the problem C': Cwill not solve(il Puc), y= & PAY= Ty 9) = 20. PB) = To9 50, 100 The problem will be solved when atleast one of A,B,C solve the problem. Note : [P(atleast one} —P (none) P(atleast one of them solving) = 1-P (none of them solving) = 1-P(Anot solving and B not solving and C not solving) = 1-P(A). PB). PC) 50 Example 21: ‘Two cards are drawn one after the other from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that they are both aces if the first card is a) replaced b) not replaced With replacement Solution : a) There are 52 cards out of which 4 are aces. 4 Probability of getting an ace inthe first draw= = The card is replaced before before the second draw. Once again a card is drawn from 52 cards. Probability of getting an ace in the second draw= <> ©. Probability of getting two aces is Ace in first draw and Ace in second drawBasic Mathematics Without replacement b) When one card is not replaced there are totally 51 cards for the second draw and since one ace is already drawn from the remaining 3 aces one ace has to be selected. 3 ++ probability of getting ace in second draw = > :. P(both aces) = Ace in first draw and Ace in second draw 4 ox 52°51 Note: drawing 2 cards without replacement is same as drawing 2 cards together. Example 22: Abox contains 8 whi from the box. e chalks and 9 pink chalks. Two chalks are taken at random ind the probability that both of them are pink, if a) the two chalks are taken out together b) the chalks are taken one after the other, without replacement ©) the chalks are taken out one after the other, with replacement Solution a) Taken together: Two chalks can be selected from 17 chalks in "C, ways ©. Total cases "C, Total ways of choosing 2 pink chalks from 9 is °C, °C, 9 P(both pink) = T= 3q 9 b) Without replacement: Probability of first chalk being pink is [> 8 Probability of second chalk being pink is +5 9 (both pink) = first pink chalk and second also pink chalk = = x: 17°16 34 9 ©) With replacement: Probability of first chalk being pink is 75 9 Probability of'second chalk being pink is = 17 +. P(both pink) = first chalk is pink and second chalk is pink 99 81 a2. 8 1717-289(il Puc), Example 23 : A bag contains 10 gold and 8 silver coins, Two successive drawings of 4 coins are made. Find the probability that the first drawing will get 4 gold and second 4 silver coins if a) coins are replaced before the second trial b) coins are not replaced before the second trial. Solution : a) Draw with replacement 4 coins can be drawn from 18 coins in '“C, ways. 4 gold coins can be drawn in "C, ~. P(4 gold in first draw) — Te Since 4 coins are replaced. In the second draw again 4 coins are drawn from 18 coins in *C, ways. 4 silver coins can be selected in*C, ways P (A silver in second draw) = 7a oc P (4 gold and 4 silver) = 76 b) Draw without replacement : <. P(4 gold and 4 silver) = Example 24: What is the probability that there will be 53 mondays in a randomly selected a)leap year b) non-leap year. Solution : a) Every year has 52 complete weeks. 52 x 7=364 days. Hence 52 mondays, Leap year hhas 366 days. Now in the remaining two days we have to see what is the probability of getting amonday. The remaining two days may occur in any one of the following pattern, (Sunday Monday) (Monday Tuesday) (Tuesday Wednesday) (Wednesday Thursday) (Thursday Friday) (Friday Saturday) (Saturday Sunday) = +—_—_Basic Mathematics Out of the 7 possibilities, the first two cases have monday 2 *. P (53 mondays in a leap year) = 5 b) Non leap year has 365 day. So the remaining one day could be Sunday, Monday Saturday, I :. P (53 mondays in a non-leap year) = = Example 25 : A card is drawn from a pack of 52 playing card. What is the probability that the card is king given that the card is red. Solution : Let A: card is red B : card is king 26 4 PA=SZ PBS 2 The king cards of diamond and heart are red = PANB)= 5 . P(king given card is red) 2 PAB) _ 52 1 = P@IA)= "Pay 26 “73 52 Example 26 : A fair die is rolled twice, what is the probabil known that the first number is prime. Solutio y of getting a sum of 8 when it is A: First number's prime B:Sumis&. 2, 3, 5 are prime numbers. For each of these the second number could be any one of the 6 numbers, 18 P= 5 we get a sum of 8 in following cases (2,6) (6,2) (3,5) (5,3) (4.4)(il Puc), 5 PB) = 35 ‘we get asum of 8 when first number is prime in following cases. (2,6) (3,5) (5,3) 3 PAN B)= 35 (getting sum of 8 given 1*is prime) PAB) _ = PBIA)=~ pa 18 36 Example 27: Adie is thrown, If Eis the event "the number appearing is a multiple of 3" and F be the event "the number appearing is even" then find whether E and F are independent. Solution : $= {1,2,3,4,5,6}, E=(3,6}, F=(2,4,6}, EOF={6} P(E). PER) = 2 PB)= = P(R)= 1 PENR= = P(E F)= P(E). P(F) Hence E and F are independent events. Example 28 : 2 1 If P(A) = =, P(B)= = find P(A U B) if Aand B are independent events. Solution : P(A UB)= P(A) + P(B)— P(A B) But A & Bare independent events, Hence P(A 4B) = P(A). P(B) P(AUB)= P(A) + P(B)- P(A) . P(B) B i. 3Basic Mathematics Example 29: 1 P(A)= 5, PB)= 2, PAU B)= 5 find PAB). Solution: P(A.UB)=P(A) + P(B)-P(ANB) P(AIB) = Example 30: Ifthe letters of the word LOGARITHM are arranged at random in a row what is the probability that the word begins with LOG. Solution : Number of arrangements of wor LOGARITHMis 9! Number of words which begin with LOG is 6! ©. P(beginning with LOG) = £ Example 31: 6 boys and 6 girls have to be seated for a seminar. Find the probability that all girls are together when they are seated a) in a row b) in a circle, Solution : a) 6 boys and 6 girls can be arranged in a row in 12! ways. [fall girls are together total arrangements = 7! x 6! Tx6! 2(gitls together ina row) = >" b) boys and 6 girls can be arranged in a circle in 11! ways. Ifall girls are together total arrangements =6! * 6! P(girls together ina circle)=(il Puc), Example 32 IfA and B are two events with probability 0.4 and 0.8 corresponding to A and AU B find P(B) ifA and B are mutually exclusive. Solution : IfAand Bare muturally exclusive then P(A > B)=0 P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B) 0.8=0.4+P(B) P(B)=0.8-0.4=0.4 Example 33: Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen at random. What is the probability that the triangle formed with these 3 vertices is equilateral. Solution : B E D ABCDEF isa regular hexagon. Total number of triangles = °C, =20 (Since no three points are collinear) Out of these we get 2 equilateral triangles namely AEC and BDF ©, P(equilateral triangles)= == — EXERCISE 3.1 I. One mark questions. 1) What isan experiment? 2) What is random experiment. 3) Define sample space. 4) What is the probability of sample space. 5) What isan event. 6) What is the range for probability. 7) What is probability ofa certain event. 8) What is probability ofan impossible event. 9) Define a) Mutually exclusive events b) Independent events c) Complimentary events. ay}Basic Mathematics 10) IfP(A)= : Find P(A’) 11) Acoinis tossed thrice. Write the sample space. 12) Ved hits the target 7 times out of 10 shots. Find his probability of missing the target. 13) What is the probability ofan event A if odds in favour are 3:5. 14) What is the probability ofan event A if odds against are 2:7 15) A card is drawn froma pack of 52 playing cards, What is the probability that itis a queen, ssed twice, 16) What is the probability of getting two heads when a coin is t 17) IfP(A) 3, P(B)= } P(ANB)= i find P(A/B) 18) A bag contains 8 red and 4 green marbles. Find the probability that a marble selected at random is red. 19) What is the probability of getting a multiple of 3 when a die is thrown. 20) What is the probability that the child bom is a boy? 21) Anumber chosen from | to 50. What is the probability that the number is a multiple of 8. 22) IfAndB are mutually exhaustive events, then what is P(A U B) 23) A die is thrown. What is the chance of getting a face with dots as multiple of 2. 24) If Aand B are independent events find P(B/A) 25) Abox contains 5 red balls, 8 green balls and 10 pink balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What is the probability that the ball drawn is either red or green, IL. Two marks questions. 1) What are independent events. Give one example, 2) Explain sample space with an example 2 1 3) IfAandB are mutually exclusive events with P(A) = = P(B)= find P(A UB) 4) IEP(A)= ; P(B)- t P(AUB)= z find P(B/A) 5) IfP(A)=0.65, P(AU B)=0.65 find P(B) if and B are mutually exclusive events, 6) ‘Two cardsare drawn at random froma well-shuffled pack of 2 cards. What is the probability that either both are queens or both are king cards. Ts](i Puc), 7) A dieis thrown twice, what is the probability that atleast one of the two numbers is 6. 8) Froma well - shuffled pack of 52 cards a card is drawn at random. Find probability that the drawn card is aking or a queen. 1 1 9) The probability of occurence of two events A and B are ~ and > respectively, The 7 probability oftheir simultancous occurence is <>. What is the probability that neither A nor Boccurs. (Hint : find 1 - (AUB) 10) Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting a) atmost 1 tail b)atleast | tail 11) Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously, Find the probability of getting atleast one head and atleast one tail. 12) Two dice are rolled simultaneously, Find the probability of getting a doublet of even numbers. 13) Ifthere are two children in a family. Find the probability that there is atleast one girl child in the family 14) Abox contains 5 defective and 15 non defective bulbs, Two bulbs are chosen at random. Find the probability that both the bulbs are non-defective. 15) Aproblem ina question paper is given to 3 students in a class to be solved. The probabilities of their solving the problem are 0.5, 0.7 and 0.8 respectively. Find the probability that the problem will be solved. 16) What is the probability that a randomly chosen two-digit positive integer is a multiple of 3. 17) Two cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that both are face cards. 18) Tickets are numbered from 1 to 18 are mixed up together and one ticket is drawn at random, What is the probability that the ticket has a number which is a multiple of 2 or 3 19) Ifthe letters of the word 'RAMLEELA' are arranged inrandom, What is the probability that itbegins with REEL. 20) A committee of 4 has to be selected from 9 boys and 6 girls. What is the probability that the committee contains 2 boys and 2 girls II. 3 marks questions. 1) Abox contains 4 defective and 6 non defective bulbs. Find the probability that atleast 3 bulbs are defective when 4 bulbs are selected at random, 2) Anatural number is chosen at random from among the first 300, What is the probability that the number so chosen is divisible by 3 or 5. = }+—_____Basic Mathematics 2 1 3) The probability that a MBA aspirant will join IIM is = and that he wll join XLRIis 5. Find the probability that a) he will join IIM or XLRI b) he will join neither IIM nor XLRI 4) A die is thrown twice and sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 9. What is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared atleast once. 5) Adieis rolled. Ifthe outcome is an odd number. What is the probability that it isa number greater than 1. 6) Acouple has two children. Find the probability that both are boys, ifit is known that a) one of the children is a boy b) older child is a boy. 7) Adie is rolled twice. Ifthe sum of the numbers facing upwards is even find the probability that both are odd. 8) Seven persons are to be seated in a row. Find the probability that 2 particular persons sit next to each other. 9) There are 20 girls and 60 boys in a class. Halfof the girls and half of the boys are first class students. A student is selected at random. What is the probability that the student is either a boy ora first class holder. 10) Among the members ofa committee, there are 75% males and 25% females. The probability that a male member becomes the president is 0.25 and probability that a female member becomes the president is 0.4. Find the probability that the person sclected at random becomes the president. [Hint : Person selected is Male and becomes President OR is female and becomes President] 11) Two cards are drawn from a pack of playing cards, one after the other: Find the probability of getting a heart in first draw and diamond in the second draw if the cards are drawn. a) without replacement b) with replacement 12) Ifthree cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards, what is the probability that atleast two of them are kings. IV. S marks questions. 1) Ifthe letters of the word INDEPENDENCE are arranged at random. Find the probability that a) 4E'saretogether in the word, b) The 2 D'sare together and 3 N's are together ©) Allthe4 E's are not together, d) No two E’sare together.(i Puc), 2) Abag contains 3 red and 4 black balls and another bag has 4 red and 2 block balls. One bag is selected at random and fiom the selected bag a ball is drawn, Let E be the event that the first bag is selected, F be the event that the second bag is selected, G be the event that ball drawn is red, Find a) P(E) b) PE) ©) P(GIE) d) (GIF) 3) Ina class 45% students read english, 30% read french and 20% read both english and french. One student is selected at random, Find the probability that a) he reads english, ifit is known that he reads french b) he reads french ifit is known that he reads english 4) A bag contains 8 red and 4 green balls. Find the probability that a) ball drawnis red when one ball is lected at random, b) _allthe4 balls are green when four balls are drawn at random. c) Two balls are red and one ball is green when three balls are drawn at random, d) Three balls are drawn and none of them is green, 5) Incase of 100 students, 60 drink tea, 50 drink coffee and 30 drink both tea and coffee. A student from this class is selected at random. What is the probability that the student takes a) atleast one ofthe two drinks b) only one of the drinks 6) One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that, a) Card isneither an ace nor aking b) Queen given the card is red ©) Cardis either black or a jack d) Itisa face card. 7) Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability of a) getting atotal of 11. b) getting a sum greater than 11, ©) getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other. 8) Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of a) getting one head b) getting atmost one head ©) getting atleast two head 4) _ getting 3 heads when it isknown that first two are heads, 9) Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of cards. Find the probability that bothe are aces ifthe cards are drawn i) together ii) one after the other without replacement iii) one after the other with replacement. 10) A committee of 12 with atleast 5 women has to formed from 9 women and 8 men. What is the porbability that a) Womenare in majority b) Menare in majority in the committee so formed, ___a}—_—Basic Mathematics 11) From8 gentlemen and 7 ladies a committee of Sisto be formed. What is the probability that this committee consists of a) exactly? ladies ») atleast 3 gentlemen ©) atmost 2 ladies 12) There are six tickets numbered from 0 to 5. Two tickets are selected at random from the lot. ‘What is the probability that the sum is a) atmost 8 b)atleast 8 ©) prime number 13) A bag contains 6 red, 4 white and 2 black balls. 2 balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that the balls drawn are a) bothred b) 1 white and 1 black c) same colour d) different colour 14) Anumcontains 4 white, 2 green and 4 black balls. 3 balls are drawn at random, What is the probability that the drawn balls are 1) 3 white 2) 1 white and 2 green 3) one of each colour. 15) Probability that Anirudh solves the given problemis ¥4 and probability that Akansh solves the given problem is t Ifthe problem is independently tried by them. What is the probability, that a) the problemis solved b) both of them solve the problem ©) Anirudh alone solves the problem —d) Akansh alone solves the problem e) Both do not solve the problem 16) An educational institute wants to select 3 teachers. If ladies and 4 gents appear for the interview. What is the probability that the selected teachers are a) 3 gents b) 3 ladies e) 2 gents and | lady d) atleast one lady. 1 17) Two persons A and B climb a hill. The probability tht A climbs the hillis — and that B climbs 1 the hillis ~. What isthe probability that a) Both ofthem climb the hill b) Only one of them will climb the hill ©) None ofthem will climb the hill d) OnlyA willclimb the hill e) OnlyBelimbs the bill(i Puc), 18) The probability that India wina cricket test 2gainst Australias 3 If India and Australia play 3 tests what i the probability that a) India will lose all the 3 matches. b) India will winall the 3 matches, ©) India will atleast one match d) India will winexactly two matches. 19) A couple appears in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of husband's selection is ; and the probability of wife's selection is ; . What isthe probability that a) both ofthemare selected b)_onlyone of them willbe selected ©) none ofthemwillbe selected d) Wife onlyis selected. 20) A bag contains 10 tie! simultaneously, What is s.9. TWo tickets are drawn at random, a) product of the numbers on the two tickets drawn is zero, b) sum ofthe numbers on the two tickets is less than 4. c) One ticket number is 3 times the other ticket number. ‘Answers 3.1 2 110) 5 11) S={HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, T 3 3 7 1 1 2) 5 13) 5 4) 5 13) 5 16) 3 int 18) = 19) + 20) + 2 > ) 2 ) z 3 » 2 ) 25 1 2B 22) P(A)*P(B)-P(ANB) 23) 5 24) P(B) 25) 19 1 2 u I. 3) 55 v5 5) 03 9 ns ____iay—__—IL. 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