Statistics and

Probability
Finding the Mean and Variance
of the Sampling Distribution of
the Sample Mean
Statistics and Probability
Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: Hermenegildo R. Pineda

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Rey Mark R. Queaño and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

208
Week

6
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind on how you can
determine the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of means in solving
real-life situated problems. Also, you will learn the properties of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean for finite and infinite populations. These topics in
statistics are the foundation of all researchers in various fields (engineering,
education, science, e.g.) that would like to understand the behavior, properties, and
characteristics of the population being observed.
The module has one lesson:
 Lesson 1 - Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean

At the end of this module, you are expected to find the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean.

What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Let’s get
started!

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer. The test has a total of 15 points.
A B C D 1. Which of the following measures the dispersion of the
O O O O sampling distribution of the sample mean and is
calculated using the relation
∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 • 𝑃(𝑋) or ∑[𝑋2 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝜇2 ? (1 point).

A. mean of the sampling distribution of sample mean

B. variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean
C. standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean
D. average deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean

A B C D 2. Which of the following is the notation used for the mean

O O O O of the sampling distribution of sample means? (1 point)
A. 𝜇 C. 𝜎
B. 𝜇𝑥̅ D. 𝜎𝑥̅

A B C D 3. Which of the following equations is the formula used to

O O O O determine?
𝜎 1−𝑛
A. 𝜎𝑥̅ = •√ C. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅ ) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ]
√𝑛 𝑁−1
𝜎2 1−𝑛
B. 2
𝜎𝑥̅ = • D. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝜇̅ − 𝑋̅)2 ]
𝑁 𝑁−1

209
 A B C D For numbers 4-8, please refer to the problem below.
O O O O A population consists of five (5) measurements 2, 3, 6, 5,
and 7.

4. What is the mean of the population? (2 points)

A. 3.44 C. 4.92
B. 4.60 D. 5.20

A B C D 5. What is the variance of the population? (2 points)

O O O O A. 3.44 C. 4.92
B. 4.60 D. 5.20

A B C D 6. How many different samples of size 𝑛 = 2 can be

O O O O drawn from the population? (2 points)
A. 7 C. 9
B. 8 D. 10

A B C D 7. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of

O O O O the sample means? (3 points)
A. 3.44 C. 4.92
B. 4.60 D. 5.20

A B C D 8. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the

O O O O sample means with a sample size of 2? (3 points)
A. 0.89 C. 2.20
B. 1.29 D. 3.90

Rubric for 3-point item:

Equivalent points Description

3 points Complete solution with the correct answer
2 points Last major step of the solution is incorrect
1 point One major step of the solution is correct
0 point Wrong solution or no answer

Rubric for 2-point item:

Equivalent points Description

2 points Complete solution with the correct answer
1 point Half of the solution is correct
0 point Wrong solution or no answer
Lesson 1 Mean and Variance of the Sampling
Distribution of the Sample Mean
Statisticians do not just define the discrepancy of the individual data values
about the mean of the population. They are also concerned to know how the means
of the samples of the same size taken from the same group vary about the population
mean. In this lesson, you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the
sample mean by computing its mean and variance.

210
What’s In
Let’s have this first for a review. Find out if you are ready to learn the next lesson by
answering the activity.
A. The following are sample data obtained from the Statistics quiz of 22 students
in Math High School in Quezon Province. Compute the mean and variance of
the frequency distribution.

Scores F Scores f
61 1 84 2
68 1 86 2
71 1 88 2
72 1 89 1
75 1 90 1
81 1 91 3
82 1 95 1
83 2 96 1
Total 22
B. Mean and Variance of the Probability Distribution
Complete the table below and find the mean and variance of the given
probability distribution.

𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿) (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 •𝑷(𝑿)

1 0.134
2 0.231
3 0.09
4 0.165
5 0.112
6 0.07
7 0.198
What’s New
Can you identify the steps in finding the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of sample means? Study the following problem to perform this task.
Instruction: Identify the steps in solving the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means by analyzing each given illustration.
Mark is conducting a survey on grade 12 students of Nasyonalismo High
School. He found out that there are only few students who knew about the makers
of the Philippine flag consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 SHS students from 5 sections.
Suppose that the sample size of 2 sections were drawn from this population (without
replacement), describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.

211
 1. What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample means?
2. Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.
Illustration/Solution Steps
(1) µ = 𝛴𝑥/𝑁
= (1+2+3+4+5) / 5 1. _______
= 3.00

(2) σ2 = Σ(X- µ)2/ N 2._______

𝑿 (a) X−µ (b)(𝑿 − µ)𝟐 = 10 / 5
1 -2 4 =2 (a)_______
2 -1 1
3 0 0 So, the variance of the (b)_______
4 1 1 population is 2.
5 2 4
Σ(x- µ)2=10

𝑵!
Use the formula (3) NCn = . Here N=5 and n=2.
𝒏!(𝑵−𝒏)!
3. _______
5C2 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

(4) Samples (4) Mean 4. _______

1,2 1.5
1,3 2.0
1,4 2.5
1,5 3.0
2,3 2.5
2,4 3.0
2,5 3.5
3,4 3.5
3,5 4.0
4,5 4.5

212
 (5) Sampling Distribution of Sample 5. _______
Means
Sample Frequency Probabilit
Mean y
̅)
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
1.5 1 1/10
2.0 1 1/10
2.5 2 1/5
3.0 2 1/5
3.5 2 1/5
4.0 1 1/10
4.5 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00

(6)
6. _______
Sample Mean Probability (a)
̅)
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿 (𝑿̅ ) • 𝑷(𝑿
̅)
a. _______
1.5 1/10 0.15
2.0 1/10 0.20 b._______
2.5 1/5 0.50
3.0 1/5 0.60
3.5 1/5 0.70
4.0 1/10 0.40
4.5 1/10 0.45
Total 1.00 (b) 3.00
𝜇𝑥̅ = ∑[𝑋̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)]
𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎

Sample Probability (a) (b) (c) 7._______

Mean S. Mean – (S. Mean- Probability•((S
P.Mean P. Mean)2 . Mean-P. a._______
̅)
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝑿 Mean)2
̅ − 𝝁) ̅ ) • (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁)𝟐 b._______
(𝑿 𝑷(𝑿
1.5 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225
c._______
2.0 1/10 -1.0 1.00 0.100
2.5 1/5 -0.5 0.25 0.050 d._______
3.0 1/5 0.0 0.00 0.000
3.5 1/5 0.25 0.25 0.050
4.0 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
4.5 1/10 2.25 2.25 0.225
Total 1.00 (d) 0.750

Note: S. Mean = sample mean, P. Mean= population mean

So, the (7) variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75

213
Solution:
1. Compute the mean of the population using the formula µ = 𝛴𝑥/𝑁. The value
equals to 3.0.
2. Compute the variance of the population using the formula 𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑥 − µ)2 / 𝑁.
a. Subtract each measurement by the computed population mean.
b. Square the results obtained in (a) then add. Divide the sum by the frequency
of measurement to get the value of the population variance. The value equals
to 2.0.
3. Determine the number of possible samples of size 2 (without replacement). Use
the combination formula NCn where N is the population size and n is the sample
size.
4. List all possible samples and compute the corresponding means.
5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
6. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Follow these steps:
a. Multiply each sample mean by the corresponding probability.
b. Add the results obtained in a. (The sum of the values corresponding
to that column is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
means.)
̅̅̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)]
𝜇𝑥̅ = ∑[𝑋
7. Compute the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means
using the formula 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ].

Follow these steps:

a. Subtract the population mean from each sample mean.
b. Square the difference obtained in a.
c. Multiply each result in b by the corresponding probability.
d. Add the results in c. (The sum is the variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.).

MIND THIS: The mean of the population is equal to the sampling

distribution of sample mean

What is It
Based on the previous activity, the mean of the population is equal to the
sample mean. This happens because all samples obtained of n size came from the
same population. The variance of the population is greater than the variance of the
sample means since a sample of n is less than the population N then the data vary
by a small amount as compared to the population. The activity also taught you the
steps in finding the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
𝜇𝑥̅ = ∑[𝑋̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)]
Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

214
 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ] 𝑜𝑟 ∑[𝑋̅ 2 • 𝑃(𝑋̅)] − 𝜇2 or
𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎𝑥2 = • for finite population
𝑛 𝑁−1

𝜎2
𝜎𝑥̅2 = for infinite population
𝑛

Where: 𝜇𝑥̅ = mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean

𝜎𝑥̅2 = variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
∑[𝑋̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)] = sum of the products of the sample mean and the
probability of the sample mean
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 2 = population variance
𝑛 = sample size
𝑁 =population size
𝑋̅ = sample mean
𝑃(𝑋̅) = probability of the sample mean
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 = square of the difference between the sample mean and
population mean
∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ] = summation of the products of probability of the
sample mean and the square of the difference between the sample mean
and the population mean
𝜇2 = square of the population mean
𝑋̅ 2 = square of the sample mean
𝑋̅ 2 • 𝑃(𝑋̅)= product of the square of the sample mean and the
probability of the sample mean
∑[𝑋̅ 2 • 𝑃(𝑋̅ )] = sum of the product of the square of the sample mean and
the probability of the sample mean

What’s More
Independent Activity
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEAN.

Direction: Perform what is being asked. Follow the steps indicated in the first
column of the table to complete the activity. In the second column, write your
solution on the spaces provided.
Situation: A population of PWD learners in 5 schools in a certain municipality of
Quezon Province are (𝒙) 9, 5, 6, 12, and 15. Suppose that two schools were selected
as samples, determine the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of sample
mean.

215
Steps Illustration/Solution
1. Compute the mean Formula:
of the population µ. (1) µ = 𝛴𝑋/𝑁= __________

The mean of the population is ________.

2. Compute the
variance of the 𝑿 (a) 𝑿 − µ (b) (𝑿 − µ)𝟐
population 𝜎 2 .

(a) Subtract each

measurement by
the computed
population mean
(𝒙 − µ) (2) 𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑋 − µ)2 / 𝑁 =_________
(b) Square the results So, the variance of the population is ______.
obtained in (a)
then add. Divide
the sum by the
frequency of
measurements to
get the value of the
population
variance.
𝛴(𝑥 − µ)2 / 𝑁

3. Determine the
number of possible (3) Use the formula NCn. =
𝑁!
=__________
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!
samples of size n = 2.

4. List all possible

samples and their Samples of size 2 (4) Mean (4)
corresponding
means.

216
5. Construct the (5) Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
sampling distribution Sample Mean Frequency Probability
of the sample means. ̅
(𝑿) (𝒇) ̅)
𝑷(𝑿

Total (f)

Sample Probability (a) S. Mean • Probability

6. Compute the
Mean
mean of the ̅) ̅) ̅ ) • 𝑷(𝑿
̅)
(𝑿 𝑷(𝑿 (𝑿
sampling
distribution of the
sample means.
Follow these steps:

a. Multiply the
sample mean by
the corresponding
probability. Total (b)

b. Add the results.

Note: S. Mean = Sample Mean

(6) 𝜇𝑥̅ = ∑[𝑋̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)]
𝜇𝑥̅ = ______

217
7. Compute the
variance of the
sampling distribution Sampl Probability (a) (b) (c)
of the sample mean. e Mean S. Mean (S. Mean- Probability•(S.
Follow these steps: – P.Mean P. Mean)2 Mean-P.
a. Subtract the Mean)2
population mean from ̅)
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)
(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝑿
each sample mean. ̅ ) • (𝑿
𝑷(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐

b. Square the
difference.

c. Multiply the results

by the corresponding
probability.
Total (d)
d. Add the results. Note: S. Mean = Sample Mean, P. Mean = Population Mean
(7) Variance:

𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ]= ____________

So, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample the

means is _________.

1. How did you find the activity?

2. How do you compare the mean of the sample mean and the mean of the
population?
3. How does the variance of the sample mean and the variance of the population
differ?

MIND THIS: In computing for the variance of the sampling distribution of

the sample means, you may use the formula 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋 ̅ ) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ] or
𝜎 2 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅2 = 𝑛 • 𝑁−1 for finite population (sampling without replacement) and
𝜎2
𝜎𝑥̅2 = for infinite population (sampling with replacement). Also, the
𝑛
𝜎
standard error of the mean is computed using the formula 𝜎𝑋̅ =
√𝑛

Independent Assessment
Direction: Provide step-by-step solutions to the given problem below. Write your
answers on the spaces provided.
Consider all samples of size 2 from the population 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, and 13. Compute
the mean, and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

218
 First step:

Second step
a)

b)

Third step

Fourth step

Fifth step

Sixth step
a)

b)

Seventh step
a)

b)

c)

d)

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the 7 step-rule in finding the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean?

2. What are the formulas that can be used to determine the mean and variance of
the sampling distribution of the sample mean for finite population (sampling
without replacement) and for infinite population (sampling with replacement)?

What I Can Do
Make use of your acquired skills in this lesson.
Direction: Perform what is being asked. Solve the problem by showing the step-by-
step process.

219
Situation: Joe, a DOH COVID-19 tracker, found out that the number of infected
persons of COVID-19 in seven low-risk provinces of the country are 1, 9, 2, 12, 8, 7,
and 10. Suppose that 5 provinces are drawn as sample.

1. What is the mean (𝜇), variance (𝜎 2 ) and standard deviation of the population (σ)?
2. How many different samples of size n =5 can be drawn from the population?
List them with their corresponding mean.
3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
4. What is the mean (𝜇𝑥̅ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample mean? Compare
this to the mean of the population.
5. What is the variance of the (𝜎𝑥̅2 ) of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer. This test is equivalent to 15 points.
A B C D 1. Which of the following is described as the quotient of
O O O O the population variance and the sample size n? (1 point)
A. mean of the sampling distribution of sample
mean
B. variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean
C. standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean
D. average deviation of the sampling distribution
of the sample mean

A B C D 2. Which of the following is the notation used for the

O O O O variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean? (1 point)
A. μ C. 𝜎 2
2
B. 𝜎𝑥̅ D. 𝜇𝑥̅

A B C D 3. Which of the following is the formula used to

O O O O determine the variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean? (1 point)
𝜎 1−𝑛
A. 𝜎𝑥̅ = •√ C. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ]
√𝑛 𝑁−1

𝑠2
B. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = D. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = ∑[𝑃(𝜇̅ ) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 ]
𝑁+1

A B C D For numbers 4-8, please refer to the problem below.

O O O O A population of a certain LGBTQ+ community is consists
of six (6) measurements 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, and 5.

4. What is the mean of the population? (2 points)

A. 10 C. 6
B. 8 D. 5

A B C D 5. What is the variance of the population? (2 points)

O O O O A. 10 C. 6
B. 8 D. 5

220
 A B C D 6. How many different samples of size n= 4 can be drawn
O O O O from the population? (2 points)
A. 20 C. 8
B. 15 D. 6

A B C D 7. What is the mean 𝑥̅ of the sampling distribution of the

O O O O sample mean? (3 points)
A. 4 C. 6
B. 5 D. 7

A B C D 8. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the

O O O O sample mean? (3 points)
A. 4 C. 2
B. 3 D. 1

Rubric for 3-point item:

Equivalent point/s Description

3 points Complete solution with the correct answer
2 points Last major step of the solution is incorrect
1 point One major step of the solution is correct
0 point Wrong solution or no answer

Rubric for 2-point item:

Equivalent Description
point/s
2 points Complete solution with the correct answer
1 point Last major step of the solution is incorrect
0 point Wrong solution or no answer
Additional Activities
Miss Mathica Kumpleto (MMK), a SHS Math teacher in Mathalino National
High School would like to find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution
of the sample mean of the height of her students by forming a group consisting of
6 members. She also said that they need to determine the height (in meters) of each
member of the group and to get a list of the average height of each group. She
further instructed her students to submit their answer with the following data.

1. List all possible samples of size 2 and their corresponding mean.

2. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
3. Calculate the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. Compare
this to the mean of the population.
4. Calculate the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Compare this to the variance of the population.

221
 Statistics and
Probability
Defining Sampling Distribution
of the Sample Mean for Normal
Population
Statistics and Probability
Defining Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean for Normal Population
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Hermenegildo R. Pineda

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Rey Mark R. Queaño and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

222
Week

6
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written for you to learn the definition of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean for the normal population when the
variance is known and unknown. Also, you will learn some of the probability
distributions that are used to determine the probability value of a certain event for
small and large samples. This serves as a tool for statisticians or any interesting
group who wants to test the sample mean using statistical formulas and to make a
rightful decision in the future.
The module has one lesson:
 Lesson 1 - Defining sampling distribution of the sample mean for
normal population when the variance is:
a) known
b) unknown
At the end of this module, you are expected to define the sampling distribution
of the sample mean for the normal population when the variance is known and
unknown.

What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Let’s get
started!

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.

A B C D 1. This distribution is used to estimate population parameters

O O O O when the population variance is unknown, and the sample size
is less than 30.
A. Z-Distribution
B. t-Distribution
C. Chi-Square Distribution
D. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
A B C D 2. Which of the following notations is used for the standard
O O O O deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
A. 𝜇 C. 𝜎
B. 𝜇𝑥̅ D. 𝜎𝑥̅
A B C D 3. Which of the following equations is the formula used to
O O O O transform the sample mean to an approximately standard
normal variable Z when the population variance is known?
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
A. 𝑧 = 𝑠 C. 𝑧 = 𝑠
( ) ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
B. 𝑧 = 𝜎 D. 𝑧 = 𝜎
( ) ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
A B C D 4. The mean weight of two thousand (2000) 11-year-old children
O O O O is 35 kilograms with a standard deviation of 5 kilograms.
Samples of 25 children were selected and the mean weight of
this group was found to be 34 kilograms with a standard
deviation of 3 kilograms. What condition of the sampling

223
 distribution of the sample mean for normal population
manifests in the situation?
A. Population variance is known
B. Population variance is unknown
C. Sample standard deviation is small
D. Sample standard deviation is large
A B C D 5. Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the
O O O O standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean when the population standard deviation is unknown?
𝜎 𝑁+𝑛 𝑠
A. 𝜎𝑥̅ = • √ C. 𝑠𝑥̅ =
√𝑛 𝑁−1 √𝑛
𝜎 𝑠+1
B. 𝜎𝑥̅ = D. 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛 √𝑛
A B C D 6. A population consists 1, 9, 2, 12, 8, 7, and 10. Suppose samples
O O O O of size 5 are drawn from this population. This situation is an
example of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a
normal population wherein population variance is __________.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small

A B C D 7. Suppose that the rice mill wants to test its product to find out
O O O O whether it meets the average weight of 50 kilograms.
Twenty-five sacks of rice are weighed and found to have an
average weight of 49.8 kg with a standard deviation of 0.12 kg.
The rice mill owner is in a situation of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean wherein the population
variance is __________.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 8. Suppose the manager of a Jollibee Corp. wishes to know
O O O O whether their chicken packaging machine still packs accurately
after 6 months of use. The machine was rated to pack
1,500-gram pack of chicken with a standard deviation of 30
grams. The statistician tests a sample of 40 packs to test the
accuracy of the machine. What example of sampling
distribution of the sample mean for normal population portrays
the situation?
A. variance is known
B. variance is unknown
C. standard deviation is small
D. standard deviation is large
A B C D 9. This distribution is used to determine the probability of an
O O O O event by transforming the mean of the sample to an
approximately standard normal variable if the population
variance is known and sample size is greater than 30.
A. t-Distribution
B. Z-Distribution
C. Chi-Square Distribution
D. Pearson Correlation Coefficient

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 A B C D 10. Given 𝜇 = 15, 𝑠 = 5, and 𝑛 = 16. This is an example of the
O O O O sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal
population when the population variance is _______.
A. unknown
B. known
C. large
D. small
A B C D 11. Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the
O O O O standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean when the population standard deviation is given?
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛 𝑠
A. 𝜎𝑥̅ = • √ C. 𝑠𝑥̅ =
√𝑛 𝑁−1 √𝑛
𝜎 𝑠+1
B. 𝜎𝑥̅ = D. 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛 √𝑛

A B C D 12. Mr. Pineda administered a Mathematics Achievement Test to a

O O O O random 45 graduating SHS students. In this example, the mean
and standard deviation are 95 and 11. The population
parameters are μ=89 and σ=8 . What example of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean for the normal population
portrays the situation?
A. variance is known
B. variance is unknown
C. standard deviation is small
D. standard deviation is large
A B C D 13. Given μ=90, 𝑋̅=92 s=5, and n=28. This is an example of the
O O O O sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal
population when the population variance is _______.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small

A B C D 14. A sample of five measurements, randomly selected from

O O O O approximately normally distributed population, resulted in the
summary statistics: 𝑋̅=34.7, s=10.2. The population mean is
equal to 36. The given data is an example of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean for a normal population
wherein the variance is _________?
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 15. Given μ=15, σ=5, 𝑋̅=12.8 and n=100. This is an example of the
O O O O sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal
population when the population variance is _______.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small

Lesson 1 Defining Sampling Distribution of

the Sample Mean for Normal Population
As stated from the previous lessons, one of the most important uses of statistics is
to arise a valid generalization of the population based on statistics of the sample.
Since many samples can be chosen from the same population, each sample having
its own statistics- the mean, variance etc.-quite different from those of other samples,
the variation poses a problem regarding the reliability of the characteristics of the

225
population estimated from one sample. However, if the samples are probability
samples, the reliability of the results can be measured and at the same time, the
parameters can be estimated with a high degree of confidence. This lesson is intended
to define those statistical techniques designed to meet these ends.
What’s In
Let’s have a review first. Find out if you are ready to learn the next lesson by answering
the activity.
Mark is conducting a survey on Senior High School students who are active on
environmental activities on their community. Given a population consisting of the
following measurements (𝑋) 2, 8, 11, 7, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3. Suppose that samples of size 2 are drawn
from the population. Compute the mean and variance of the sampling distribution
of the sample mean. Complete the table below to accomplish this task.
Table 1: List of samples of size 2 and the corresponding sample mean.
Sample Frequency Probability
Mean (𝒇) ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
̅)
(𝑿

Total (f)
Table 2: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
Samples of size 2 Sample Mean

226
 Table 3: Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean.

Sample Probability Sample Mean •

Mean Probability
̅)
(𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿 ̅ ) • 𝑷(𝑿
(𝑿 ̅)

Total

Table 4: Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

Sample Probability Sample Mean – (Sample. Mean- Probability• (Sample.

Mean Population. Population. Mean-Pop. Mean)2
Mean Mean) 2

(𝑋̅) 𝑃(𝑋̅) (𝑋̅ − 𝜇) (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑋̅) • (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2

Total

What’s New
Activity 1: KNOWING MO NA?
Instruction: Read and analyze the following situations. Determine whether the
following statements have a known or unknown population variance. Write your
answer on the space provided. Identify also the formula to be used to estimate the
standard error of the mean by writing the symbol 𝜎𝑥̅ , when the population variance
is known and the symbol 𝑠𝑥̅ when the population variance is unknown

Situation Answer Standard Error

Formula
1. Because of Inclusive Education, learners with
disabilities are also part of the normal students.
Consider a population of the PWD learners
consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Samples of size 2 are
drawn from this population.
2. Given 𝜇 = 15, 𝑠 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 16
3. IQ scores are normally distributed with standard
deviation 𝜎 = 15 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠. You wish to determine the
𝜇 IQ of all students in Matiyaga National High
School by taking a random sample of 16 students.

227
4. The general weighted average (GWA) of the Grade 7
applicants for admission in QSHS over the past 7
years has been consistently
𝜇 = 92.78. This year a sample data of the applicant’s
GWA are 98, 89, 92, 95, 96, 90, 91, 92, 97 and 93
5. A finite population composed of six items whose
values are 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 10. Samples of 3 items
are drawn at random without replacement.

Solution:
8. Known – This is a population data. Although the value of the variance is not
given, you can still determine the population mean and population variance of
∑𝑋
the data using the formulas 𝜇 = , 𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑥 − µ)2 / 𝑁 respectively. So, this
𝑁
situation is an example of the sampling distribution when the variance is known.
𝜎
Since the population variance can be calculated, used 𝜎𝑥̅ = in the computation
√𝑛
of the standard error of the mean.
9. Unknown- The population variance is unknown. The given values are the
population mean 𝜇 = 15, the sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 6, and the sample
𝑠
size 𝑛 = 16. Use the formula 𝑠𝑥̅ = for the standard error of the mean.
√𝑛
10. Known- the population variance is given with the value of the square of the
𝜎
standard deviation 𝜎 2 = 152 . Apply the formula 𝜎𝑥̅ = in computing for the
√𝑛
standard error of the mean.
11. Unknown- The population variance is unknown. The only given values are the
𝑠
population mean 𝜇 = 92.78 and the sample size 𝑛 = 10. Use the formula 𝑠𝑥̅ = for
√𝑛
the standard error of the mean.
12. Known – This is a population data, you can determine the population mean and
∑𝑥
variance of the data using the formulas 𝜇 = , 𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑥 − µ)2 / 𝑁. So, this
𝑁
situation is an example of the sampling distribution where the population
𝜎
variance can be computed. Apply the formula 𝜎𝑥̅ = to solve for the standard
√𝑛
error of the mean.
What is It
Based on the previous activity, you learned from the situations presented that by
analysis, you can easily find out if the given problem provides the value of the
population variance or if the population variance is unknown. Also, when the
population variance is known, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
𝜎 𝑠
the mean is computed using the formula 𝜎𝑥̅ = , while the formula 𝑠𝑥̅ = is used to
√𝑛 √𝑛
estimate the standard error of the mean when the population variance is unknown.
Distribution of the Sample Mean for Normal Population
1. Population variance 𝜎 2 is known
The population has a mean μ and variance of 𝜎 2 , the distribution of the
sample mean is (at least approximately) normal and standard error of the
𝜎
mean 𝜎𝑥̅ = , where σ is the population standard deviation and 𝑛 is the sample
√𝑛
size. To determine the probability of a certain event, we can use the 𝑧 −
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 by transforming the mean of the sample data to an approximately

228
 𝑥̅ −𝜇
normal variable 𝑧 , using the relation 𝑧 = 𝜎 . This distribution is best applied
√𝑛
for large sample sizes, say 𝑛 ≥ 30.

2. Population variance 𝜎 2 is unknown

𝑠
The standard error of the mean becomes 𝑠𝑥̅ = , where 𝑠 is the point-
√𝑛
estimate of 𝜎 (population standard deviation) or the sample standard deviation
and 𝑛 is the sample size. To estimate the population parameters, we can use
𝑥̅ −𝜇
the 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 by using the formula 𝑡 = 𝑠 . Remember that as n the
√𝑛
sample size is very large, the standard deviation 𝑠 is almost indistinguishable
from the population standard deviation 𝜎 and therefore 𝑡 and 𝑧 distributions
are essentially identical. Remember that, we use the 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 for small
sample size, say 𝑛 < 30.

What’s More
Independent Activity
DEFINE THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN FOR NORMAL
POPULATION WHEN THE VARIANCE IS KNOWN AND UNKNOWN.
Instruction: Read and analyze the following situations and supply the values of the
following variables (if there is any). On the third column, write known on the space
provided if the situation gives or can compute the value of the variance, otherwise
write unknown. Identify also the formula to be used to estimate the standard error
of the mean by writing the symbols 𝜎𝑥̅ , when the population variance is known and
𝑠𝑥̅ when the population variance is unknown.

Situation Given Answer Standard

error
formula
1. Consider a population 𝑁 = ____, 𝑛 = ______,
consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8,
9, and 11. Samples of size 3
are drawn from this
population.
2. Given the population mean 𝑛 = ______
of 12, and a sample
𝜇 = ______
standard deviation of 3 in a
sample size of 125 𝑠 = ______
3. A population composed of 𝑁 = ____, 𝑛 = ______,
11 items whose
measurements are 12, 7,
9,11,8, 20, 23, 18, 13, 22,
and 10. Samples of 5 items
are drawn at random
without replacement.
4. The owner of the drugstore 𝑁 = ____, 𝑛 = ______,
chain has 100 drugstores
𝜇 = ______,
that sell Flexcoslow, a
surgical mask that prevents 𝜎 2 = ______,

229
 a person from catching ̅
𝑋 = _______
liquid droplets of viruses.
His operation manager said 𝑠 = _______
that the average drugstores
in his chain sell 12 boxes of
the Flexcoslow a day with a
standard deviation of 2
boxes. To find out if this is
true, the owner randomly
selected 10 stores and
found that the mean is 15
boxes with a standard
deviation of 1 box.
5. The mean height of the 𝑛 = _____,𝜇 = ______,
students at Maligaya ̅
𝑋 = _____, 𝑠 = ______
Elementary School is
137.16 cm. To find out if the
statement is true, a sample
of 15 students is taken from
the population. The mean of
the sample is 139.1 cm with
a standard deviation of 2.23
cm.
4. How did you find the activity?
5. How does each situation differ from each other?
6. What is the difference between the two symbols 𝜎𝑥̅ and 𝑠𝑥̅ in finding the
standard error of the mean?
Independent Assessment
Instruction: Read and analyze the following situations and supply the values of the
following variable in the second column. Determine whether the following statements
have a known or unknown population variance and provide a brief explanation to
support your answer. Also, identify the formula to be used for the standard error of
the mean by writing 𝜎𝑥̅ , when the population variance is known and 𝑠𝑥̅ when the
population variance is unknown.

Situation Given Answer Standard

Error Formula
1. Consider a population consisting of 15, 2, 𝑁 = ____
12, 4, 5, 8,6, 9 and 17. Samples of size 5
𝑛 = _____
are drawn from this population.

2. Given the population mean of 98, and a 𝑛 = ______,

sample standard deviation 2 in a sample
𝜇 = ______,
size of 45.
𝑠 = ______
3. A population composed of 10 items whose 𝑁 = _____,
measurements are 12,11, 15, 8, 20, 23, 𝑛 = ______,
18, 13, 22, and 10. Samples of 6 items are
drawn at random without replacement.

230
4. An SHS teacher claims that the average 𝑛 = _____
time it takes a group of students to
𝜇 = ______
complete the Mathematics examination is
50.5 minutes with a variance of 17.64 𝜎 2 = ______
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 2 . She randomly selected 45 𝑋̅ = _______
students and found to have a mean of 52
minutes and a standard deviation of 3.5 𝑠 = _______
minutes. She then used the z-distribution
to find out if the group can complete the
exam faster than the population.
5. A manufacturer of lightbulbs produces 𝜎 = ______ , ,
bulbs that last a mean of 800 hours with
𝑛 = ______ ,,
a standard deviation of 100 hours. To
assess the claim of the manufacturer, a 𝜇 = ______ ,
random sample of 12 of these bulbs was 𝜎 2 = _____
tested and found to have a mean of 790 𝑋̅ = _______
hours. He then used the test variate 𝑡 = 𝑠 = _______
𝑥̅ −𝜇
𝑠 .
√𝑛

What I Have Learned

1. What formula is used to determine the standard error of the mean when
the population variance is unknown?
2. What necessary formula should be used to find the mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean when the population variance is known?
3. What is the test variate used when the population variance is unknown and
when the population variance is known?

What I Can Do
Make use of your acquired skills in this lesson.
Instruction: Read and analyze the following situations. Determine whether the
following statements have a known (or can be computed) or unknown population
variance. Write your answer on the space provided. Also, identify the formula to be
used for the standard error of the mean by writing 𝜎𝑥̅ , when the population variance
is known and 𝑠𝑥̅ when the population variance is unknown.

Situation Answer Standard Error

Formula
1. A population has a mean of 85 and a
standard deviation of 6. A random sample
of 22 measurements is drawn from this
population.
2. The weights of female SHS students are
normally distributed with a mean of 45kg.
Twenty samples consisting of 10 students
are drawn from the population and found
to have a mean of 46 kg and a standard
deviation of 1.24kg.

231
3. A random of 𝑛 = 70 measurements are
obtained from a population with a mean of
156 and a standard deviation of 23.
4. A manufacturer of nylon synthetic fibers
for fishing line, claims that the mean
tensile strength of their product is 30 lb. of
a 20 meter-line. To test the claim of the
manufacturer, a sample of 25, the 20-
meter line was tested and found to have a
mean weight of 32 lbs and a standard
deviation of .78 lb.
5. Given population mean of 200, a sample of
25 has a standard deviation of 3.
Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.

A B C D 1. This distribution is used to determine the probability of an

O O O O event by transforming the mean of the sample to an
approximately standard normal variable when the population
variance is given.
A. t-Distribution
B. Z-Distribution
C. Chi-Square Distribution
D. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
A B C D 2. Which of the following notations is used for the mean of the
O O O O population?
A. 𝜇 B. 𝜇𝑥̅ C. 𝜎 D. 𝜎𝑥̅
A B C D 3. Which of the following equations is the formula used to
O O O O estimate the numerical characteristics of the population where
the population variance is unknown, and the sample size is
less than 30?
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝜇
A. 𝑧 = 𝑠 C. 𝑡 = 𝑠
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝜇
B. 𝑧 = 𝜎 ) D. 𝑡 = 𝜎
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
√𝑛 √𝑛
A B C D 4. It is the distribution used to estimate the population
O O O O parameters for small sample size and when the population
variance is unknown?
A. z-Distribution
B. t-Distribution
C. Chi-Square Distribution
D. Pearson Correlation Coefficient Distribution

A B C D 5. Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the

O O O O standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean (for infinite population) when the population standard
deviation is given?
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛 𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
A. 𝜎𝑥̅ = • √ C. 𝜎𝑥̅ = •√
√𝑛 𝑁−1 √𝑛+1 𝑁−1
𝜎 𝑠
B. 𝜎𝑥̅ = D. 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛 √𝑛

232
A B C D 6. A population consists 11, 19, 22, 2, 8, 9, and 15. Suppose
O O O O samples of 2 are drawn from this population. This situation
is an example of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
for a normal population with population variance is
__________.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 7. Suppose that the rice mill wants to test its product to find out
O O O O whether it meets the average weight of rice of 50 kilograms with
a standard deviation of 0.18 kg. Thirty sacks of rice are weighed
and found to have an average weight of 50.8 kg and a standard
deviation of 0.15kg. The rice mill owner is in a situation of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean with population
variance is __________.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 8. The average family income in the Philippines in 2019 was
O O O O P22,250 with a standard deviation of P1,250. In a certain
municipality, a sample of 50 families had an average income of
P25,000. This situation is about the sampling distribution of
the sample mean where the population ________.
A. Variance is known
B. Variance is unknown
C. Standard deviation is small
D. Standard deviation is large
A B C D 9. This is used to determine the probability of an event by
O O O O transforming the mean of the sample to a variable of this
distribution where the population variance is unknown, and
the sample size is less than 30.
A. Z-Distribution
B. t-Distribution
C. Chi-Square Distribution
D. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
A B C D 10. Given 𝜇 = 15, 𝜎 = 5, and 𝑛 = 50. This is an example of the
O O O O sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal
population when the population variance is _______.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 11. Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the
O O O O population standard deviation?
𝑠
A. 𝜎𝑥̅2 = 𝛴(𝜇 − 𝑋)2 /𝑁 C. 𝑠𝑥2 =
√𝑛
𝜎
B. 𝜎𝑥2 = D. 𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑋 − µ)2 / 𝑁
√𝑛
A B C D 12. The Department of Health has the following data of the number
O O O O of infected persons of Covid-19 in five high-risk areas in the
country, 51, 89, 129, 215, and 297. Suppose samples of size 2
high-risk areas are drawn from this population, what example
of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population portrays the situation?
A. variance is known
B. variance is unknown
C. standard deviation is small
D. standard deviation is large

233
A B C D 13. Given 𝜇 = 88, 𝑋̅ = 90 𝑠 = 2, and 𝑛 = 15. This is an example of
O O O O the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal
population when the population variance is _______.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 14. A researcher used to develop a problem-solving test to
O O O O randomly selected 100 Grade 11 students. From this sample,
the mean and standard deviation is 90 and 4 respectively. The
mean of the population is 88. The researcher is in a situation
of the sampling distribution of the sample mean wherein the
population variance is __________.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. small
A B C D 15. Given 𝜇 = 54.2, 𝜎 = 7.8, 𝑋̅ =60.2 and 𝑛 = 76. This is an example
O O O O of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal
population when the population variance is _______.
A. unknown C. large
B. known D. smal
Additional Activities
Instruction: Determine whether the following statements has a known or unknown
population variance and write your answer on the second column. Identify also the
formula to be used to estimate the standard error of the mean by writing the symbol
𝜎𝑥̅ , when the population variance is known and the symbol 𝑠𝑥̅ when the population
variance is unknown.

Situation Answer Standard

Error
Formula
1. Hereza Start is an enrichment program for Grade 11
SHS students. The program’s heads would like to know
the mean intelligence (IQ) of its participants. They know
that IQ has standard deviation of 15 points. They take
a random sample of 20 students and administer IQ
tests. These are the scores:98, 82, 100, 102, 78, 79, 95,
89, 90, 99, 105, 103, 93, 99, 101, 89, 102, 76, 91, 100.
2. Given the following values: 𝑋̅ = 110, 𝑠 = 6, 𝑛 = 16, μ =
102, and σ = 7
3. Joel administered a mathematics achievement test to a
random sample of 40 Grade 10 students. In this
sample, he obtained the mean and variance to 89 and
81 respectively. The population mean is 85.
4. A random sample of 100 school heads were
administered a Management Skills Test. The sample
mean and the variance were 81 and 26.98. In the
standardization test, the mean was 79 and the standard
deviation was 7.
5. A finite population composed of eight items whose
values are 9, 3, 12, 7, 8, 11, 15 and 10. Samples of 4
items are drawn at random without replacement.

234