SQL Complete Colorful Notes
SQL Complete Colorful Notes
SQL Intro
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
SQL Syntax
Basic SQL syntax includes commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Statements end with a
semicolon.
Example:
SQL Select
Example:
Example:
SQL Where
Example:
SQL Order By
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SQL Complete Notes
Example:
SQL And
Example:
SQL Or
Example:
SQL Not
Negates a condition.
Example:
Example:
Example:
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SQL Complete Notes
SQL Update
Example:
SQL Delete
Deletes records.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
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SQL Complete Notes
SQL Count
Counts rows.
Example:
SQL Sum
Example:
SQL Avg
Calculates average.
Example:
SQL Like
Example:
SQL Wildcards
Example:
SQL In
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SQL Complete Notes
Example:
SQL Between
Example:
SQL Aliases
Example:
SQL Joins
Example:
Example:
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SQL Complete Notes
Example:
Example:
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SQL Union
Example:
SQL Group By
Example:
SQL Having
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SQL Complete Notes
Example:
SELECT city, COUNT(*) FROM Users GROUP BY city HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
SQL Exists
Example:
SELECT name FROM Customers WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Customers.id =
Orders.customer_id);
Example:
SELECT name FROM Products WHERE price > ALL (SELECT price FROM OldProducts);
Example:
Example:
SQL Case
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SQL Complete Notes
Example:
SELECT name, age, CASE WHEN age >= 18 THEN 'Adult' ELSE 'Minor' END AS status FROM Students;
Example:
Example:
SQL Comments
Example:
-- This is a comment
SQL Operators
SQL Create DB
Example:
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SQL Drop DB
Deletes a database.
Example:
SQL Backup DB
Backs up a database.
Example:
Example:
Deletes a table.
Example:
Modifies a table.
Example:
SQL Constraints
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SQL Complete Notes
Used to specify rules. Includes NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, etc.
Example:
SQL Unique
Example:
Example:
Example:
SQL Check
Example:
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SQL Complete Notes
SQL Default
Example:
SQL Index
Example:
Auto-generates numbers.
Example:
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT
SQL Dates
Example:
SQL Views
A virtual table.
Example:
SQL Injection
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SQL Complete Notes
A security vulnerability allowing code injection via input fields. Prevented using prepared statements.
SQL Hosting
Refers to hosting SQL databases on cloud or servers (e.g., AWS RDS, Azure SQL).
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