SQL Complete Notes
SQL Intro
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
SQL Syntax
Basic SQL syntax includes commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Statements end with a
semicolon.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Customers;
SQL Select
Used to select data from a database.
Example:
SELECT name FROM Students;
SQL Select Distinct
Returns only distinct (different) values.
Example:
SELECT DISTINCT country FROM Customers;
SQL Where
Filters records based on a condition.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE age > 30;
SQL Order By
Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.
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SQL Complete Notes
Example:
SELECT * FROM Products ORDER BY price DESC;
SQL And
Combines two conditions.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE age > 18 AND city = 'Delhi';
SQL Or
Returns data if any condition is true.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE city = 'Delhi' OR city = 'Mumbai';
SQL Not
Negates a condition.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE NOT city = 'Delhi';
SQL Insert Into
Inserts new data.
Example:
INSERT INTO Students (name, age) VALUES ('John', 22);
SQL Null Values
Tests for NULL values.
Example:
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SQL Complete Notes
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE delivery_date IS NULL;
SQL Update
Modifies existing records.
Example:
UPDATE Students SET age = 23 WHERE name = 'John';
SQL Delete
Deletes records.
Example:
DELETE FROM Students WHERE name = 'John';
SQL Select Top
Limits the number of returned records.
Example:
SELECT TOP 5 * FROM Products;
SQL Aggregate Functions
Performs calculations on multiple values.
Example:
SELECT AVG(price) FROM Products;
SQL Min and Max
Returns the smallest or largest value.
Example:
SELECT MIN(price), MAX(price) FROM Products;
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SQL Count
Counts rows.
Example:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Students;
SQL Sum
Returns the sum of a numeric column.
Example:
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM Employees;
SQL Avg
Calculates average.
Example:
SELECT AVG(age) FROM Students;
SQL Like
Searches for a specified pattern.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE name LIKE 'A%';
SQL Wildcards
Symbols used with LIKE.
Example:
% (any characters), _ (single character)
SQL In
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Specifies multiple possible values.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE city IN ('Delhi', 'Mumbai');
SQL Between
Selects values within a range.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE price BETWEEN 10 AND 100;
SQL Aliases
Renames a column or table.
Example:
SELECT name AS student_name FROM Students;
SQL Joins
Combines rows from two or more tables.
SQL Inner Join
Returns records with matching values in both tables.
Example:
SELECT * FROM A INNER JOIN B ON A.id = B.id;
SQL Left Join
Returns all records from left, and matched from right.
Example:
SELECT * FROM A LEFT JOIN B ON A.id = B.id;
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SQL Complete Notes
SQL Right Join
Returns all records from right, and matched from left.
Example:
SELECT * FROM A RIGHT JOIN B ON A.id = B.id;
SQL Full Join
Returns all records when there is a match in one of the tables.
Example:
SELECT * FROM A FULL OUTER JOIN B ON A.id = B.id;
SQL Self Join
A table is joined with itself.
Example:
SELECT A.name, B.name FROM Employees A, Employees B WHERE A.manager_id = B.id;
SQL Union
Combines result sets.
Example:
SELECT name FROM A UNION SELECT name FROM B;
SQL Group By
Groups rows with the same values.
Example:
SELECT COUNT(*), city FROM Users GROUP BY city;
SQL Having
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Used with GROUP BY to filter results.
Example:
SELECT city, COUNT(*) FROM Users GROUP BY city HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
SQL Exists
Returns true if subquery returns rows.
Example:
SELECT name FROM Customers WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Customers.id =
Orders.customer_id);
SQL Any, All
Compares a value to any/all values in another set.
Example:
SELECT name FROM Products WHERE price > ALL (SELECT price FROM OldProducts);
SQL Select Into
Copies data into a new table.
Example:
SELECT * INTO Backup_Customers FROM Customers;
SQL Insert Into Select
Inserts data from one table into another.
Example:
INSERT INTO Archive_Customers SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE city = 'Delhi';
SQL Case
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Adds conditional logic.
Example:
SELECT name, age, CASE WHEN age >= 18 THEN 'Adult' ELSE 'Minor' END AS status FROM Students;
SQL Null Functions
Handles NULL values with functions like ISNULL() or COALESCE().
Example:
SELECT name, ISNULL(phone, 'N/A') FROM Users;
SQL Stored Procedures
A stored procedure is a prepared SQL code.
Example:
CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomers AS SELECT * FROM Customers;
SQL Comments
Used to add explanations in code.
Example:
-- This is a comment
SQL Operators
Includes arithmetic, comparison, logical operators. Example: +, -, =, <>, AND, OR
SQL Create DB
Creates a new database.
Example:
CREATE DATABASE school;
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SQL Drop DB
Deletes a database.
Example:
DROP DATABASE school;
SQL Backup DB
Backs up a database.
Example:
BACKUP DATABASE school TO DISK = 'backup.bak';
SQL Create Table
Creates a new table.
Example:
CREATE TABLE Students (id INT, name VARCHAR(50));
SQL Drop Table
Deletes a table.
Example:
DROP TABLE Students;
SQL Alter Table
Modifies a table.
Example:
ALTER TABLE Students ADD age INT;
SQL Constraints
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Used to specify rules. Includes NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, etc.
SQL Not Null
Ensures column can't have NULL values.
Example:
name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
SQL Unique
Ensures all values are different.
Example:
email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE
SQL Primary Key
Uniquely identifies each row.
Example:
id INT PRIMARY KEY
SQL Foreign Key
Links two tables.
Example:
FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES Students(id)
SQL Check
Limits the value range.
Example:
CHECK (age >= 18)
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SQL Default
Sets a default value.
Example:
status VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT 'active'
SQL Index
Creates indexes for faster retrieval.
Example:
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON Students(name);
SQL Auto Increment
Auto-generates numbers.
Example:
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT
SQL Dates
Handles date/time values.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE order_date = '2024-01-01';
SQL Views
A virtual table.
Example:
CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT name FROM Students;
SQL Injection
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SQL Complete Notes
A security vulnerability allowing code injection via input fields. Prevented using prepared statements.
SQL Hosting
Refers to hosting SQL databases on cloud or servers (e.g., AWS RDS, Azure SQL).
SQL Data Types
Defines types of data. Examples: INT, VARCHAR, DATE, FLOAT.
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